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On November 2, 2021, Maine voters overwhelmingly supported a statewide referendum approving an amendment to enshrine the right to food in Maine's constitution. This vote was preceded by a decade of food sovereignty advocacy in Maine. This advocacy was led by small farmers and homesteaders and supported by people looking to opt out of the industrial food system, which is dominated by a few corporate monopolies and promotes charity-based solutions to hunger. This vote was a resounding proclamation by the people of Maine in support of the right to food, the right to save and exchange seeds, and the right to grow, raise, harvest, produce, and consume the food of their own choosing for their own nourishment, sustenance, bodily health, and well-being. Maine's efforts are connected to a wider national and international community of smallholder farmers--or peasants--and people living and working in rural areas, food system workers, and people experiencing hunger and food insecurity. Although Maine is the first U.S. state to enshrine the right to food in its constitution, international human rights law firmly recognizes a right to adequate food. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights upholds "the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing, and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions." The right is further enumerated in international law through additional conventions and standards and is continuously being interpreted and analyzed by United Nations expert bodies. Moreover, the groundbreaking adoption of the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas, after seventeen years of global mobilization and negotiations by peasant movements, led to the international recognition of their rights. These include the rights to food sovereignty and individual and collective access to natural resources, including land, water, and seeds. This Article examines Maine's constitutional amendment on the right to food by looking at its food sovereignty origins and relying on international human rights law. This analysis reflects on how Maine's right to food could serve as an antidote for the privatization of water and natural resources and pave the road for people to regain access to land and water, reclaim native seeds, restore biodiversity, and promote sustainability and autonomy in a localized food system. Drawing on their involvement in a growing right to food movement in the United States that is made up of small farmers, legislators, advocates, academics, and people with lived experiences of hunger, the authors also reflect on opportunities to translate Maine's experience to other states with ongoing legislative and organizing efforts focused on the human right to food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En tikuna el paradigma tripartito de femenino, masculino y pasado es un paradigma de clase nominal altamente gramaticalizado, concordante y de ineludible expresión en una serie de contextos gramaticales. La fusión del paradigma de género y de tiempo es un fenómeno relativamente original del tikuna. Los nominales expresan solo las categorías de ‘pasado’ y de ‘no pasado’, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en lenguas en las cuales hay también marcadores para tiempo nominal futuro o para pasado remoto. Tipológicamente el tikuna pertenecería al grupo en el que el tiempo nominal tiene alcance proposicional. Estas categorías nominales, además, se extienden a algunos conectores discursivos, otro comportamiento parcialmente original de esta lengua. En el género narrativo se atestigua ampliamente la presencia de estas formas con valor temporal y modalizador.

La presente investigación se realizó en el Departamento del Cauca, Municipio del Patía, Corregimiento El Puro, Vereda El Puro, donde se trabajó con el grupo Cooperativa Multiactiva de Mujeres Emprendedoras del Puro, Patía. El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar la descripción morfológica de la planta de piñuela Bromelia karatas paracontribuir al conocimiento de la especie y ayudar a definir caracteres de selección para la recuperación y aprovechamiento de la misma. La descripción morfológica de la planta de piñuela, se realizó mediante observación en campo de plantas en cercas vivas y su posterior análisis en laboratorio. Los resultados mostraron que la planta de Bromelia karatas, se caracteriza por ser acaule, poseer raíz homorricia, tallo inconspicuo, hoja lanceolada y arrosetadas, inflorescencia sésil y fruto fusiforme, agridulce y jugoso.

Esta investigación se realizó en el municipio de Puracé Cauca, para evaluar el efecto insecticida del extracto de Bocconia frutescens sobre larvas de chisa Ancognatha vulgaris. Se empleo un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cinco tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Los tratamiento T1, T2 y T3 corresponden a concentraciones de 14%, 17% y 20 % del extracto de zarcillejo, T4 tratamiento químico (Carbofuran) y T5 Testigo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: presencia de larvas de chisas sanas y larvas afectadas, daño en plantas, evaluado como intensidad y porcentaje de infestación. Se presentaron diferencias significativas para las variables: intensidad e infestación, larvas de chisas sanas y afectadas-muertas, en diferentes días de evaluación. El mejor tratamiento fue el T2, seguido por T3 y T1. Para el porcentaje de daño causado a la planta los mejores tratamientos fueron T2 y T5 con 57% para intensidad y para infestación 55% y 45% en T2 y T3. El análisis fitoquímico mostró la presencia de alcaloides, terpenos, antronas y cumarinas en el extracto. El efecto causado por el extracto sobre las larvas fue deshidratación y flacidez hasta provocar la muerte, lo cual se atribuyea la acción de alguno de sus metabòlitos o la combinación de varios.

