144 results on '"Mitchell, David Alexander"'
Search Results
2. Estimation of heat and mass transfer coefficients in a pilot packed-bed solid-state fermentation bioreactor
- Author
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Finkler, Anelize Terezinha Jung, Weber, Mariana Zanlorenzi, Fuchs, Gustavo Alexandre, Scholz, Leandro Aluisio, de Lima Luz Jr, Luiz Fernando, Krieger, Nadia, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Jorge, Luiz Mário de Matos
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Time is of the essence: A new strategy for time-stepping in stochastic models describing the enzymatic hydrolysis of colloidal suspensions of polysaccharides
- Author
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Moreira, Isabelle, Krieger, Nadia, and Mitchell, David Alexander
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Performing under pressure: esterification activity of dry fermented solids in subcritical and supercritical CO2
- Author
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Serrano, Dominicky Cristina, Corazza, Marcos Lúcio, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Immobilization of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase on layered double hydroxide of Zn/Al-Cl for kinetic resolution of rac-1-phenylethanol
- Author
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Silva Dias, Glauco, Bandeira, Pamela Taisline, Jaerger, Silvia, Piovan, Leandro, Mitchell, David Alexander, Wypych, Fernando, and Krieger, Nadia
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. CFD simulation of a packed-bed solid-state fermentation bioreactor
- Author
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Pessoa, Diego Rodrigues, Finkler, Anelize Terezinha Jung, Machado, Alex Vinícius Lopes, Mitchell, David Alexander, and de Lima Luz Jr, Luiz Fernando
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Modification of the properties of the metagenomic lipase LipC12 by engineering of the hydrophobic cavity
- Author
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Maldonado, Marcos Rodrigues, Alnoch, Robson Carlos, Shiratori, Gabriela Yumi Yamamoto, de Oliveira, Cynthia Christina, Gonçalves, Marcos Brown, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Subjects
Biochemistry ,Catalysis ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Kinetic resolution of racemates with lipases is the preferred method for producing bioactive compounds. One strategy for obtaining highly enantioselective lipases that are stable in the organic media that are often used in these reactions is to improve existing lipases by protein engineering. In this work, we engineered the lipase LipC12, which has good stability in organic media, but only moderate enantioselectivity. Molecular docking with LipC12 identified V261 as a key position influencing, first, enantioselectivity in the transesterification of (RS)-1-phenylethanol and, second, activity in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl octanoate. Variants were then obtained by site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in Escherichia coli, and their performance in these reactions was evaluated. Enzymes immobilized on Immobead 150 were used in the transesterification while free enzyme was used in the hydrolysis reaction. It was not possible to increase the hydrolytic activity and enantioselectivity simultaneously: some variants had increased enantioselectivity but lower hydrolytic activity, and others had increased hydrolytic activity but lower enantioselectivity. The best result for enantioselectivity was obtained for LipC12V261Q, with an increase of the E-value (for (R)-1-phenylethanol) from 46 to 110, however, its hydrolytic activity decreased 4-fold in comparison to LipC12wt. The highest hydrolytic activity was obtained for LipC12V261F, with a value almost 6-fold higher than that of LipC12wt. This variant also had an inverted enantiopreference (i.e. for (S)-1-phenylethanol), but with a very low E-value of only 4.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Genome sequencing of Burkholderia contaminans LTEB11 reveals a lipolytic arsenal of biotechnological interest
- Author
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Alnoch, Robson Carlos, Cardoso, Rodrigo Luis Alves, Guizelini, Dieval, Balsanelli, Eduardo, Tadra-Sfeir, Michelle Zibetti, de Oliveira Pedrosa, Fábio, Sassaki, Guilherme Lanzi, Cruz, Leonardo Magalhães, Mitchell, David Alexander, de Souza, Emanuel Maltempi, Krieger, Nadia, and Muller-Santos, Marcelo
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Stochastic models based on the Monte Carlo method for the hydrolysis of oligogalacturonates and polygalacturonates by endopolygalacturonases and exopolygalacturonases
- Author
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Pereira, Aline Bescrovaine, Espírito Santo, Larissa Madureira Pacholak do, Balmant, Wellington, Nietzel, Ivo, Krieger, Nadia, and Mitchell, David Alexander
- Published
- 2017
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- View/download PDF
10. Scale-up of biodiesel synthesis in a closed-loop packed-bed bioreactor system using the fermented solid produced by Burkholderia lata LTEB11
- Author
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Dias, Glauco Silva, Luz Jr., Luiz Fernando de Lima, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Production of pectinases by solid-state fermentation in a pilot-scale packed-bed bioreactor
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Pitol, Luana Oliveira, Biz, Alessandra, Mallmann, Edgar, Krieger, Nadia, and Mitchell, David Alexander
- Published
- 2016
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12. Tailoring recombinant lipases: keeping the His-tag favors esterification reactions, removing it favors hydrolysis reactions
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de Almeida, Janaina Marques, Moure, Vivian Rotuno, Müller-Santos, Marcelo, de Souza, Emanuel Maltempi, Pedrosa, Fábio Oliveira, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Published
- 2018
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13. A Critical Evaluation of Recent Studies on Packed-Bed Bioreactors for Solid-State Fermentation.
