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Phytogenic feed additives (PFA) have been studied in many poultry researches primarily as growth promoters due to the growing interest in using natural products in farming. However, few researchers opted to study Piper betle and Alpinia galanga as growth promoters in broilers despite these plants' abundance of beneficial phytoconstituents. Thus, this narrative review aims to provide insights to the readers on the characteristics and properties of Piper betle and Alpinia galanga to be used as growth promoters. This article also reviewed previous research on supplementing Piper betle and Alpinia galanga in broiler in-vivo studies. Issues and knowledge addressed in this review article help poultry researchers and industry to explore the potential of Piper betle and Alpinia galanga to improve the performance of poultry flocks in the future.

Abstract Safety culture is a critical determinant of organisational performance, particularly in high-risk industries especially in oil and gas. Understanding stakeholder preferences is essential for developing effective strategies that enhance safety culture. This study utilised the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritise stakeholder preferences, identifying key elements of safety culture in Malaysia's oil and gas sector. This study employed a structured methodology to evaluate safety culture within the oil and gas industry, focusing on 18 sub-elements across three key domains: psychological, behavioural, and situational factors. A diverse sample of industry experts was recruited using purposeful and snowball sampling to ensure a comprehensive representation of stakeholder views. The AHP framework was applied to analyse the data, utilizing structured questionnaires and multicriteria decision-making techniques to prioritize the identified safety culture elements. The AHP analysis identified distinct priorities among different professional groups within the oil and gas sector. Safety and Health Practitioners emphasized practical elements such as safety rules and management commitment, while academicians prioritized knowledge and training. Management personnel highlighted the importance of safety ownership and communication, whereas policymakers focused on broader, policy-oriented aspects. The findings suggest that safety culture improvement initiatives should be tailored to address the specific needs and priorities of each professional group. A nuanced understanding of stakeholder preferences is crucial for developing comprehensive strategies that integrate observable behaviours, situational conditions, and psychological factors, ultimately fostering a robust safety culture in the oil and gas industry.

Environmental monitoring of pesticide residues has become increasingly crucial for ensuring food safety and environmental sustainability. Current demands are not met by traditional analytical tools, but the integration of smartphones, due to their small size, high accessibility, fast processing speed, and powerful imaging capacity, holds significant potential for on-site detection of pesticide residues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the application of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensors equipped with smartphones for the detection of pesticide residues in environmental samples, covering the period from 2018 to 2024. The review encompasses recent advancements in MIP synthesis, sensor fabrication, and the incorporation of principles for improved signal precision with the integration of smartphones based on sensing signals (optical and electrochemical signals). Additionally, the diverse range of environmental samples were explored, including water, soil, and crops, where MIP sensors have demonstrated their efficacy in detecting pesticides. The potential for real-time monitoring and the challenges associated with deploying these sensors at lab scale are discussed. Overall, this review highlights the transformative impact of MIP sensors with smartphone-based detection in the field of pesticide residue analysis, paving the way for enhanced environmental monitoring practices.

AbstractContext Menhaden fish oil (FO) is widely recognized for inhibiting neuroinflammatory responses and preserving brain function. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of FO influencing brain cognitive function in diabetic states remain unclear.Objective This study examines the potential role of FO in suppressing LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in diabetic animals (DA).Materials and methods Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: i) DA received LPS induction (DA-LPS); ii) DA received LPS induction and 1 g/kg FO (DA-LPS-1FO); iii) DA received LPS induction and 3 g/kg FO (DA-LPS-3FO); iv) animals received normal saline and 3 g/kg FO (NS-3FO) and v) control animals received normal saline (CTRL). Y-maze test was used to measure cognitive performance, while brain samples were collected for inflammatory markers and morphological analysis.Results DA received LPS induction, and 1 or 3 g/kg FO significantly inhibited hyperglycaemia and brain inflammation, as evidenced by lowered levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, both DA-LPS-1FO and DA-LPS-3FO groups exhibited a notable reduction in neuronal damage and glial cell migration compared to the other groups. These results were correlated with the increasing number of entries and time spent in the novel arm of the Y-maze test.Discussion and conclusion This study indicates that supplementation of menhaden FO inhibits the LPS signaling pathway and protects against neuroinflammation, consequently maintaining cognitive performance in diabetic animals. Thus, the current study suggested that fish oil may be effective as a supporting therapy option for diabetes to avoid diabetes-cognitive impairment.

