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Biopesticides offer a sustainable and efficient alternative to synthetic pesticides, providing a safer and more eco-friendly solution to pest management. The present work proposes an innovative approach that integrates crop protection and wastewater treatment using thermophilic microalgal strain Chlorella thermophila (CT) cultivated in nutrient-rich dairy wastewater as a growth medium. The microalgae was cultivated mixotrophically and was able to reduce both organic carbon as well as nutrient load of the dairy wastewater efficiently. The integrated circular biorefinery approach combines biomass cultivation, extraction of biopesticide compounds, and conversion to biocrude. The antimicrobial activity of the biopesticidal extracts against Xanthomonas oryzae and Pantoea agglomerans, the causative agent of bacterial rice blight, is assessed through in vitro studies. The biomass extract obtained is able to inhibit the growth of both the above-mentioned plant pathogens successfully. Mass spectroscopy analysis indicates the presence of Neophytadiene that has previously been reported for the inhibition of several pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Several other value-added products such as linoleic acid and nervonic acids were also been detected in the microalgal biomass which have extremely high nutraceutical and medicinal values. Furthermore, the study investigates the potential for co-production of biocrude from the biorefinery process via hydrothermal liquefaction. Overall, the findings of this present work represent an innovative and sustainable approach that combines wastewater treatment and crop protection using microalgal biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the effects of nutrient availability and light conditions on CO 2 utilization and lipid production in Micractinium pusillum KMC8 is reported. The study investigated the ideal nitrogen concentrations for growth and nitrogen utilization in a 15% CO 2 environment. Logistic and Gompertz models were employed to analyze the kinetics of KMC8 cell growth. Compared to 17.6 mmol L−1 control nitrogen, which generated 1.6 g L−1 growth, doubling and quadrupling nitrogen concentrations boosted biomass growth by 12.5% and 28.78%. At 8.6 mmol L−1 nitrogen, the growth decreased but lipid productivity increased to 18.62 mg L−1 day−1. At 70.6 mmol L−1 nitrogen, elevated nitrogen levels maintained an alkaline pH above 7 and enhanced CO 2 mitigation, achieving 2.27% CO 2 utilization efficiency. Nitrogen shows a positive correlation with higher rates of carbon and nitrogen fixation. The investigation extends to find out the influence of phosphorus and light conditions on microalgae. Increasing light intensity incrementally from 150 to 1200 μmol m−2 s−1 with more phosphorus increased biomass productivity by 85% (255 mg L-1 day−1) and lipid productivity by 2.5-fold (84.76 mg L-1 day−1), with 3.3% CO 2 utilization efficiency compared to directly using 1200 μmol m−2 s−1. This study suggests a water recycling-fed batch cycle with gradual light feeding, which results in high CO 2 fixation (1.1 g L−1 day−1), 7% CO 2 utilization, and significant biomass and lipid productivity (577.23 and 150 mg L−1 day−1). This approach promotes lipid synthesis, maintains carbon fixation, and minimizes biomass loss, thus supporting sustainable bioenergy development in a circular bio-economy framework. [Display omitted] • Investigation of the synergistic effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and light on microalgae. • Enhanced carbon capture efficiency by combined outputs of biomass and lipids. • The nitrogen and light availability modulate the excretion of organic carbon. • Phosphorus and light crucial for CO 2 fixation and lipid production in nitrogen limitation. • High-density fed-batch maximizes CO 2 utilization, lipid production, and water recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The combined effect of anions of ionic liquids (IL) and anti-solvents on pre-treatment and dissolution mechanisms of biomass are not well studied. To reveal the above effect, three different ionic liquids composed with fixed cation ([EMIM]+) but varied anions were studied for Miscanthus dissolution. Results showed that [EMIM]+[Ac]– was very good in altering the cellulose structure and crystallinity followed by enzymatic digestibility with a sugar yield of 0.98 (g/g of cellulose). The IL [EMIM]+[HSO 4 ]– was very efficient to remove lignin and partially solubilize hemicellulose, however, the sugar yield was low (0.43 g/g of cellulose) compared with [EMIM]+[MeSO 3 ]– and even the untreated Miscanthus. The regenerated biomass with water-acetone mixture (1:1 v/v) as anti-solvent resulted in higher glucose yield. The hydrogen bond basicity (β value) correlated well with cellulose crystallinity, lignin removal, and glucose yield. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • [EMIM]+[Ac]– drastically decreased the cellulose crystallinity of Miscanthus. • [EMIM]+[HSO 4 ]– solubilized almost entire amount of lignin present in Miscanthus. • Enzymatic digestibility is very high for [EMIM]+[Ac]– pretreated biomass. • Glucose yield increased with water-acetone mixture (1:1 v/v) as anti-solvent. • β value related well with crystallinity index, lignin removal and glucose yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two different unexploited indoor plants, Epipremnum aureum and Dracaena braunii were used to produce clean and sustainable bio-electricity in a plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC). Acid modified carbon fiber brush electrodes as well as bare electrodes were used in both the PMFCs. A bentonite based clay membrane was successfully integrated in the PMFCs. Maximum performance of E. aureum was 620 mV which was 188 mV higher potential than D. braunii . The bio-electricity generation using modified electrode was 154 mV higher than the bare carbon fiber, probably due to the effective bacterial attachment to the carbon fiber owing to hydrogen bonding. Maximum power output of 15.38 mW/m 2 was obtained by E. aureum with an internal resistance of 200 Ω. Higher biomass yield was also obtained in case of E. aureum during 60 days of experiment, which may correlate with the higher bio-electricity generation than D. braunii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Non-edible seed Neem was converted to fuels and chemicals. • Catalytic pyrolysis enhanced the yield and fuel properties of pyrolytic liquid. • Formation CO 2 decreased with increase in temperature. • Energy content of non-condensable gas increased with increase in temperature. • GC–MS & FTIR analysis of liquid confirmed presence of various valuable chemicals. Abstract In this work, a non-edible seed Neem (Azadirachta indica) was used to find out it’s potential to produce fuels and chemicals using thermo-catalytic pyrolysis. The physiochemical characterization confirmed the seed’s bioenergy potential. Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis were carried out at optimum conditions (500 °C temperature, 80 °C min−1 heating rate, 0.5 mm particle size and 80 mL min−1 nitrogen gas flow rate) which produced maximum liquid yield (49.53 wt. % at thermal, 54.06 wt. % and 52.08 wt. % for K 2 CO 3 and Zeolite respectively at Biomass/Catalyst ratio 8:1). The comparative study of thermal and catalytic pyrolytic liquid confirmed that the yield as well as fuel properties of pyrolytic liquid were enhanced with the use of catalysts. It was also noticed that the energy content of gases increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Further, with increase in pyrolysis temperature, the amounts of hydrogen and hydrocarbons increased significantly, but at the same time, the formation of carbon dioxide was reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work reports the ab initio calculations on Ionic Liquids (ILs) with bituminous and anthracite coal particles using both Density Functional Theory (DFT) and solvation predictions using COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) model. The commercial cations used in the study were 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium ([BMPYR]), 1-methyl-3-propylimmidazolium ([MPIM]), Tributylmethylammonium ([TMA]) and Tributylmethylphosphonium ([MTBP]). The corresponding anions were methyl carbonate ([CH 3 CO 3 ]), dicyanamide ([N(CN) 2 ]), bis(trifluromethylesulfonyle)imide ([Tf 2 N]) and methylsulfate ([MeSO 4 ]). A three-tier approach comprising of HOMO-LUMO energies, quantum descriptors (electronegativity, electrophilicity, global hardness, global softness); and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficient (IDAC) by COSMO-RS model were chosen for studying the simultaneous interaction. 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methylcarbonate [BMPYR][CH 3 CO 3 ] and 1-methyl-3-propylimmidazolium methylcarbonate [MPIM][CH 3 CO 3 ] were the recommended IL's on the basis of HOMO-LUMO band energy gap. A similar trend for IL-coal interactions were followed up and confirmed by the quantum descriptors and IDAC predictions. A direct correspondence between reported swelling ration and excess Gibb's energy has also been attempted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Al metal ions were doped on natural hydroxyapatite by wet chemical impregnation route. The hydroxyapatite was obtained from waste cooked fish bones after proper treatment. The developed catalyst was characterized. From BET analysis it was found that the surface area and pore volume has increased up to 157.96 m 2 g −1 and 0.8062 mL g −1 after Al doping followed by calcination. The FE-SEM micrographs showed the homogenous porous structure distribution on the surface of the Al doped catalyst. From TGA analysis, it was found that the catalyst was stable up to 1000 °C. A comparison of the developed catalyst with other catalysts reported in literature confirmed the superiority of this catalyst. Doping of Al ion and calcination played a significant role during transesterification of neem ( Azadirachta indica ) oil which was clearly envisaged. The kinetics of transesterification was thoroughly studied at optimal condition, which was found out using response surface methodology. The physical properties of the transesterified product were calculated by following the usual ASTM protocols. The catalyst reusability was also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A Cr(VI) reducing strain Bacillus cereus was isolated from Cr(VI) contaminated soil. [•] Complete reduction of Cr(VI) for concentrations of 10–50mgL−1 was obtained. [•] Bioreduction potential of cell free extracts of Bacillus cereus was evaluated. [•] NADPH and NADH were found to be best suitable electron donors. [•] Effect of electron metabolic inhibitors on bioreduction of Cr(VI) was reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the bioreduction of Cr(VI) by immobilized cells of Halomonas sp was reported. Ca alginate, acryl amide and agar were tested as the matrices for immobilization. Ca alginate was found to be the suitable matrix among the different matrices studied. Of the various dosages of inoculum studied 2 g/L was found to be the optimum. Glucose at 1 g L-1 was completely utilized by the immobilized Halomonas sp even in the presence of Cr(VI) at 40 mg L-1. The optimum pH for the bioreduction of Cr(VI) by immobilized Halomonas sp was found to be pH 6. The mechanical strength of the beads plays an essential role in the bioreduction process. Halomonas sp entrapped in a alginate matrix reported a maximum of 98.9 % of reduction for an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 10 mg L-1. The alginate beads can be reused for 3 times with slight drop in the percentage reduction. The presence of other metals decreased the bioreduction percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work the bioreduction of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by Halomonas sp. was reported. Medium pH had significant effect on the bioreduction of Cr(VI). Glucose at 1000mgL−1 was essential for growth of Halomonas sp. as well as bioreduction of Cr(VI). A maximum specific Cr(VI) reduction rate of 0.74mgg−1 h−1 was obtained for an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 40mgL−1. A maximum of 98.6% reduction of Cr(VI) was reported for an initial concentration of 10mgL−1. Other initial Cr(VI) concentrations studied viz. 20, 30 and 40mgL−1 resulted in 96.3%, 94.4% and 93.3% of Cr(VI) reduction respectively. pH 7 was found to be optimum for the bioreduction of Cr(VI) with free cells of Halomonas sp. Cell free extracts reported a maximum reduction efficiency of 89.65% for an initial metal concentration of 40mgL−1. The optimum pH for CFE on Cr(VI) reduction was 6.5. NADPH and NADH were found to be the best electron donors. EDTA, NaN3, KCN, PCP inhibited the reduction of Cr(VI) by cell free extract. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the present work the potential of Parthenium (P. hysterophorus L.) weed to remove Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution was reported. FTIR was used to study the functional groups present on the surface of the biosorbent and it was found that carboxyl, amine and alkane groups were the leading Cr binding groups. Effect of various parameters such as contact time, temperature, pH, agitation speed, biosorbent dose and initial Cr(VI) concentration on the biosorption was investigated by batch process. The equilibrium data was well described by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The biosorption capacity of Parthenium weed for Cr(VI) was found to be 24.5mgg−1 at pH 1.0, 0.1g biomass dose, 200rpm, 160min equilibrium time and 20°C. The study of thermodynamic parameters confirmed that the biosorption of Cr(VI) onto Parthenium weed was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic within 20–60°C. The magnitude of heat of biosorption was calculated as 7.83kJmol−1 which confirmed that biosorption followed the physical process. Kinetic evaluation of experimental data showed that biosorption of Cr(VI) closely followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and surface diffusion was found to be the rate controlling step. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this work the potential of Catla catla scales to remove Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated as a function of time, initial Cr(VI) concentration, initial pH, biomass dose and agitation speed. Optimum biosorption conditions were found to be pH 1.0, 0.05gL−1 biomass dosage, 200rpm agitation speed and 180min equilibrium time. The fitness of biosorption equilibrium data for Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models were tested. It was found that Freundlich model was better suitable for biosorption of Cr(VI) ions onto C. catla biomass. Three kinetic models viz. the Lagergren first-order and pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion model were used to analyze the biosorption data and the results suggested that the pseudo-second-order model represented the best correlation. FTIR spectrum analysis revealed that O–H, N–H and C–O groups were the leading Cr(VI) binding groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A mathematical model for predicting the hydrodynamic behavior of a multi-stage external loop airlift reactor operating in three stages has been developed. The present model is based on macroscopic balances of the gas–liquid separator, external downcomer and spatially averaged, 1D mass and momentum balances in the riser. Using only the physical properties of the gas and liquid phases, the reactor dimensions and the superficial gas velocity, the model predicts gas holdup profiles, gas and liquid velocity profiles, and pressure profiles in the riser for a two-phase bubbly flow. It has been observed that the values of gas holdup obtained are in the range of 44–52%. Empirical correlations are used to represent frictional and drag effects, but there are no adjustable parameters in the model. Results indicate that a pressure of 9.3×10−4 N/m2 were achieved at a dimensionless riser position of 1.0. The results predicted by the model are in excellent agreement with the experimental data reported in literature for a multi-stage external loop airlift reactor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper discusses the use of a novel tangential-flow, three-stage, countercurrent cascade ultrafiltration configuration for continuous purification of monoclonal antibody Campath-1H from simulated mammalian cell culture supernatant. The main limitation of conventional ultrafiltration based bioseparation, particularly when using a single-stage system is the trade-off between recovery and purity. The aim of this study was to try to improve both purity and recovery of the monoclonal antibody by using the novel cascade ultrafiltration system. Purification experiments were carried out with the three-stage cascade system as well as with single-stage and two-stage versions of the proposed system for comparison. The recovery and purification factor were both significantly higher with the three-stage system. The highest purity obtained using the three-stage cascade system was 85%. The experimental purity and recovery were compared with corresponding values obtained by simulation and found to be in reasonably good agreement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reports on the experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the interfacial area, a, and liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient, k L a, to characterize a multi-stage external loop airlift reactor (with contraction and expansion disks), which has been conceived, designed, and fabricated as an equipment to remove trace pollutants from wastewater. In addition, it has versatile use as a gas–liquid contactor in chemical process industries. In the experimental range of gas and liquid flows investigated, the maximum interfacial area and volumetric mass transfer coefficient obtained was in the order of 300m2/m3 and 0.05s−1, respectively. Correlations developed for predicting the interfacial area and liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient have been found to be encouraging and highly significant from statistical analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the present investigation a novel multi-stage external loop airlift reactor with hydro-dynamically induced continuous bubble generation, breakup and regeneration has been proposed. The system has been designed to operate with relatively large sized bubbles, so that interfacial circulation can be induced in the liquid–bubble interfaces and faster transfer of components can take place by turbulent diffusion through the interface of the bubbles and also due to the physical rupture and reformation of the bubbles. The system was also designed to operate in three stages operating in series so that in each stage completely deaerated liquid could be brought in contact with freshly generated bubbles. Detailed studies on the gas holdup and liquid circulation velocity have been carried out with respect to various values of superficial gas as well as liquid velocities. The gas holdup of the proposed multi-stage system is 45% higher than the single stage system, which results in better mass transfer characteristics. Empirical correlations describing the performance of the proposed reactor have been presented in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reports the research findings of a laboratory-based study on the removal of Cr(VI) from solution using the biomass (both roots and stems) of the non-living Eichhornia Crassipes as a biosorbent. The effect of physico-chemical parameters like pH, sorbent dose, contact time and initial concentrations were investigated. Although the Lagergren first order model was applicable to some of the data, the pseudo-second-order reaction model was applicable to all data. The Freundlich isotherm was found to represent the measured sorption data well. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that the hydroxyl group was the chromium-binding site within pH range (pH 1–5) where chromium does not precipitate. The results indicated that the biomass of E. Crassipes is suitable for development of efficient biosorbent for the removal of chromium from wastewater of chemical and allied process industries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Activated carbons prepared from Tectona grandis sawdust, a timber industry waste, have been examined for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions. The activated carbon was prepared by zinc chloride activation under four different activation atmospheres, to develop carbons with well-developed porosity. Experiments were carried out at different chemical ratios (activating agent/precursor). Effects of carbonization temperature and time are the important variables, which had significant effect on the pore structure of carbon. Developed activated carbon was characterized by SEM analysis. Pore volume and surface area were estimated by Hg porosimetry and BET surface area analyses. The carbons showed surface area and micropore volumes of around 585m2/g and 0.442cm3/g, respectively. The activated carbon developed showed substantial capability to adsorb phenol from aqueous solutions. The kinetic data were fitted to the models of Lagergren, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion, and followed closely the pseudo-second-order chemisorption model. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were well fitted. The solution pH markedly affected the sorption process. The maximum uptake of phenol was found to be 2.82mg/g at pH 3.5. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Different structured activated carbons were prepared from Terminalia arjuna nuts, an agricultural waste, by chemical activation with zinc chloride for the adsorption of Cr(VI) from dilute aqueous solutions. The most important parameter in chemical activation was found to be the chemical ratio (activating agent/precursor, g/g). Carbonization temperature and time are the other two important variables, which had significant effect on the pore structure of carbon. A high surface area of was obtained at a chemical ratio of 300%, carbonization time and temperature of 1h and 500°C, respectively. The activated carbon developed shows substantial capability to adsorb Cr(VI) from dilute aqueous solutions. The parameters studied include pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial concentrations. The kinetic data were best fitted to the Lagergren pseudo-first-order model. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum removal of chromium was obtained at pH 1.0 (about 99% for adsorbent dose of 2g/l and 10mg/l initial concentration). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Red mud (RM) derived catalyst for the direct glucose conversion to 5-HMF. • Red mud composition provided the suitable Lewis acid sites. • Carbon coating followed by -SO 3 H grafting produced the Bronsted acid sites. • Low reaction time owing to the microwave-induced fast catalytic reaction. • Appreciable activity and stability of the RM-based catalyst. Though suitable for the fructose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), sulfonated carbon catalysts are inefficient for the direct glucose transformation to 5-HMF due to the lack of appropriate Lewis acids. Here, we have reported an efficient and inexpensive catalyst by suitably modifying red mud (RM), a by-product from the aluminum industry. The AD-1:1/SO 3 H catalyst produced by the acid (HCl) treatment, carbon coating, and SO 3 H grafting on RM exhibited enhanced surface area, mesoporous characteristics, and suitable Lewis and Bronsted acid sites. The XRD, FTIR, and XPS analysis suggested Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and various carbon functionalities as the major active components in the AD-1:1/SO 3 H catalyst. The NH 3 -TPD analysis revealed an appreciable acid site density of 6.8 mmol g−1. Under microwave heating at 180 °C, 30 min, and 90:10 DMSO/water weight percentage ratio, the catalyst produced a d -glucose conversion and 5-HMF yield of 93.05 % and 51.5 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetically separable monometallic and bimetallic Au and Pt NPs anchored on TiO 2 nanocomposite were prepared using dahlia flower extract through a greener approach. The prepared nanoparticles (NPs) act as an efficient active metal-based catalyst for glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) and organic compounds reduction reaction (ORR). The phytochemicals present in dahlia flower extract acts as reducing and stabilizing agent for the development of metal NPs on TiO 2 surface. For bimetallic (Fe 3 O 4 @TiO 2 –AuPt) NPs, the conversion efficiency for GOR was found to be 2-fold higher than those of monometallic NPs. The products of GOR over magnetically separable monometallic and bimetallic catalysts were analyzed by HPLC and products such as formic acid (FA), glycolic acid (GCA), glyceric acid (GLA), and tartronic acid (TA) were detected. In addition, ORR of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR) in the existence of sodium borohydride (NaBH 4) were studied. It was found that the reduction reactions were completed within a few seconds for mono- and bimetallic nanocomposites. Comparatively, Fe 3 O 4 @TiO 2 –AuPt nanocomposite showed much higher efficacy (8, 6 and 5 s) for 4-NP, MB and CR reduction along with very good stable catalytic activity (∼98%) after six cycles. We hypothesize that the improved yield in GOR and faster reduction in ORR by Fe 3 O 4 @TiO 2 –AuPt nanocomposites are related to the synergistic effect of metal alloy formation and support materials. Image 1 • Magnetically separable Au@TiO 2 , Pt@TiO 2 , and Au–Pt@TiO 2 nanocomposite were synthesized. • Dahlia flower extract was used as reducing, capping and stabilizing agent for the green synthesis. • Bimetallic Au–Pt@TiO 2 showed boosting catalytic oxidation of glycerol to formic acid. • The prepared nanocomposites exhibited enhanced catalytic reduction of organic compounds. • Synergistic effect of bimetallic NPs with supporting materials was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable energy source for the production of sustainable fuel is of paramount importance. This study focuses on the catalytic co-pyrolysis of Mesua ferrea L. de-oiled cake (MDC) and Garlic husk (GH) as potential feedstocks for bio-fuel production. The pyrolysis experiments were conducted using a semi-batch reactor under inert conditions at temperatures of 500, 550, and 600 °C, with a heating rate of 10 °C min−1, a particle size below 1 mm, and an inert gas flow rate of 80 mL min−1. The findings reveal that temperature significantly influences the yield of pyrolytic products. However, GC-MS analysis detected higher oxygenated compounds in the bio-oil, negatively impacting its heating value. To improve fuel quality, co-pyrolysis with and without a catalyst for a feedstock ratio of 1:1 w/w was performed. Red mud, an alkaline waste mainly composed of Fe2O3, Al2O3, and SiO2, is a hazardous environmental concern from aluminum production and is used as a catalyst. The red-mud catalysts reduced oxygen concentration and increased carbon content, acidity, and heating value in the pyrolytic oil. GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil confirmed that using catalysts combined with MDC and GH significantly decreased the concentration of acidic and aromatic compounds, thereby improving the pyrolytic oil's higher heating value (HHV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of saponin, a biosurfactant, in the micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) process was tested systematically for removal of methyl violet from wastewater. For this, the aqueous extract of reetha ( Sapindus mukorossi ) pericarp which contains saponin was used as the biosurfactant. First, the micellar solubilization of methyl violet in saponin micelles was investigated in terms of molar solubilization power ( SP ) of saponin. It was observed that the adsorption of methyl violet on the agglomerates of saponin micelles was mainly responsible for the enhanced solubilization. The Gibbs free energy of solubilization (calculated as −29.63 kJ mol −1 ) suggested that process was feasible and spontaneous. The MEUF experiments were performed in batch as well as continuous mode using saponin biosurfactant, and the effect of operating parameters on permeate flux and solute retention were evaluated. The removal of methyl violet in MEUF process was >99% achieved with 10 kDa polyethersulfone (PES) membrane for feed dye concentration of 250 mg L −1 at studied conditions. Finally, the saponin in permeate was recovered using n-heptane and n-butanol by solvent extraction process. The solvent n -butanol showed better extraction efficiency as compared to n-heptane for saponin extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient phenol degrading mixed bacterial culture