- Author
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Mitchell, David Alexander, Ruiz, Héctor A., and Krieger, Nadia
- Subjects
SOLID-state fermentation ,MASS transfer coefficients ,BIOREACTORS ,HEAT transfer coefficient ,DISTRIBUTION isotherms (Chromatography) ,MICROBIAL growth - Abstract
Packed-bed bioreactors are often used for aerobic solid-state fermentation, since the forced aeration supplies O
2 and removes metabolic heat from the bed. Motivated by the potential for applications in biorefineries, we review studies conducted on packed-bed bioreactors over the last decade, evaluating the insights these studies provide into how large-scale packed beds should be designed and operated. Many studies have used low superficial air velocities and suffer from preferential airflow, such that parts of the bed are not properly aerated. Moreover, some studies have proposed ineffective strategies, such as reversing the direction of the airflow or introducing air through perforated pipes within the bed. Additionally, many studies have used narrow water-jacketed packed-bed bioreactors, but these bioreactors do not reflect heat removal in wide large-scale packed beds, in which heat removal through the side walls makes a minor contribution. Finally, we conclude that, although some attention has been given to characterizing the porosities, water sorption isotherms and volumetric heat and mass transfer coefficients of substrate beds, this work needs to be extended to cover a wider range of solid substrates, and work needs to be done to characterize how these bed properties change due to microbial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Production of rhamnolipids in solid-state cultivation using a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and corn bran supplemented with glycerol and soybean oil
- Author
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Camilios-Neto, Doumit, Bugay, Cryshelen, de Santana-Filho, Arquimedes Paixão, Joslin, Talita, de Souza, Lauro Mera, Sassaki, Guilherme Lanzi, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Determination of the quantitative stereoselectivity fingerprint of lipases during hydrolysis of a prochiral triacylglycerol
- Author
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Mitchell, David Alexander, Rodriguez, Jorge A., Carrière, Frederic, and Krieger, Nadia
- Published
- 2008
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16. An analytical method for determining relative specificities for sequential reactions catalyzed by the same enzyme: Application to the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols by lipases
- Author
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Mitchell, David Alexander, Rodriguez, Jorge A., Carrière, Frédéric, Baratti, Jacques, and Krieger, Nadia
- Published
- 2008
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17. Optimization of the production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UFPEDA 614 in solid-state culture
- Author
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Camilios Neto, Doumit, Meira, Joel Alexandre, de Araújo, Janete Magali, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Published
- 2008
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18. Performing under pressure: esterification activity of dry fermented solids in subcritical and supercritical CO2
- Author
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Serrano, Dominicky Cristina, primary, Corazza, Marcos Lúcio, additional, Mitchell, David Alexander, additional, and Krieger, Nadia, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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19. Metagenomics: Is it a powerful tool to obtain lipases for application in biocatalysis?