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of mobile-assisted vocabulary learning using the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) English Vocabulary Profile word lists on L2 students' vocabulary knowledge at a university in Pakistan. A quasiexperimental study was conducted with sixty samples divided into the experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The treatment for the experimental group comprised ten weeks of mobile-assisted vocabulary input from the chosen word lists. The Vocabulary Size Test (Nation & Beglar, 2007) was administered as pre-test and post-test to measure the impact of the word lists. Results from the independent "t-test" showed a significant effect of the treatment on the experimental group, and improvement was observed in the mean score. When the post-test mean scores of the control and experimental groups were compared, findings indicated that there was a difference in the mean scores and the mean difference between groups was significant. The primary conclusion of this study is that the mobile-assisted vocabulary input did significantly help improve the experimental group's mean score, illustrating its impact on the group's vocabulary knowledge. This, essentially, points to the fact that this method for vocabulary learning can be recommended for L2 learners and may be used to improve their vocabulary in line with the CEFR levels.

A 38-year-old lady was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) autoimmune encephalitis, fulfilling both classification criteria during her index admission. She was subsequently diagnosed with seropositive myasthenia gravis (MG) with a typical clinical presentation. Her SLE and AMPAR encephalitis were successfully treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Her MG responded well to anti-cholinesterase inhibitors. We report a distinctive case with the association of three rare autoimmune diseases in an individual.

Road traffic accidents are the primary source of injuries and fatalities worldwide, accounting for 20–50 million long term disabilities and 1.25 million deaths annually. Pavement conditions rank as the second most common cause of traffic accidents. The combined effects of environmental factors and traffic loads lead to pavement discomfort. Ensuring proper pavement design and maintenance can assist in lowering accident rates and preventing long-term disability associated with drivers. Physical maintenance procedures like overlays, seal coatings, patching, and filling joints are carried out in practice; nevertheless, they only offer temporary fixes by treating the symptoms rather than the underlying issue. An alternative method for road pavement maintenance is using polyurethane to improve the properties of asphalt due to the excellent properties of polyurethane. This study conducts a systematic review of the polyurethane asphaltic characteristics and performance based on the previous study by researchers. It is found that the pavement maintenance work using polyurethane is able to sustain longer periods and is moisture resistant due to its excellent bonding with the existing pavement material.

The widespread concern about the devastating impact of climate change, especially in the agricultural sector, has become severe. This paper aims to explore and predict the impact of climate change on oil palm production using future climate conditions projected by the National Water Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM). An error correction model (ECM) and autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) cointegration approach were applied to assess the short-run and long-run impact of climate change on oil palm production. The estimated short-run coefficients disclosed that the oil palm own price and fertilizer use positively affected oil palm production in the second lag period, and increased acreage benefited oil palm production in the long run. The rainfall variable negatively affected the second lag period but positively rose oil palm production in the long run. The results of forecasting analysis revealed that SN1 (minimum climate variability), SN2 (maximum climate variability), and SN3 (average climate variability) would increase oil palm production by 5%, 1%, and 2%, respectively. Meanwhile, the oil palm yield would rise from 16.73 t/ha in 2020 to 16.89 t/ha in 2030 under SN1. However, with maximum rainfall, the yield would drop to 16.41 t/ha in 2030. Overall, climate change would likely reduce oil palm yield. This research could serve as empirical guides for policymakers and oil palm stakeholders in terms of practical and policy implications to adapt to climate change-related risks and uncertainties. The practical cover investments in technologies, such as developing drought-tolerant and early-maturity crop varieties, boosting water saving, and reducing evapotranspiration.

In this paper, an investigation was conducted to examine the non-functional fuel line components of the fuel delivery system to cylinder head number 10 in the 3516 B series diesel engine generator set. The system experienced fuel leakage at the connection between the main line and the fuel line tube after operating for 8,922 hours. This problem significantly affects engine performance and increases the risk of fire hazards in the powerhouse and surrounding areas. Therefore, the main objective of this investigation is to identify the underlying cause of the fuel line tube leak and determine the fuel tube replacement schedule. The methods used in the research include chemical composition analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and microstructure observation. Two distinct structures are visible when the microstructure of the pipe material is viewed at 200x magnification: a black pearlite structure and a white ferrite structure. SEM/EDS tests revealed erosion cavitation on the material's surface; the material's EDS testing was indicated by a box mark. The results of the research conducted in the standard fuel testing are as follows: API Gravity @ 60°F test results showed a value of 39, within the specifications from the Directorate General of Oil and Gas, which range from 31 to 42. The density was measured at 830 kg/m³ at 15°C, within the standard range of 815-870 kg/m³. The water content was 197 ppm, compared to the standard ASTM D-1744 limit of