El estudio de incidencia e infestación de plagas limitantes para café como Roya (Hemileia vastatrix), Broca (Hypothenemus hampei), y Mancha de hierro (Cercospora coffeicola), se desarrolló entre marzo de 2006 y Diciembre de 2007 en cuatro municipios con ocho predios sensores. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales para incidencia e infestación de cada plaga. Se siguió la metodología propuesta por CENICAFÉ, 30 árboles/ha para evaluar infestación de Broca e incidencia de la Mancha de hierro y 10 para incidencia de Roya. Se registro temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa y brillo solar para relacionar el comportamiento de las plagas con el clima. La incidencia e infestación superaron significativamente el umbral de daño económico (5%) para cada plaga. El promedio de incidencia fue de 14,7% para Roya y 4,8% para Mancha de hierro, el de infestación para Broca fue de 4,7%. La temperatura y precipitación presentaron gran relación con la dinámica epidemiológica de las plagas. Altas temperaturas están relacionadas con alta incidencia e infestación de Roya y Broca, principalmente entre junio y septiembre, contrariamente a la Mancha de hierro que estuvo relacionada con alta precipitación, principalmente entre marzo y mayo. Estos resultados alertan acerca de la presencia de estas plagas en los cultivos de la región.No departamento do Cauca foi realizado um estudo epidemiologico de três pragas limitantes na produção de café (Coffea arabica): a ferrugem produzida pelo fungo Hemileia vastatrix, a Broca do café produzida pelo inseto Hypothenemus hampei, e a cercosporiose produzida pelo fungo Cercospora coffeicola. O estudo foi feito nos anos 2006 e 2007 em quatro municipios onde foram escolhidos 8 fazendas nas que foram realizadas amostragens para obter a percentagem de apresentação das doenças. As amostragens foram feitas segundo a metodología proposta pelo CENICAFE. Trinta arbores por hectare foram avaliados para determinar a precença de Broca e a cercosporiose, e dez para avaliar a presença de ferrugem. Foram registrados os valores de temperatura, precipitação, humidade, e brilho solar objetivando determinar a relação entre o clima e a presença de doenças. O nivel máximo aceitável de infestação na plantação é do 5%. O promedio de infestação no periodo avaliado foi de 14,7% para a ferrugem, 4,7% para a Broca e 4,8 para a cercosporiose. Temperatura e precipitação foram as que apresentaram maior relação com a presença das doenças. Altas temperaturas estão relacionadas com maior apresentação de ferrugem e Broca, principalmente nos meses de junhio e setembro, pelo contrario, a cercosporiose, altamente correlacionada com a presença de chuvas, ocorre principalmente nos meses de marzo e maio. Estes resultados alertan sobre a presença destas pragas nas plantações da região.The epidemiological study was carried out on three Colombian coffee production limiting pests, i.e. Coffee borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari), Coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and Iron spot disease (Cercospora coffeicola) of four municipalities of the Cauca department. Eight sensoring localities were selected and sampled monthly in order to obtain the infestation and incidence of each pest during 2006 and 2007(from March and December). Sampling was done according to the process established by Cenicafé, 30 Coffee shrubs were taken for the Coffee borer and the Iron spot disease evaluation, and 10 for coffee rust evaluation per hectare respectively, the corresponding infestation and incidence percentages were obtained by grain and leaves counting. Temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and solar bright data were obtained from neighboring climatological stations, in order to relate the pests behavior with climate. The plagues infestation and incidence in most cases exceeded the 5% economical damage threshold; the mean incidence and infestation during the evaluation period was 14,7% for Rust, 4,7% for Coffee borer and 4,8% on Iron spot disease. The temperature and precipitation variables were the ones which exhibited closer relationship with the plagues epidemiological dynamics. High temperatures are related to high Coffee borer and Rust incidence, mainly between June and September, contrary to the Iron spot disease, which was related to high precipitations, mainly between March and May. The results give en alert concerning plagues presence on the regional crops.