was isolated from sludge sample collected from one of the refinery located in Assam, India. The mixed culture was found to consist of three bacterial strains. These were identified as Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila , Brevibacterium sp . and Brucella sp . Batch phenol biodegradation experiments were carried out for a wide range of initial phenol concentrations after pH and temperature optimization. It was found that the mixed culture was able to degrade a maximum phenol concentration up to 1000 mg L −1 within 96 h while the maximum specific growth rate ( μ max ) was observed at 100 mg L −1 . The pH and temperature required for optimal phenol degradation was 6.5 and 37 °C respectively. The mixed culture degrades phenol via ortho -cleavage pathway by formation of an intermediate ( cis , cis- muconate) which was detected spectrophotometrically at 260 nm. The experimental data were validated by fitting the growth and substrate utilization curves with their corresponding simulated dynamic profiles obtained by solving Haldane's equation via MATLAB R2015a with μ max = 0.155 h −1 and K I = 400 mg L −1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango ( Mangifera indica ) is one of the popular fruits in India and many other tropical countries also. Mango seed weight is 30 − 45% of the total fruit weight which completely goes off as waste. In this study, Mango seed kernel (MSK) and Mango seed shell (MSS) were selected as a feed for pyrolysis for the production of bio-chemicals. Conventional pyrolysis of MSK and MSS was carried out in the range between 673 to 873 K temperatures at a heating rate of 25 K min −1 . The optimum temperature for maximum yield of pyrolytic liquid was 823 K and 848 K for MSK and MSS with the corresponding yield of pyrolytic liquid of about 32.37% and 52.57% respectively. The composition analysis of MSK and MSS pyrolytic liquid revealed the presence of various valuable chemicals. It was noticed that MSS pyrolytic liquid contains about 27.63% d -allose, which is a rare sugar, whereas MSK contains 13.27% of levoglucosan along with furfural, furan, alcohol, aldehyde, benzene and various alkanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical characterization and kinetic evaluation of the thermal and co-pyrolysis of groundnut de-oiled cake (GDC) and PET plastic is examined in this present study. A bomb calorimeter, proximate/CHNS analysis, and a thermogravimetric analyzer were used to study the physicochemical characteristics of the biomass and plastic. By using a FTIR analysis, it was found that both samples had distinct functional groups. Iso-conversional models, such as Friedman's, the Kissinger–Akhaira–Sunose, the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall, Starink's, and the distributed activation energy models were employed in the calculation of the kinetic parameters. The physicochemical characterization provided valuable insights into the pyrolysis characteristics. The rate at which the feedstock was heated were 10, 20, and 30 °C min−1, and were used to study the thermal breakdown behavior of the GDC and PET by the TGA. The following temperatures are the active pyrolysis zones for the thermal pyrolysis and the co-pyrolysis: for the groundnut de-oiled cake, T = 150–650 °C; for the PET, T = 375–600 °C; and for the co-pyrolysis, T = 175–550 °C. For the thermal pyrolysis (for GDC, E = 127.49 kJ mol−1; PET, E = 201.45 kJ mol−1); and the co-pyrolysis (E = 175.86 kJ mol−1), Kissinger–Akhaira–Sunose revealed low activation energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, catalytic upgrading was carried out to enhance the yield and quality of castor seed pyrolytic oil. The influence of catalytic vapour cracking of castor seed was performed over Kaolin, CaO and ZnO catalysts at various weight percentage of loading. This study confirmed that the yield varied with catalyst type and its amount of loading. The maximum pyrolysis yield of oil was obtained about 66.4 wt.%, 64.9 wt.% and 65.8 wt.% at 15 wt.% CaO and Kaolin and 10 wt.% ZnO respectively. The effect of catalyst on fuel properties were studied at that catalyst loading where the yield of pyrolytic liquid was higher. The fuel properties of castor seed thermal and catalytic pyrolytic oil were compared. The cracking of castor seed pyrolytic vapour over the bed of catalysts proved to enhance the fuel properties of pyrolytic oil for all catalysts. In comparison with ZnO, CaO and Kaolin found to have significant effect on enhancing the fuel properties in terms of viscosity, pH, calorific value and pour point. It was observed that in catalytic pyrolytic oil the number of acidic groups significantly reduced as they got converted to esters compared to thermal pyrolytic oil. The increase in the formation of nitriles and aromatics content in the catalytic pyrolytic oil was also noticed which were comparatively less in the thermal pyrolytic oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of endocrine disrupting chemicals such as pentachlorophenol [PCP] and pthalic acid [PA] using ionic liquids (IL's) as solvents has been found to be effective for wastewater treatment. New insights are required to explain the interaction between IL's and organic compounds by quantum chemical descriptors. In this work, the parameters like global hardness and softness, chemical potential, electronegativity and electrophilicity index, HOMO/LUMO energy, and HOMO–LUMO energy gap were predicted for systems such as: [PCP] + [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ] and [PA] + [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ] and individual species. Initially geometry optimization was carried out using the DFT based B3LYP/6-31G* method for individual molecules of [PCP], [PA], cations, anions and [PCP]\[PA] + IL complexes. Thereafter, the quantum chemical descriptors were predicted and analyzed. In addition, the experimental and theoretical 1 H NMR chemical shifts of [PCP] + [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ] and [PA] + [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ] were also carried out to benchmark the predictions. The highest and lowest HOMO–LUMO energy gap was obtained for [PCP] + [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ] (0.146 eV) and [PA] + [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ] (0.0597 eV) respectively. Charge distribution using the CHELPG (CHarges from Electrostatic Potentials using a Grid based method) analysis was also studied in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, selective separation of α-endosulfan (ES) was carried out via supported liquid membrane (SLM) using the ionic liquid 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ] as the membrane phase. The SLM was prepared using hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) support immobilized in the IL [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ] and henceforth known as supported ionic liquid membrane (SILM). Range of permeabilities were observed by varying different operating parameters such as initial feed concentration, pH, stirring speed and membrane flux. Effect of feed concentration was studied by varying the ES concentration between 10 and 50 mg L −1 . A maximum of 72% (at feed pH = 6.5) of endosulfan