Objective Most dengue cases are managed in an outpatient setting, where patients are advised to return to the clinic daily for monitoring. Some patients can develop severe dengue at home and fail to recognise the deterioration. An application called DengueAid was designed as a self-monitoring tool for patients to reduce delay in seeking timely treatment. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of the DengueAid application. Methods Dengue patients were recruited from a public health clinic in Malaysia and randomised to either use the DengueAid application plus standard care for dengue or receive only the standard care. The outcomes evaluated were the (1) feasibility of recruitment, data collection and follow-up procedures; (2) preliminary clinical outcome measures; and (3) acceptability of DengueAid. Qualitative interviews were conducted for participants in the intervention arm to assess the acceptability of DengueAid. Results Thirty-seven patients were recruited with 97% ( n = 36) retention rates. The recruitment rate was low (63% refusal rate, n = 62/99) with difficulty in data collection and follow-up due to the variable interval of care for dengue in an outpatient setting. DengueAid application was acceptable to the participants, but preliminary clinical outcomes and qualitative data suggested limited utility of the application. Unwell conditions of patients and limited access to healthcare are important factors impacting the application's utility. Conclusion The feasibility trial uncovered issues with recruitment, data collection and follow-up processes. Further research and modification to the application are needed to improve its utility and usability.

Introduction: Assessing and understanding pregnant women's knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 infection and its implications for pregnancy is critical for meeting their specific needs. However, currently, there is a lack of validated questionnaires to assess this issue. This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of the Knowledge and Attitude on the effect of COVID-19 Infection on Pregnancy (KACIP) Questionnaire Among pregnant women in Malaysia. Materials and methods: KACIP was developed using the Health Belief Model (HBM), extensive literature review and expert judgement. The questionnaire underwent a sequential validation process, content validation, face validation, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and internal consistency reliability-based Cronbach's alpha statistic. For the construct validation, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital. Results: The final KACIP consisted of two sections; Knowledge and Attitude on COVID-19 infection effect on pregnancy. The Knowledge section comprises three domains (13 items) and the Attitude section has two domains (9 items). Preliminary KACIP demonstrated a high item Content Validity Index and Face Validity Index. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin values for the Knowledge and Attitude sections were 0.785 and 0.783 respectively and had a significant p-value of

Hormonal contraception has been advocated as an alternative population control method for the long-tailed macaque population, which has increased exponentially due to anthropogenic changes and incidental food subsidies from human food waste. Risks of increased zoonosis and conflict are imminent if the population growth of long-tailed macaques is unchecked. However, there's a gap in the literature about the effect of hormonal contraceptives on long-tailed macaque reproductive tissues cell line. The present study aims to investigate the effect of oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) on long-tailed macaque ovarian cells. We determine the cell viability and cytotoxicity as well as the morphological changes of the drugs on long-tailed macaque ovarian cells using the MTT assay, Acridine orange/propidium iodide double staining method, morphological examination, and the 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining method. For the MTT assay, The drugs were dissolved in culture media before use to have a concentration ranging from 0.5 μg/mL, 2.5 μg/mL, 0.125 μg/mL, 0.0625 μg/mL, and 0.0315 μg/mL to have three replicates for each treatment.In contrast, the concentration of 0.0315 μg/mL was used for the morphological and histopathological analysis. The result of the study indicates that human oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) inhibit the growth of long-tailed macaque ovarian cells and induce apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (at a concentration of 0.0315 μg/mL and an IC50 lower than 10 μg/mL), With a statistically significant value of ****P

Background The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) is a questionnaire to assess patients with nasal obstruction. The aim of this study was to translate and validate NOSE to the Malay version NOSE (M-NOSE). Methods The NOSE questionnaire was translated to Malay language and back to English. Psychometric properties consisting of reliability, reproducibility, validity, responsiveness were appraised in patients with nasal obstruction due to deviated nasal septum and healthy asymptomatic controls. Results A total of 126 participants were recruited. There was significant difference between patients and controls for all items and the total score (all p

Learning from experience approach has been widely adopted in the academic cluster of Built Environment including Civil Engineering field. To further strengthen this aspect, a study in exploring construction site visit as an aid to educational component in teaching and learning method is significant. This provides a platform which helps civil engineering students to enhance their safety knowledge and understanding by experiencing the real time situation at the construction site. The objectives of this study are to: (1) determine the effectiveness of site visit approach in teaching and learning of construction site safety; (2) measure the performance between students who acquire knowledge related to safety by experiencing one site visit compared to students with zero site visit; and (3) compare the achievement and understanding between male and female students if site visit is adopted in the teaching and learning process. A set of questions is designed as an instrument and participating students are required to answer the questions nonverbally to show their knowledge on the construction site safety. Based on the scoring marks, a statistical analysis has been conducted. The result indicates that students with one site visit have better achievement and understanding compared to students with zero site visit. In addition, the result also shows that with one site visit, female students have better performance in the score marks compared to male students.