El objetivo de la investigación, fue valorar la cidra papa (Sechium edule) como alternativa de alimentación para familias en desplazamiento que viven en asentamientos urbano marginales de Popayán, con el fin de contribuir a la recuperación del conocimiento tradicional asociado al uso y manejo, identificar ecotipos, identificar el significado sociocultural como alternativa para mantener los vínculos con el campo, evaluar productividad y posibilidades de manejo en espacios urbano marginales. El proceso se desarrolló mediante 'investigación participativa', donde los actores participaron en dinámicas recreativas, talleres de sensibilización y socialización, giras de intercambio de saberes, de semillas y generación de conocimientos, lo que permitió obtener información, y la apropiación del proceso. Se definieron como áreas de estudio 3 comunas de Popayán, se seleccionaron 4 asentamientos, se aplicaron 116 encuestas, se realizaron visitas mensuales por asentamiento, entablando diálogos informales con las familias participantes. Se conocieron las posibilidades de manejo de la planta, se incentivó la siembra de la misma aplicando el concepto de agricultura urbana donde se asoció la planta con otras hortalizas. Se pudo constatar que plantas como la cidra se adaptan a las condiciones que ofrecen los asentamientos y que son fuente alternativa para la alimentación de estas poblaciones, se fomentó el consumo de especies sub utilizadas, se hizo intercambio de saberes y se generaron espacios para motivar la conservación de ecotipos y especies de plantas como la cidra, que pueden resistir a las condiciones de marginalidad.0 objetivo da pesquisa, foi avaliar a cidra papa (Sechium edule) como alternativa de alimentação para familias deslocadas que moram nos perímetros da cidade de Popayán, com o proposito de contribuir na recuperação do conhecimento tradicional relacionado com a utilização e manejo, identificação de ecotipos e o significado cultural como alternativa para manter os vínculos como o campo, avaliara a produtividade y possibilidades de manejo na periferia da área urbana. 0 processo foi feito atraves da 'pesquisa participativa', onde os atores participaram de jogos y atividades para crear conciência que permitiram obter informação e apropiação do processo. Foram definidas como áreas de estudo 3 comunidades de Popayán, escolhidos 4 asentamentos, aplicadas 116 encuestas, visitas mensuales por asentamento, maniendo dialogos com as familias participantes. Foram conhecidas as possibilidades de manejo da planta, motivada sua semeadura aplicando o conceito de agricultura urbana. Foi possível determinar que a cidra adapta-se as condições que oferecem os asentamentos e que são fontes alternativas de alimento para estas populações, foi motivado o consumo desta especie subutilizada. Diferentes conhecimentos foram intercambiados sobre a utilização desta especie y seu cultivo en condições marginais.The research target was to value Sechium edule as a nutrition alternative for displaced families living in Popayán's marginal urban settlements, aiming to contribute to the traditional knowledge recuperation associated it's use and management, to identify the sociocultural significance as an alternative to mantain the links with the country, to evaluate the productivity and management possibilities in urban marginal areas. The process was carried out by means of 'participative investigation' where actors participated on recreative dynamics, sensibilization and socialization workshops, knowledge generating and exchanging tours which also served for exchanging seeds, permitting to obtain information and empowerment with the process. Three communities of Popayan were defined as study areas, four settlements were selected and 116 interviews made. The settlements were visited monthly for informal dialogues with the participating families. The plant's management possibilities were studied and it's cultivation under an urban cultivation scheme in association with other orchard species incentivated. The adptation of the system under the settlement's condition was asessed as a an alimentary alternative for these population. The consumption of sub-utilized species and the ecotype's conservation were encouraged.

We are in the of costs optimization era, reasonwhy it is necessary to make pharmaceuticaleconomics studies to identify the costeffectivenessof today’s anesthetics. Methods: thisprospective study, blinded to the patient,compared the direct costs, recovery times andsatisfaction of 45 patients randomly assigned totwo balanced anesthesia groups (sevofluoraneremifentanilgroup n = 24 or isofluoraneremifentanilgroup n = 21) submitted tootorhinolaringology surgical procedures.Results: the times of early recovery (ocularopening, answer to commandos, extubación,orientation and room leave) were smaller in ISOgroup and had statistically significant difference. Variable data was found in acquisition costs ofhalogenados gastados, lesser for isofluorane,which also made the anesthetic supplies lessexpensive during surgical procedures; nevertheless,costs in the delivery room, in recoveryand ambulatory room, and the total costs did notshow significant differences. Satisfaction was similarbetween both groups. Conclusions: asevofluorane-remifentanil based technique is notmore cost-effective than to use isofluoraneremifentanilfor ambulartory patients submittedto otorhinolaringology surgical procedures