- Author
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Almeida, Janaina Marques, Alnoch, Robson Carlos, Souza, Emanuel Maltempi, Mitchell, David Alexander, Krieger, Nadia, Almeida, Janaina Marques, Alnoch, Robson Carlos, Souza, Emanuel Maltempi, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Abstract
In recent years, metagenomic strategies have been widely used to isolate and identify new enzymes from uncultivable components of microbial communities. Among these enzymes, various lipases have been obtained from metagenomic libraries from different environments and characterized. Although many of these lipases have characteristics that could make them interesting for application in biocatalysis, relatively little work has been done to evaluate their potential to catalyze industrially important reactions. In the present article, we highlight the latest research on lipases obtained through metagenomic tools, focusing on studies of activity and stability and investigations of application in biocatalysis. We also discuss the challenges of metagenomic approaches for the bioprospecting of new lipases.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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20. Links between morphology and physiology of Ganoderma lucidum in submerged culture for the production of exopolysaccharide
- Author
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Wagner, Ricardo, Mitchell, David Alexander, Sassaki, Guilherme Lanzi, and Amazonas, Maria Angela Lopes de Almeida
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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21. Performing under pressure: esterification activity of dry fermented solids in subcritical and supercritical CO2.
- Author
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Serrano, Dominicky Cristina, Corazza, Marcos Lúcio, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Subjects
ESTERIFICATION ,SOLID-state fermentation ,SUNFLOWER seeds ,SUGARCANE growing ,OLEIC acid ,LIPASES ,SUGARCANE - Abstract
Objective: Lipases are often used in immobilized form, but commercial immobilized lipases are costly. An alternative is to produce lipases in solid-state fermentation, dry the solids and then use the "dry fermented solids" (DFS) directly. We produced DFS by growing Burkholderia contaminans on a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and sunflower seed meal and used the DFS to esterify oleic acid with ethanol in subcritical and supercritical CO
2 at 40 °C. Results: Compared to a control without CO2 at atmospheric pressure, subcritical CO2 at 30 bar improved esterification activity 1.2-fold. Higher pressures, including supercritical pressures up to 150 bar, reduced activity to less than 80% of the control. At 30 bar, the esterification activity was improved a further 1.8-fold with the addition of 9% water (i.e. 9 g water per 100 g oleic acid) to the reaction medium. Conclusion: A subcritical CO2 atmosphere, with the addition of a small amount of water, improved the esterification activity of DFS containing lipases of Burkholderia contaminans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The introduction of the fungal D-galacturonate pathway enables the consumption of D-galacturonic acid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Author
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Biz, Alessandra, Sugai-Guérios, Maura Harumi, Kuivanen, Joosu, Maaheimo, Hannu, Krieger, Nadia, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Richard, Peter
- Subjects
citrus pulp ,food and beverages ,Bioengineering ,ethanol ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,metabolic engineering ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Biotechnology ,d-galacturonic acid - Abstract
Background: Pectin-rich wastes, such as citrus pulp and sugar beet pulp, are produced in considerable amounts by the juice and sugar industry and could be used as raw materials for biorefineries. One possible process in such biorefineries is the hydrolysis of these wastes and the subsequent production of ethanol. However, the ethanol-producing organism of choice, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is not able to catabolize d-galacturonic acid, which represents a considerable amount of the sugars in the hydrolysate, namely, 18 % (w/w) from citrus pulp and 16 % (w/w) sugar beet pulp. Results: In the current work, we describe the construction of a strain of S. cerevisiae in which the five genes of the fungal reductive pathway for d-galacturonic acid catabolism were integrated into the yeast chromosomes: gaaA, gaaC and gaaD from Aspergillus niger and lgd1 from Trichoderma reesei, and the recently described d-galacturonic acid transporter protein, gat1, from Neurospora crassa. This strain metabolized d-galacturonic acid in a medium containing d-fructose as co-substrate. Conclusion: This work is the first demonstration of the expression of a functional heterologous pathway for d-galacturonic acid catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a preliminary step for engineering a yeast strain for the fermentation of pectin-rich substrates to ethanol.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. The introduction of the fungal d-galacturonate pathway enables the consumption of d-galacturonic acid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Author