Abstract The human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene encodes a polymorphic protein that plays a crucial role in the innate immune response. Human MBL deficiency is associated with immunodeficiencies, and its variants have been linked to autoimmune and infectious diseases. Despite this significance, gene studies concerning MBL sequencing are uncommon in Malaysia. Therefore, we aimed to preliminary described the human MBL sequencing dataset based on the Kelantan population. Blood samples were collected from 30 unrelated individuals and underwent DNA extraction, genotyping, and sequencing. The sequencing data generated 886 bp, which were deposited in GenBank (ON619541-ON619546). Allelic variants were identified and translated into six MBL haplotypes: HYPA, HYPB, LYPB, LXPB, HXPA, and LXPA. An evolutionary tree was constructed using the haplotype sequences. These findings contribute to the expansion of MBL information within the country, providing a valuable baseline for future research exploring the association between the gene and targeted diseases.

This study aims to identify the impact of GeoGebra software on conceptual understanding and engagement in the topic of Functions and Quadratic Equations in One Variable in high school. The study was conducted in a quasi-experimental design with 60 students at a secondary school in Muallim district. The study results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, inference, and the Pearson Correlation. Descriptive analysis indicates that students have a strong grasp of the topic taught, particularly showing high conceptual understanding and maximum engagement in interactive activities. Inference statistics reveal a significant difference in conceptual understanding levels between the treatment and control groups among Level Four students regarding Quadratic Functions and Equations in a Variable. In addition, there were significant differences in student engagement between the treatment and control groups. There is a significant relationship between the level of student engagement and students’ conceptual understanding of Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable for both groups. In conclusion, using GeoGebra software has an impact on the relationship between understanding the concept and involving students in learning the topic of Quadratic Functions and Equations in a Variable.

Background: Studies have reported that the phytochemical content of Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) is influenced by the area where it grows. On the other hand, the study of the bioactivity and toxicity of mulberry leaves from Brunei Darussalam still needs to be completed. In particular, the investigation regarding the safe dose for Mulberry's application from Brunei Darussalam has yet to be studied. Hence, toxicity information must be considered even though the community has used it for generations. Aim: This study investigated Morus alba ethanolic leaf extract (MAE) to observe the acute toxicity in mice. Methods: In particular, this study utilised twelve female ICR mice, eight weeks old, divided into two groups: the control group and the MAE group (2000 mg/kg single dose). Physiology, haematology; biochemistry; and histology were analysed during the study. Results: The examination result indicated no mortality and behavioural changes throughout the testing period. However, the mice developed mild anaemia and leukopenia, followed by decreased numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. In addition, the mice developed a mild hepatocellular injury, indicated by significant (P0.05). Conclusion: It was evident that single oral administration of MAE was not lethal for mice (LD50, which was higher than 2000 mg/kg). However, the administration of high doses of MAE must be carefully considered. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(3.000): 750-758]

Stabilizers play a crucial role in preventing undesirable decomposition and degradation reactions of propellants, thus ensuring their long-term performance and safe storage. This review highlights recent advancements in stabilizer selection and formulation techniques, aiming to enhance the stability of single base nitrocellulose (SB-NC) propellants. It examines several types of stabilizers for SB-NC propellants, including their reaction mechanisms and effectiveness in preventing degradation reactions of the propellants, as well as the effects of their concentrations, particle sizes, and distributions on the propellants’ stability. Furthermore, it explores innovative approaches such as nano and green stabilizers with improved stability and compatibility. This review also provides insights into methods for evaluating the efficiency and propellant stability of the stabilizers, such as thermal analysis and accelerated aging tests. The findings of this review will assist in developing advanced propellant formulations that meet the growing demand for the applications of NC-based propellants.

The present study investigates the axisymmetric stagnation point radiative flow of a Cu-Al2O3/water hybrid nanofluid over a radially stretched/shrunk disk. In this paper, a new mathematical model has been developed by taking into consideration the concept of different nanoparticles concentration in a hybrid nanofluid, which are Brownian motion and thermophoresis of nanoparticles. A new model for entropy generation has also been provided in the present study. The non-dimensional governing equations of the developed mathematical model are solved using newly developed and efficient overlapping grid spectral collocation method. Numerical stability and residual error test are provided here to show the accuracy of the numerical method in this mathematical model. The outcomes of fluid flow, temperature, and two different types of concentration profiles are depicted, and described in graphical and tabular forms. For the limiting instances, comparison shows excellent agreement among current and results established in the literature. Increasing the strength of magnetic field is seen to increase the radial component of fluid velocity as well as the entropy generated within the system. Two different nanofluid concentration profiles are increasing and decreasing with rising thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters, respectively, from a particular height above the disk because of the revised nanofluid boundary condition. Temperature profile increases here with increasing Biot number, and increasing Brinkman number causes higher entropy generation number for both stretching and shrinking disks. The enhanced thermal characteristics of the hybrid nanofluid over the single particle nanofluid has been observed.