Se colectaron, caracterizaron morfológicamente y evaluaron agronómicamente 133 accesiones de Cucurbita moschata en Colombia (departamentos del Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Risaralda, Quindío, Caldas, Antioquia, Bolívar, Magdalena y Atlántico), las cuales presentaron alta diversidad en tamaño, forma y color de fruto. Los descriptores pubescencia de la hoja, color mancha de la hoja, días a floración masculina, días a floración femenina, espesor de pulpa, tamaño de semilla, forma de margen de semilla, ancho de fruto y peso promedio de fruto permitieron la diferenciación de grupos. Se encontró un índice de diversidad de 62% entre las accesiones colectadas en los departamentos de la región andina con las de la Costa Atlántica. Ninguno de los grupos presentó índices de similaridad del 100%. ABSTRACT This study was carried at Candelaria (Colombia), from August 2001 to July 2003. This study aimed at evaluating, by multivariate analyses techniques, the genetic diversity of 133 accesions, collected from distinct areas of regions of Colombia. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with four replications. The data (average) were collected from three plants per plot. Thirteen nine traits were evaluated, 9 vegetatives, 24 reproductives and 1 related to susceptibility to stress. The data were analysed using the herarquical method of WARD and were transformed into a complete disjunctive table, where the modalities of each character is a new variable. The analysis revealed five cluster, with to R2 = 97% and diversity index 62%. The most important characteristics to explain the variability were: days to first female and male flower, fruit width, fruit weight, flesh thickness, leaf pubescence dorsal and ventral surface, colour of leaf spots and seed size. The 5, 7, 47 , 109 and 28 accesion might be recommended for breeding programs. Keywords: Cucurbita moschata, Germplasm, Genetic resources, plant breeding, Morphology characterization.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Fatty-acid status during in-utero development might influence the risk of atopic diseases in early childhood. The aim of this work was to identify the relationship between maternal plasma and cord blood fatty acid (FA) composition and the risk of atopic eczema in the offspring at 14 months of age. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Two hundred and eleven non-atopic mothers and their children were studied. Mothers were recruited in their first trimester of gestation and children were monitored until 14 months of age. Samples of maternal plasma and cord blood plasma were analyzed to determine the FA profile of total lipids. Presence of atopic eczema in the infants was documented through questionnaires at 6 and 14 months of age. RESULTS: Higher concentrations of total long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LC-PUFA) were found in maternal plasma of non-atopic children in relation to atopic group. Moreover, this maternal plasma LC-PUFA content was negatively correlated with the atopic eczema (odds ratios (OR) = 0.83, P = 0.04) in infants. Regarding cord blood samples, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA C22:6n3) and the sum of total n-3 and of LC-PUFA n-3 showed a negative correlation with the prevalence of the disease (OR = 0.50, 0.49 and 0.49, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the fatty-acid status of the fetus during pregnancy has an important role in the development of atopic eczema in early childhood. The prevalence of this atopic disorder is related to lower cord blood plasma levels of FA belonging to n-3 series, especially DHA. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013) 67, 658-663; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.68; published online 3 April 2013 Keywords: atopic eczema; cord blood; fatty acids; n-3 LC-PUFA; pregnancy, INTRODUCTION Several studies show that maternal intake of fatty acids (FA) during pregnancy is a major determinant of the FA status of infants at birth. Within FA, long-chain polyunsaturated FA [...]

Alrededor de la celebración de los quinientos años del descubrimiento de América se fomentaron y publicaron importantes investigaciones en muchas áreas del conocimiento. En el campo de la lingüística aparecieron nuevas obras dedicadas al estudio de las lenguas amerindias y al español de América. Desde la Cátedra de Historia de la Lengua Española de la Universidad de Granada se impulsan desde entonces una serie de investigaciones que culminaron en tesis doctorales y que abordan fenómenos del español, visto desde las dos orillas.

Hasler, Juan. 2003. Sonidos, fonemas y morfemas. Cali: universidad del valle. La Universidad del Valle y el autor han decidido reeditar y ampliar un volumen, aparecido inicialmente en 1994 dentro de una de las colecciones de la editorial universitaria con el título de Fonemas y Morfemas. Una praxis analítica.