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The article presents a case study of a 5-year old boy who was previously healthy and was evaluated for developing an intermittent abdominal pain. An elevated serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was revealed in the laboratory results. The patient was diagnosed with simple adrenal cyst or cystic lymphangioma (CL) due to mass found in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient was discharged home following a successful laparoscopic exploration and excision of the mass.

Simple renal cysts are not commonly found in children. They occur in a small percentage of cases, with an incidence of 0.2%-0.5%. These cysts are typically solitary and develop in the renal cortex. Pain, infection, hematuria, hypertension, or obstruction of the collecting system are indications for treatment. When intervention is necessary, there are several ways to reduce cyst volume. In this report, we discuss the pediatric case of a solitary giant renal cyst and its therapeutic approach. We present a symptomatic pediatric renal cyst patient treated with a sclerosing agent. A simple renal cyst is a rare condition in children, and its treatment includes conservative management, percutaneous sclerosing agent injection, and surgical approach. Choosing the appropriate treatment according to the patient's condition and clinical symptoms is essential. We think that sclerotherapy should be the first-line therapy before surgery in symptomatic simple renal cysts.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the case files of patients operated on for adnexal pathology between January 2004 and December 2015 at our institution. The data of the patients with a diagnosis of paratubal cysts (PTCs) was extracted. A total of eighty-seven children were operated on for adnexal pathology. Twenty-six (29.9%) patients had PTCs. The patients were predominantly grouped as adolescents (n=22) and newborns (n=3). One of the patients was a pre-pubertal girl. Of the 26 PTC cases, 18 of them occurred on the contralateral side to ovarian pathology (OP) or physiologic ovarian changes (POC) such as corpus luteum cyst or follicular cyst which their final diagnosis confirmed by histopathology examination; in one case, the PTCs were bilateral; and in three cases, PTCs were ipsilateral with OP or POC. There were only 4 solitary PTC cases identified among the 26 cases. Paratubal cysts can be observed at every age, even in newborns. Their association with OP or POC in childhood cases needs to be clarified to further understand the hormonal mechanisms that are influencing the occurrence of these cysts.

Childhood malignant testicle tumors are very rare. In the literature to date, it has been reported that there are only 24 cavernous hemangioma cases existing in English literature. In this study, we discuss a testicular mass case which was diagnosed as cavernous hemangioma. The patient, who followed for left multicystic dysplastic kidney since his birth, was admitted to our clinic with complaints of left testicular mass and pain at 1-year of age. Histopathological investigation revealed cavernous hemagioma. Even if it has its characteristic ultrasonographic findings, radiology is too far beyond to eliminate the malignancy, final diagnosis can only be made after orchiectomy.

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features and long-term outcome of the patients who were treated at our institution for idiopathic urethrorrhagia. The data of 10 male patients, who underwent cystoscopy between October 2010 and March 2013 due to urethrorrhagia, were evaluated retrospectively. Ten male patients aged between 8 and 16 years at first submission. Four patients (40%) had low voiding frequency (2-3 per day). Three of the four patients had abnormal uroflowmetry/EMG findings. Cystoscopy was done in all patients which revealed bulbar urethral inflammation and hemorrhage in all. Symptoms were not resolved on three of the patients who were under observation, having symptoms on average for 29.6±10.5 months. Complete resolution developed in the other seven patients. Six of the patients` symptoms were resolved soon after cystoscopy. In the patients' with or without normal uroflowmetry/EMG findings urethrorrhagia resolution rates were 86% and 33%, respectively. In the evaluation of urethrorrhagia; detailed history taking, basic laboratory investigation and cystoscopy are enough. The typical patients may be treated expectantly. In our opinion, it seems that dysfunctional voiding and infrequent voiding might cause delayed remission and/or recurrence of urethrorrhagia. Even though, it does not effect the treatment, in the persistent cases, confirmation of diagnosis by cystoscopy helps to lessen the anxiety of the family and might decrease the use of many unnecessary diagnostic tools in the long term follow ups.

The Ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) is a procedure performed during caesarean section while on fetal-placental circulation. We present a prenatally diagnosed cervical cystic mass causing tracheal compression which was managed successfully with the EXIT procedure.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of inherited defects of cortisol biosynthesis. A case of classical CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) with early onset of salt waste and concurrence of meningomyelocele (MMC) was presented here. The management of salt-wasting crisis which is complicated by a postrenal dysfunction due to neurogenic bladder was described. Possible reasons of growth retardation in the one-year follow-up period were discussed. A significant regression of the phallus with proper medical treatment was also mentioned.

Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital anomaly. It has two subtypes, discontinuous and continuous. Up to one-third of continuous-type fusion is associated with other congenital anomalies. We present a continuous-type splenogonadal fusion case that was found incidentally during indirect hernia repair; the testicle was preserved during excision. Laparoscopic exploration was helpful in identifying the isolated polysplenia as the origin of continuous-type splenogonadal fusion, and in excising the cord-like attachment proximally. The patient had no other associated anomaly.

Neonatal liver abscess is a very rare condition associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. There seems to be an increasing trend of this rare condition amongst the newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units. We report a case of liver abscess in a premature newborn and briefly review the literature and discuss its management.