Abstract Background The ideal pain control approach is typically viewed as titration of analgesia for pain reduction and periodic pain evaluation. However, this method takes time and is not always possible in the crowded Emergency Department. Therefore, an alternative way to improve pain care in the Emergency Department is needed to avoid this unpleasant sensation in the patients. The best solution to tackle this situation is using Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA), in the form of a PCA pump. Study objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis was designated to evaluate the efficacy of PCA morphine in treating acute pain at Emergency Department. Methods We searched databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medline, and Google Scholar up to February 2022 and identified randomized controlled trials with English language only that compare PCA morphine to IV morphine in treating patients presenting with acute pain at Emergency Department. Results Eight trials were included in our review, comprising 1490 participants. We compared PCA morphine vs. IV morphine. There were no differences in the pain score between PCA and IV morphine (standard mean difference [SMD] = -0.20, p = 0.25). Further subgroup analyses (origin of the pain, time of assessment and the durations) showed no difference except for the dosages as the PCA morphine reduced the pain compared to IV morphine in low and high dosages but only two studies were involved. However, the analysis showed PCA morphine increased patient satisfaction and reduced the number of patients who required additional analgesia compared to IV morphine (MD 0.12, P

This study explored the effects of pre-treatment conditions using hydrochloric acid and citric acid at concentrations of 0.025 M and 0.05 M, on the properties and extractability of gelatin sourced from buffalo bone. The highest yield (6.36 %) and hydroxyproline content (26.98 g/100 g) were obtained from gelatin extracted using 0.025 M HCl pre-treatment (H-1). In comparison, pre-treatment with 0.05 M citric acid (C-2) resulted in the lowest yield (3.79 %) with hydroxyproline content of 12.49 g/100 g. Buffalo bone gelatin had considerably lower moisture content ranging from 7.54 % to 11.92 % than standard bovine gelatin (SBG) (10.91 %) and a pH range of 5.31 to 5.44, indicating it is Type A gelatin. The gelatin that subjected to the pre-treatment by 0.025 M citric acid (C-1) illustrated the highest values for emulsion activity index (EAI), emulsion stability index (ESI), foaming expansion (FE), foaming stability (FS), water holding capacity (WHC), and fat binding capacity (FBC). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicated a similar secondary structure to SBG explained by the presence of Amide A, B, I, II and III components. Apparent peptides at the α and β regions were observed in the buffalo bone gelatin. Buffalo bone gelatin shows potential as an alternative source of halal gelatin manufacturing.

Mud crab (Scylla olivacea) is a valuable crustacean that has been consumed as nutritious foods for human body maintenance, delicacy tasting and for medicinal purposes. This study aimed to develop a novel mud crab extract processed through lactic acid fermentation. The objective is to compare the nutritional value, antioxidant properties and lipid profiling of mud crab muscles and hepatopancreas extract. Protein content in mud crab muscles extract (MCME) was significantly (p .05) different to HE. The DPPH-radical scavenging activity of both extracts was similar (p > .05). However, the ferric reducing antioxidant power in MCME was higher (p

AbstractIt is well-established that Morus alba and its derivatives have been clinically proven to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Although several studies have mentioned the beneficial effect of Morus alba on kidney disorders, the role of Morus alba in CKD still needs to be explored. Thus, this study investigated the effect of Morus alba and chlorogenic acid treatment on renal fibrosis in mice induced with unilateral urethral obstruction (UUO). Twenty-five Balb/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: the sham-operated group, the UUO untreated group, and the UUO treated with enalapril (ENA), Morus alba leaves extract (MLE) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) groups. Urine, blood, and organ samples were collected to evaluate urinalysis, haematology, biochemistry, and histopathology. The result indicated that the UUO group had significantly higher levels of creatinine (p