permeation was observed using 0.1 M NaOH as stripping agent after 30 h of experimental run. The rate of permeation decreases with increase in pH from 2 to 10 (87–55%). Control experiments were also carried out with blank membranes (without IL). Different stripping agents such as 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M KOH and 0.1 M NH 4 OH were successfully used and their performance was reported. The transport mechanism involving SILMs has also been elucidated. Characterization of SILM using SEM, EDX and FTIR was also carried out in detail. The operational stability of the SILM was tested continuously for an experimental run of 30 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and phthalic acid (PA) are toxic chemicals and are commonly known as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). This study reports the extraction of these two EDC compounds from aqueous phase using imidazolium based ionic liquid (IL) namely 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexaflourophosphate [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ]. An experimental investigation of liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) behavior of [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ] (1) + PCP (2) + water (3) and [C 4 DMIM][PF 6 ] (1) + PA (2) + water (3) was carried out at T = 298.15 K and p = 1 bar. Information obtained from the ternary plots indicates a favorable sloping of the tie lines toward the IL. The selectivity and distribution coefficients determined from the tie line data confirmed high values of selectivity ∼24–29 for PA and ∼106–293 for PCP. The UNIQUAC and NRTL models were then used to correlate the experimental data and to predict the equilibrium phase compositions with a Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) value below unity. For each ternary system, the Othmer–Tobias and Bachman correlation was also studied to verify the reliability of the experimental tie–line results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Kusum seed ( Schleichera oleosa ) was selected as feed stock for the production of fuel and bio-chemicals using the thermo-chemical conversion technique. Pyrolysis was performed within the temperature range of 475–575 °C at a heating rate of 25 °C min −1 using a semi-batch reactor. The study confirmed that 550 °C was the optimum temperature to produce a maximum 58.51 wt% of pyrolysis liquid which consists of 50.93% of oil and 7.58% of aqueous phase. The fuel analysis confirmed that Kusum seed pyrolysis oil was less acidic in nature with a viscosity of 27 cSt. The calorific value was quite closer to diesel fuel about 32.5 MJ kg −1 . The higher calorific value of oil visualized the probability of Kusum seed pyrolysis oil to use as an alternative fuel in diesel engine. The composition analysis illustrated that Kusum seed pyrolysis oil can be a source of various valuable bio-chemicals such as oleanitrile, 8-heptadecene, hexadecanenitrile, hentriacontane and chloroacetic acid-tetradecyl ester. The Kusum seed char has good calorific value about 21.7 MJ kg −1 and rich in carbon content with a high H/C ratio. The char contained zeroarsenic compounds and BET surface area of about 8.12 m 2 g −1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of costly chemical fertilizers and large freshwater requirements make the microalgae cultivation process uneconomical and highly unsustainable. To address this challenge, the present study aimed to integrate cattle wastewater (CW) (alternate for fertilizers) with domestic sewage wastewater (DSW) (substitute for freshwater) to cultivate Chlorella thermophile. To maximize the biomass yield, in-depth nutrient consumption patterns in both batch and fed-batch cultivation conditions were analyzed. Out of the eight (1%–4.5%) different CW feed concentrations tested during the batch cultivation, 2.5% CW set gave the highest biomass yield (2.17 g L−1), which was almost double the yield obtained using Bold Basal Medium (1.24 g L−1) and DSW without any CW addition (1.22 g L−1). However, the biomass yield declined with CW> 2.5%, and the ammonium (NH 4 +) inhibitory effect was observed. To address the (NH 4 +) toxicity challenge and further enhance the biomass yield, fed-batch experiments were designed with an intermittent CW feeding based on nutrient (NH 4 +) consumption pattern. The fed-batch cultivation resulted in twofold increased biomass yield (4.52 g L−1) in comparison to the batch process. The nutrient consumption pattern inferred that the (NH 4 +) concentration greater than 600 mg L−1 during the logarithmic phase was inhibitory for Chlorella thermophila cells. On biomass characterization, a significant improvement in protein content with CW addition was observed. The FAME analysis of the derived lipid stated its competitive biofuel quality with up-gradation of C:16 and C:18 groups. Based on the obtained results, projection analysis for an integrated rural model demonstrated the technology's potential for sustainable water management with valuable resource recovery. [Display omitted] • Eight CW concentrations were tested with DSW for C. thermophile growth. • In batch mode, highest biomass yield (2.17 g L−1) was recorded using 2.5% CW addition. • Fed-batch process resulted in further twofold increase in biomass yield (4.52 g L−1). • Ammonium concentration >600 mg L−1 was found inhibitory to C. thermophila cells. • Circular rural model suggested using developed approach shows technical feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to assess Messastrum gracile SVMIICT7 potential in treating dairy wastewater (autoclaved (ADWW) and raw (DWW)) with relation to nutrient removal, in-vivo Chl-a-based biomass, and bio-oil synthesis. Chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics revealed improved photochemical efficiency (0.639, Fv/Fm) in M. gracile when grown with DWW. This may be owing to enhanced electron transport being mediated by an effective water-splitting complex at photosystem (PSII) of thylakoids. The increase in ABS/RC observed in DWW can be attributed to the elevated chlorophyll content and reduced light dissipation, as evident by higher values of ETo/RC and a decrease in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). M. gracile inoculated in DWW had the highest Chl-a-biomass yield (1.8 g L−1) and biomolecules while maximum nutrient removal efficiency was observed in ADWW (83.7% TN and 60.07% TP). M. gracile exhibited substantial bio-oil yield of 29.6% and high calorific value of 37.19 MJ kg−1, predominantly composed of hydrocarbons along with nitrogen and oxygen cyclic compounds. This research offers a thorough investigation into wastewater treatment, illustrating the conversion of algal biomass into valuable energy sources and chemical intermediates within the framework of a biorefinery. [Display omitted] • Messastrum gracile SVMIICT7 thrived effectivey in both autoclaved and raw dairy wastewater (ADWW and DWW). • Chl-a fluorescence showed a significant correlation with residual TN, TP, and Carbon load resulting improved CO 2 fixation. • Messastrum sp. exhibited bio-oil yield of 29.6% and calorific value of 37.19 MJ kg−1 with diverse metabolite profile. • Self-sustained biorefinery approach for biosynthesis of value-added products with simultaneous treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work tries to solve the current problems associated with ionic liquid (IL) mediated liquid–liquid extraction such as large viscosity and high cost. The performance of IL-solvent mixtures instead of pure ILs as extractant was systematically studied here. In this work we have separated benzene (aromatic component) from hexane (aliphatic component) by using the extractant IL-Acetonitrile. The quaternary LLE experiments i.e., IL(1)-Acetonitrile(2)-Benzene(3)-Hexane(4) was conducted at T =298.15K and 1bar pressure. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquid coupled with the anions ethylsulphate [EtSO4] and Acetate [Ac] was used to separate benzene using the IL and acetonitrile as the solvent. It was found that for both the systems, the hexane composition in extract phase and the solvent composition in raffinate phase are nearly zero. This implies that a mixture of IL-Acetonitrile can be beneficial since it avoids cross-contamination which is usually a problem with conventional solvents. Although the selectivities are very high (~150), the capacities are low. With respect to selectivity values [EMIM][Ac] seems to be a more economical choice of solvent in terms of cross contamination. Both the NRTL and UNIQUAC models gave RMSD''s less than unity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The lignocellulosic materials are cheap and readily available either in the form of agricultural waste or forest residues. These materials can be used as a source for energy production either in the gaseous form (CO, H2 etc) or in liquid form (ethanol, butanol etc) to meet the rising demand of energy. The reign of lignocellulosic materials for energy production is a proven fact in this era of energy research. The present study focuses on characterization of three biomass samples namely areca nut husk (Areca catheu), moj (Albizia lucida) and bonbogori (Ziziphus rugosa), available in the region of North-East India. Physical and chemical analysis of these lignocellulosic biomass samples were performed using X-ray diffraction techniques, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and CHNSO analysis. Maximum crystalinity was observed in areca nut husk fiber (63.84%) followed by moj (46.43%) and bonbogori (42.46%). The calorific values of all the biomasses were found within the range of 17 MJ/kg to 22 MJ/kg. All these properties combined together per se shows that areca nut husk, bonbogori and moj are potential sources for biofuel production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Composite ultrafiltration membranes were prepared by applying thin coating of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) over ceramic support by using a modified dip-coating method. Well-known dip coating method was not found suitable for PVAc, as the polymer solution (N,N-di-methyl acetamide solvent), was not viscous enough for uniform coating. In the modified technique, a secondary solvent (water) was used for the removal of DMAc rather than drying it from the solution. For studying the effect of polymer concentration and dipping time over membrane parameters, twelve different membranes were prepared using four different concentrations (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) and three dipping time (30s, 60s and 120s). Membranes were characterized with TGA, SEM, air and hydraulic permeability and acid/base treatment. From gas permeability study, the pore sizes were found between 150 and 9nm. The lowest pore size membrane (9nm) was applied for the purification of lysozyme from chicken egg white (CEW) using three different concentrations. pH 11.0 was found as most suitable for the purification using the prepared membrane and over 98% of transmission of LS were found. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We discuss a continuous two-stage cascade ultrafiltration bioreactor-separator system for fragmentation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) by pepsin and purification of F(ab′)2 fragment thus generated. F(ab′)2 is frequently preferred to intact IgG in therapeutic applications due to lower immunogenicity and faster onset of action. The 10kDa MWCO membrane of the first stage bioreactor retained pepsin, IgG and F(ab′)2 while allowing degraded Fc sub-fragments through and the 70kDa membrane of the second stage retained both IgG and F(ab′)2 while allowing pepsin through. Due to this differential retention behavior, the pepsin concentration within the first stage was significantly higher than that in the feed. The first bioreactor therefore primarily carried out IgG digestion while the second stage primarily served as a separator for pepsin and F(ab′)2. The two-stage system was first assessed using pure equine IgG as feed. Under optimized feed and sweep flow rates, 97% IgG conversion with 93% pure F(ab′)2 product were obtained. A mathematical model for the bioreactor system was developed and simulated and experimental data were found to be in good agreement. When the bioreactor system was operated with unpurified equine serum as feed, close to 95% IgG conversion was observed. The F(ab′)2 product obtained from serum showed a single band on SDS-PAGE. The results demonstrated the suitability of the two-step cascade membrane bioreactor for production of F(ab′)2 from both IgG and unpurified equine serum. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Cynodon dactylon biomass is an abundant and low-cost biological resource. • XRF analysis confirmed the presence of high alkali which might form molten salts. • Kinetic parameters were estimated to understand pyrolysis reaction mechanisms. • Py-GC/MS analysis confirmed formation of high hydrocarbons and phenolics at 550 °C. • Py-FTIR analysis confirmed majority of gases generated within 4−15 s Cynodon dactylon (DG) is a biological resource available in abundance across the world; and has the capability to yield sustainable renewable fuels and fine chemicals. The present study explored the bioenergy potential of DG biomass by evaluating its physicochemical properties, pyrolysis characteristics, and kinetic behaviouer with thermodynamic analysis (TD) for the first time. The physicochemical outcome established its bioenergy potential towards sustainable energy production. The thermal decomposition study of DG biomass was carried out in a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) at dynamic heating rates (10, 30 and 50 °C min−1), under nitrogen atmosphere while Py-GC–MS was executed to understand the pyrolysis behaviour. The thermal decomposition profile of the DG biomass established multistage degradation, which is linked to the diverse components in its structure. The average apparent kinetic energy was found to be 208.89, 220.43, 211.90, 213.66, 214.28 and 192.30 kJ mol−1 for Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), Friedman (FM), Starink (ST), Distributed Activation Energy Model (DEAM), and Vyazovkin (VZ). Py-GC–MS results revealed that formation of phenolics, aromatic hydrocarbons and ketones in the temperature range 450–650 °C were increased while formation of cyclopentanones, acids, esters and other oxygenated compounds were reduced. Finally, Py-FTIR study confirmed that the majority