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Biz, Alessandra, primary, Sugai-Guérios, Maura Harumi, additional, Kuivanen, Joosu, additional, Maaheimo, Hannu, additional, Krieger, Nadia, additional, Mitchell, David Alexander, additional, and Richard, Peter, additional
- Published
- 2016
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24. A Model for Growth of a Single Fungal Hypha Based on Well-Mixed Tanks in Series: Simulation of Nutrient and Vesicle Transport in Aerial Reproductive Hyphae
- Author
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Balmant, Wellington, primary, Sugai-Guérios, Maura Harumi, additional, Coradin, Juliana Hey, additional, Krieger, Nadia, additional, Furigo Junior, Agenor, additional, and Mitchell, David Alexander, additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Immobilization and Characterization of a New Regioselective and Enantioselective Lipase Obtained from a Metagenomic Library
- Author
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Alnoch, Robson Carlos, primary, Martini, Viviane Paula, additional, Glogauer, Arnaldo, additional, Costa, Allen Carolina dos Santos, additional, Piovan, Leandro, additional, Muller-Santos, Marcelo, additional, de Souza, Emanuel Maltempi, additional, de Oliveira Pedrosa, Fábio, additional, Mitchell, David Alexander, additional, and Krieger, Nadia, additional
- Published
- 2015
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26. Synthesis of Ethylic Esters for Biodiesel Purposes Using Lipases Naturally Immobilized in a Fermented Solid Produced Using Rhizopus microsporus
- Author
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Zago, Erika, Botton, Vanderleia, Alberton, Dayane, Córdova, Jesús, Yamamoto, Carlos Itsuo, Côcco, Lílian Cristina, Mitchell, David Alexander, Krieger, Nadia, Zago, Erika, Botton, Vanderleia, Alberton, Dayane, Córdova, Jesús, Yamamoto, Carlos Itsuo, Côcco, Lílian Cristina, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2014
27. First co-expression of a lipase and its specific foldase obtained by metagenomics
- Author
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Martini, Viviane Paula, primary, Glogauer, Arnaldo, additional, Müller-Santos, Marcelo, additional, Iulek, Jorge, additional, de Souza, Emanuel Maltempi, additional, Mitchell, David Alexander, additional, Pedrosa, Fabio Oliveira, additional, and Krieger, Nadia, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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28. Pectinase Activity Determination: An Early Deceleration in the Release of Reducing Sugars Throws a Spanner in the Works!
- Author
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Biz, Alessandra, primary, Farias, Fernanda Cardoso, additional, Motter, Francine Aline, additional, de Paula, Diogo Henrique, additional, Richard, Peter, additional, Krieger, Nadia, additional, and Mitchell, David Alexander, additional
- Published
- 2014
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29. SPIL: Simultaneous production and immobilization of lipase from Burkholderia cepacia LTEB11
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Baron, Alessandra Machado, Zago, Erika, Mitchell, David Alexander, Krieger, Nadia, Baron, Alessandra Machado, Zago, Erika, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2011
30. An efficient system for catalyzing ester synthesis using a lipase from a newly isolated Burkholderia cepacia strain
- Author
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Salum, T. F. C., Baron, Alessandra Machado, Zago, Erika, Turra, V., Baratti, J., Mitchell, David Alexander, Krieger, Nadia, Salum, T. F. C., Baron, Alessandra Machado, Zago, Erika, Turra, V., Baratti, J., Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2009
31. Mathematical model of the CO2solubilisation reaction rates developed for the study of photobioreactors
- Author
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Sugai-Guérios, Maura Harumi, primary, Mariano, André Bellin, additional, Vargas, José Viriato Coelho, additional, de Lima Luz, Luiz Fernando, additional, and Mitchell, David Alexander, additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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32. Production of rhamnolipids in solid-state cultivation using a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and corn bran supplemented with glycerol and soybean oil
- Author
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Camilios-Neto, Doumit, primary, Bugay, Cryshelen, additional, de Santana-Filho, Arquimedes Paixão, additional, Joslin, Talita, additional, de Souza, Lauro Mera, additional, Sassaki, Guilherme Lanzi, additional, Mitchell, David Alexander, additional, and Krieger, Nadia, additional
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Microbial conversion of lignocellulosic residues for production of animal feeds
- Author
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Villas-Bôas, Silas Granato, primary, Esposito, Elisa, additional, and Mitchell, David Alexander, additional
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Mathematical model of the CO2 solubilisation reaction rates developed for the study of photobioreactors.