Background: Previous studies have shown that parents demand for information on vaccinations is universal. Nonetheless, parental knowledge demonstrated mixed results in vaccination intention, attitude, uptake, or confidence. In contrast, risk perception is a consistent predictor of vaccination-related outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to establish risk perception as a mediator between vaccination knowledge and intention. Method: Using a multistage random sampling technique, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with expectant mothers from maternity and child health clinics in the districts of Petaling, Klang, Gombak, and Hulu Langat. 416 respondents answered the self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS version 27 for descriptive statistics and Amos version 27 with bootstrapping procedure for mediation analysis. Results: Vaccination knowledge predicted risk perception [std β = 0.743, p = 0.036], risk perception predicted vaccination intention [std β = 0.934, p = 0.006], and risk perception fully mediate the relationship between vaccination knowledge and intention [std β = 0.694, p = 0.016]. The mediation model showed satisfactory fit indices: χ2/df (2.898), comparative fit index 0.946, Tucker-Lewis index 0.939, and root mean squared error of approximation 0.061. Conclusion: The goal of educational interventions is to increase vaccination intention by addressing vaccine information that influences both subjective and objective risk perception.

Women have contributed a significant role in the country's economic development. Looking at women's extraordinary ability in entrepreneurship, the researchers aimed to organize “Entrepreneurship Workshop: Dapur Mawar.” The objectives of the business workshop are to provide understanding and knowledge of starting and managing a business. Entrepreneurial training is seen as an enabler contributing to women entrepreneurs' performance, competitiveness, and strength. The training development process is adapted from the ADDIE Model, which contains five phases: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. This study aims to analyze the training needs required by women homepreneurs. This study uses a qualitative approach by using interview techniques through purposive sampling. The sample includes fifteen (15) informants of the lower income group (B40) of women homepreneurs in Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The study's findings reported that the essential skills the informants need are Financial Management, Marketing, Customer Service Management, Motivation and Personality Development, Communication Skills, and Business Management. The study results deliver new insights for training providers and organizers to plan appropriate training workshops to ensure the program's objective could be achieved.

Significant attention is focused on mushrooms and mushroom protein hydrolysates owing to their sustainability and nutritional profile with different uses in diverse industries. This review examines the composition, functional properties, production methods and applications of mushroom protein hydrolysates. It commenced with a brief overview of protein hydrolysates where their importance and applications in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries were explored. The significance of mushrooms as alternatives to animal proteins applicable to producing protein hydrolysates was discussed. Methods including conventional (chemical and enzymatic) extraction, ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extractions used to extract proteins during protein hydrolysates production were discussed. Using enzyme-assisted-ultrasound-extraction to enhance protein extraction efficiency is exclusively highlighted as a promising technique. To obtain enhanced protein yield and quality, and protein hydrolysates with desired characteristics, crucial factors consisting of pH, temperature, extraction time, solvent type, enzyme concentration and ratio-of-substrate-concentration need to be optimized. The physicochemical and functional properties of mushroom protein hydrolysates are summarized. Variability of mushroom species, extraction efficiency, enzyme selection and cost, standardization, and consumer perception which constitute challenges and limitations for production and application of mushroom protein hydrolysates are addressed. Research should be conducted to optimize extraction and hydrolysis processes and explore new mushroom species.

Successfully managing and utilizing feedback is a critical skill for self-improvement. Properly identifying feedback literacy level is crucial to facilitate teachers and learners especially in clinical learning to plan for better learning experience. The present review aimed to gather and examine the existing definitions and metrics used to assess feedback literacy (or parts of its concepts) for health professions education. A systematic search was conducted on six databases, together with a manual search in January 2023. Quality of the included studies were appraised using the COSMIN Checklist. Information on the psychometric properties and clinical utility of the accepted instruments were extracted. A total 2226 records of studies were identified, and 11 articles included in the final analysis extracting 13 instruments. These instruments can be administered easily, and most are readily accessible. However, ‘appreciating feedback’ was overrepresented compared to the other three features of feedback literacy and none of the instruments had sufficient quality across all COSMIN validity rating sections. Further research studies should focus on developing and refining feedback literacy instruments that can be adapted to many contexts within health professions education. Future research should apply a rigorous methodology to produce a valid and reliable student feedback literacy instrument.

The expansion of the British Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries significantly shaped livestock policies and agricultural practices in their colonies. It is argued here that understanding the British colonial experience in Kedah offers valuable perspectives on how responsible and sustainable livestock production can contribute to addressing the challenges of food security around the world. The current academic study employed a historical method and qualitative approach to investigate the impact of British colonial rule on livestock production in Kedah, Malaya, from 1909 to 1940. The study delved into the British efforts to enhance livestock production in Kedah and highlighted the pivotal role played by livestock production in achieving food security, promoting economic growth, and encouraging responsible consumption. Also, the current study revealed the challenges the British faced in animal husbandry activities during this period. The findings demonstrated that the British had successfully developed the livestock sector in Kedah, proven by the increased meat production, livestock numbers, and income. As a result, this historical study provides valuable insights for addressing contemporary global issues related to food security.