of functional groups generated in the range of 4 −15 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, agricultural residue was pyrolytically converted in a continuous semi pilot auger reactor. Studies have been carried out with variation in operating conditions such as temperature, and its effect on product yield and quality has been analyzed comprehensively. It was found that with increase in temperature from 400 to 500 ℃, the oil yield increased; however, reduced on further increasing the temperature. The char yield decreased from 50 to 20 wt% and gas yield increased with rising temperature. For cotton stalk pyrolysis, maximum biochar yield of 51% was obtained at 400 ℃, whereas maximum bio-oil yield of 46.5% was obtained at 500 ℃. Maximum gas yield of 55% was obtained with mustard husk feedstock at 700 ℃ temperature. Water content of the cotton stalk bio-oil (35%) was found to be lower than mustard husk bio-oil (79%). The water content in bio-oil was found to enhance with increase in temperature. GC-MS analysis confirmed that different chemical value compounds are present in the bio-oils obtained from both cotton stalk and mustard husk. In addition, the chars obtained had a calorific value of 24.15 MJ/kg for cotton stalk and 24.57 MJ/kg for mustard husk. At 500 °C, biochar showed good thermal stability in TGA analysis and major weight loss occurred in the temperature range of 500–600 ℃. It was also observed that biochar contains high amount of micronutrients and can be used for improving crop productivity by partially replacing synthetic fertilizers. [Display omitted] • Continuous biomass pyrolysis studies were carried out in a semi pilot scale auger reactor. • Effect of temperature on product yields and bio oil chemical value was investigated. • Water content of CS bio-oil was found to be lower as compared to MH bio-oil. • Effect of process conditions on bio char properties was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing an efficient photobioreactor (PBR) and reducing freshwater dependence are among the significant challenges for generating 3rd generation biomass feedstock. Addressing these, the present study focused on developing a modified airlift (MoAL) PBR. Its performance was further evaluated and compared with the traditional airlift PBR by cultivating microalgae in dark fermentation spent wash. Lower mixing time and higher interfacial mass transfer coefficient was observed in the MoAL PBR having a perforated draft tube. Experimentally, the MoAL exhibited the maximum biomass concentration of 3.18 g L−1, which was 30% higher than that of the conventional airlift PBR. The semi-continuous operation of the MoAL (with water recycling) achieved the maximum biomass productivity of 0.83 g L−1 d−1, two folds superior to that of batch culture. The comprehensive biomass characterization (proximate, ultimate, and thermochemical) further confirmed its potential for bioenergy application. Considering that, hydrothermal liquefaction of the biomass resulted in a maximum biocrude yield of 31% w/w with a higher heating value (HHV) of 36.6 MJ kg−1. In addition, the biocrude comprised 66.6% w/w lighter fraction (<343 °C), including 21.5% w/w of heavy naphtha, 20.5% w/w of kerosene, and 24.6% w/w of diesel. The results can help develop sustainable technology for simultaneous wastewater remediation and biocrude production. [Display omitted] • Modified airlift (MoAL) photobioreactor was designed for enhanced biomass yield. • Dark fermentation spent wash (DFSW) was found suitable for mixotrophic algal growth. • Biomass concentration was 30% higher in the MoAL than that of the conventional PBR. • Semi-continuous operation of MoAL PBR with water recycling was successfully studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] LLE of ammonium and phosphonium ionic liquids-aromatic-aliphatic component reported. [•] Experimental data were correlated with NRTL and UNIQUAC models. [•] Successful prediction using quantum chemical based COSMO-RS model. [•] Low cross contamination between both phases reported. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pyrolysis kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of two non-edible seeds, Pongamia pinnata (PP) and Sapindus emarginatus (SE), and their blend in the ratio of 1:1 (PS) were studied using the thermogravimetric analyzer. Kinetic triplets were determined using both model-free [Starink (STR), Friedman (FRM), Iterative Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (IT-KAS), Iterative Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (IT-OFW), Vyazovkin (VYZ), and Master plot (MP)] and model fitting Coats-Redfern (CR) methods at three different heating rates 10, 30 and 50 °C/min. Activation energies were 192.66, 179.44, and 163.25 kJ/mol for PP, SE, and PS, respectively. It was found that the blend of the two-biomass (PS) showed promising results with lower activation energy compared to the individual biomass. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔS, and ΔH) were obtained using the model-free isoconversional method. The three hidden layers of complex neuron topology are well fitted to the experimental DTG curves by artificial neural network (ANN). The study confirmed that the heating rate had a significant impact on the kinetics and thermodynamic parameters. The reaction mechanism was also in consonance with the experimental data. The study suggests that the PP and SE seeds can be an appropriate feed for pyrolysis, and their blend (PS) can be a viable alternative in optimizing the entire process. [Display omitted] • Both model-free and model-fitting methods are scrutinized. • Kinetics suggested that the binary mixture was suitable for pyrolysis. • The thermodynamics feasibility of the binary mixture is also determined. • Three-layer ANN topology is well fitted with DTG experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work presents the fabrication of chitosan based ceramic membranes using dip coating technique. Low-cost ceramic supports were prepared from local clay of IIT Guwahati and kaolin with an average pore size of 1093nm and porosity of 0.37. Different ceramic membranes were prepared by varying chitosan concentration and dipping time and were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), air and hydraulic permeability tests. The average pore sizes were in the range of 760–13nm which confirmed that the chitosan impregnated ceramic membranes were applicable for both microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) applications. An increase in both chitosan concentration and dipping time was found to reduce the pore size. The lowest pore size ultrafiltration membrane (pore size: 13nm) was used for the removal of mercury and arsenic from wastewater by polymer enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF) technique using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the chelating agent. The effects of initial concentrations of mercury, arsenic and PVA on the extent of removal of both the heavy metals were investigated in detail. The efficiency of PEUF was explored in terms of rejection of metals and permeates flux. Almost 100% removals were observed for both 500μgL−1 mercury and 1000μgL−1 arsenic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]