This study examines the asymmetric effect of shadow economy on environmental pollution in Egypt during the 1970 and 2022 period. Using the bootstrap nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) bounds-testing approach, the study presents evidence of nonlinear cointegrating relationship between environmental degradation (carbon emission) and shadow economic activities (alongside globalisation, urbanisation, GDP per capita, and industrial growth). In addition, the results demonstrate that the impact of shadow economy (SE) on environmental pollution (ENV) is nonlinear, with the positive shock in shadow economy promoting environmental degradation and negative shocks promoting environmental quality, both in the short- and long-run. However, the study discovered that the magnitude of the impact of the SE on ENV is larger in the short-run. This is further validated by the dynamic ARDL simulation technique which demonstrates that the immediate effect of the SE on ENV is large. Additionally, the results suggest that income growth, urbanisation, and industrial growth are important drivers of environmental pollution. Therefore, the study recommends the adoption, and most importantly, implementation, of policies and strategies geared towards reducing the shadow economy, and consequently environmental pollution.

Understanding the circumstances that lead to pandemics is important for their prevention. We analyzed the genomic diversity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We show that SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity before February 2020 likely comprised only two distinct viral lineages, denoted "A" and "B." Phylodynamic rooting methods, coupled with epidemic simulations, reveal that these lineages were the result of at least two separate cross-species transmission events into humans. The first zoonotic transmission likely involved lineage B viruses around 18 November 2019 (23 October to 8 December), and the separate introduction of lineage A likely occurred within weeks of this event. These findings indicate that it is unlikely that SARS-CoV-2 circulated widely in humans before November 2019 and define the narrow window between when SARS-CoV-2 first jumped into humans and when the first cases of COVID-19 were reported. As with other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 emergence likely resulted from multiple zoonotic events.

Machine vision systems with programmed text detection and text recognition features are useful in manufacturing process to automatically locate and read text markings on mounted printed circuit board (PCB) components. To better handle input images with varying image quality, text quality, and text variations, the robustness of deep learning approach for end-to-end text spotting on PCB component images is worth exploring. However, limitations of public PCB component datasets for such research and imbalance of data in actual collected PCB component datasets hinder the training of deep learning text spotting model, and consequently necessitate the generation of synthetic data. In this study, a synthetic PCB component dataset is generated using our synthetic data generator that adds synthetic text with random character sequences on manually edited PCB component images to elevate the realism of the synthetic images. The synthetic dataset covers 66 character classes while providing synthetic text with diverse text variations in font, style, size, and color. We train an existing text spotting model called Text Perceptron using both real and synthetic datasets to detect and recognize arbitrary-shaped text markings on PCB components. Our synthetic PCB component dataset has improved the text spotting performance of Text Perceptron. The trained model achieves promising text detection result and encouraging end-to-end text spotting F-score on real PCB component images. It also meets an acceptable average inference time per image. Still, the text spotting performance of the trained model needs improvement to realize deployment for PCB component inspection.

Ensuring the quality and functionality of printed circuit boards (PCBs) during manufacturing requires precise, automated visual inspection. Detecting integrated circuits (ICs) on PCBs poses a significant challenge due to diverse component sizes, types, and intricate board markings that complicate accurate object detection. This study addresses this challenge by proposing an enhanced EfficientNet-YOLOv4 algorithm tailored explicitly for the IC detection of PCBs. Numerous modifications are integrated into YOLOv4, with the replacement of its original backbone by a robust feature extraction network, EfficientNetv2-L, and meticulous hyperparameter tuning, including variations in loss functions, anchor size configurations, and other training techniques. The methodology further incorporates diverse data augmentation techniques to enrich the training dataset and enhance the model’s generalization ability. Extensive experiments conducted in this study showed the efficacy and robustness of the algorithm in handling complex PCB layouts and varying lighting conditions, outperforming existing PCB inspection models. The proposed method, EfficientNetv2-L-YOLOv4, achieved an impressive F1-score of 99.22 with an inference speed of 0.14 s per image. The proposed method also performed well compared to EfficientNet-B7-FasterRCNN and the original YOLOv4; it attains an F1-score of 98.96 and an inference speed of 0.10 s per image (with a batch size of 4). These results highlight the significance of effective feature extraction networks for object detection. Beyond addressing IC detection challenges, this algorithm advances the fields of computer vision and object detection. The implementation of EfficientNetv2-L-YOLOv4 in real manufacturing scenarios holds promise for automating component inspections and potentially eliminating the need for human intervention.

Introduction: Augmented Reality (AR) in dentistry has evolved from computer-generated images overlaying the real world, stemming from advancements in software-based Virtual Reality (VR) for anatomic exploration. AR applications in dentistry range from simulations aiding in training to enhancing precision in dental procedures. By overlaying digital information onto the physical environment, AR facilitates better visualisation of dental anatomy and treatment planning. Its integration has shown promise in reducing errors, improving patient outcomes, and augmenting dental education through immersive experiences. Aim: To evaluate AR’s application in dentistry, with a particular emphasis on dental implants. Materials and Methods: A systematic review, using the Problem/patient Intervention Control or comparison Outcome (PICO) framework, selected six articles focusing on challenges in dentistry, specifically in training, practicing complex procedures accurately in implants, and maintaining patient confidentiality. The intervention compared AR with traditional methods. Results: The AR was mostly used in precision dentistry operations. Notably, it was discovered that three-dimensional (3D) AR outperformed two-dimensional (2D) image navigation techniques, resulting in fewer implant location errors. The highest absolute effect was 24.3%, with the angle of implant errors showing a reduction of 9.5% using AR. Conclusion: The findings support AR’s role in enhancing accuracy and efficiency while maintaining patient confidentiality.

The incorporation of intermittent renewable energy sources into a consistently controlled power transmission system hinges on advancements in energy storage technologies. Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a primary and viable alternative material due to their electrochemical activity, presenting a potential replacement for the next generation of lithium-ion battery (LIB) energy storage materials. However, this transition may necessitate significant alterations in the anode material, given the incompatibility of the current anode with sodium ions and the electrolyte. This review provides a comprehensive summary of various anode materials employed in SIBs, categorized according to their storage mechanisms. Additionally, it explores the growing focus on utilizing hard carbon as an anode material, driven by factors such as its relatively high specific capacity compared to graphite, cost-effective production, and eco-friendly properties as it can be derived from biomass. The review further addresses recent progress in hard carbon, detailing production methods, modifications, challenges, limitations in integrating hard carbon into the anode of SIBs, and suggests potential directions for future research.

Seaweed research has gained substantial momentum in recent years, attracting the attention of researchers, academic institutions, industries, policymakers, and philanthropists to explore its potential applications and benefits. Despite the growing body of literature, there is a paucity of comprehensive scientometric analyses, highlighting the need for an in-depth investigation. In this study, we utilized CiteSpace to examine the global seaweed research landscape through the Web of Science Core Collection database, assessing publication trends, collaboration patterns, network structures, and co-citation analyses across 48,278 original works published since 1975. Our results demonstrate a diverse and active research community, with a multitude of authors and journals contributing to the advancement of seaweed science. Thematic co-citation cluster analysis identified three primary research areas: ''Coral reef,'' ''Solar radiation,'' and ''Mycosporine-like amino acid,'' emphasizing the multidisciplinary nature of seaweed research. The increasing prominence of ''Chemical composition'' and ''Antioxidant'' keywords indicates a burgeoning interest in characterizing the nutritional value and health-promoting properties of seaweed. Timeline co-citation analysis unveils that recent research priorities have emerged around the themes of coral reefs, ocean acidification, and antioxidants, underlining the evolving focus and interdisciplinary approach of the field. Moreover, our analysis highlights the potential of seaweed as a functional food product, poised to contribute significantly to addressing global food security and sustainability challenges. This study underscores the importance of bibliometric analysis in elucidating the global seaweed research landscape and emphasizes the need for sustained knowledge exchange and collaboration to drive the field forward. By revealing key findings and emerging trends, our research offers valuable insights for academics and stakeholders, fostering a more profound understanding of seaweed's potential and informing future research endeavors in this promising domain.

Background Pregnancy is one of the risks for severe COVID-19 infection, and receiving a vaccination is one of the effective methods to reduce disease severity. However, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women remains an issue. This study aims to develop and validate the pregnancy Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (pVHS) toward COVID-19 vaccine for Malaysian pregnant women. Method An 8-item Malay language pregnancy Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (pVHS-M) for COVID-19 was adapted from the adult Vaccine Hesitancy Scale and validated using Exploratory Factor Analysis. Six expert panels were involved in content validity, and ten pregnant women were involved in face validity. A cross-sectional study on 200 pregnant women was conducted between October 2022 and March 2023 at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan. Result The item-level content validity index is 1.00, demonstrating good relevance of the eight items used to assess COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. The item-level face validity index obtained is 0.99, indicating that the items were clear and comprehensible. The Cronbach alpha score was 0.944, with factor loadings ranging from 0.79 to 0.89. Conclusion The pVHS-M demonstrated good internal consistency, indicating that it is a valid and reliable tool for assessing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women.