- Author
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Sugai‐Guérios, Maura Harumi, Mariano, André Bellin, Vargas, José Viriato Coelho, de Lima Luz, Luiz Fernando, and Mitchell, David Alexander
- Subjects
PHOTOBIOREACTORS ,MICROALGAE ,GAS phase reactions ,CHEMICAL reactions ,CHEMICAL engineering - Abstract
The transfer of CO
2 between the gas and liquid phases is one of the most important processes that occur during cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactors. A key factor that influences the rate of mass transfer is the concentration of CO2 in the liquid phase, which, in turn, depends on the rates of the reactions involved in CO2 solubilisation. This work presents a mathematical model for the rate of these solubilisation reactions with correlations that allow the calculation of the model parameters at temperatures from 5°C to 40°C. The model was validated using data of CO2 mass transfer from the literature obtained with two experimental systems: a bubble column for CO2 absorption and a flat-panel photobioreactor. The model was further used to show that the increase in the rate of CO2 absorption that occurs at higher pH values is due to increased consumption of CO2(aq) in the solubilisation reactions and not to an increase in kL a. The pH decreases as CO2 is solubilised, therefore, when pH is controlled, the mass transfer rate is higher than it would be without pH control. Our model can be used as a tool to guide the operation, control and scale-up of photobioreactors for the cultivation of microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Continuous Enzymatic Prehydrolysis Treatment of High-Fat Wastewater.
- Author
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de Oliveira Zawadzki, Rodrigo Augusto Franco, Prado, Marcelo Real, Mitchell, David Alexander, and Krieger, Nadia
- Subjects
HYDROLYSIS ,ENZYMATIC analysis ,WASTEWATER treatment ,SOLID-state fermentation ,SUGARCANE ,SUNFLOWER seeds ,BIOREACTORS ,MEAT industry ,SAUSAGES - Abstract
A lipolytic fermented solid was produced by solid-state fermentation of Rhizopus microsporus CPQBA 312-07 DRM on a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and sunflower seed meal and used, in a packed-bed bioreactor, to pretreat a high-fat wastewater from a meat and sausage processing factory located in São José dos Pinhais, State of Paraná, Brazil. With a hydraulic residence time of 24 h, this pretreatment not only reduced the wastewater's oil and grease content by up to 96 %, but also increased its 5-day biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand (BOD
5 /COD) ratio. This ratio was only 0.19 in the raw wastewater, indicating poor biodegradability, but increased to 0.55 in the pretreated wastewater, indicating that it had a sufficiently high biodegradability to be sent to a traditional anaerobic digestion or activated sludge process. After 96 days of operation of the packed bed, a microbiological analysis showed that R. microsporus was still present and viable in the fermented solid. Our work shows that a continuous packed-bed bioreactor containing fermented solid produced by R. microsporus has good potential for the treatment of high-fat wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
36. Experimental and Modelling Study of Enzymatic Oxidation of 5-o-Caffeoylquinic Acid by Polyphenol Oxidases.
- Author
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Santos, Tarcila Bueno dos, Mitchell, David Alexander, Krieger, Nadia, Moure, Vivian Rotuno, and Zanoelo, Éverton Fernando
- Subjects
ENZYMATIC analysis ,OXIDATION ,CHLOROGENIC acid ,POLYPHENOL oxidase ,HYDROGEN-ion concentration ,PHOSPHATES ,CITRATES - Published
- 2010
37. Production of a Fermented Solid Containing Lipases of Rhizopus microsporus and Its Application in the Pre-Hydrolysis of a High-Fat Dairy Wastewater.
- Author
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Alberton, Dayane, Mitchell, David Alexander, Cordova, Jesúis, Peralta-Zamora, Patrício, and Krieger, Nadia
- Subjects
SOLID-state fermentation ,LIPASES ,FILAMENTOUS fungi ,LIPOLYSIS ,WASTEWATER treatment ,DAIRY waste ,HYDROLYSIS - Abstract
The filamentous fungus Rhizopus microsporus CPQBA 312-07 DRM was grown in solid-state cultivation and the fermented solid produced was used to hydrolyze triacylglycerols in a high-fat dairy wastewater. For the solid-state cultivation, a mixture of sunflower seed meal and sugarcane bagasse (1:3 by mass on dry basis) was selected. After 18 h of culture, the fermented product had an activity, measured titrimetrically against triolein, of 26 U per gram of dry solids. This substrate mixture does not suffer from compaction and therefore can be used in large scale solid-state cultivation bioreactors. When used to pretreat a high-fat dairy wastewater, with an oil and grease level above 1300 mg/L, the fermented solid reduced the oil and grease level to below 300 mg/L after 72 h at 35 °C. Further work is required to improve the production of lipolytic activity in the solid-state cultivation step and to find the optimum pretreatment time in the wastewater pretreatment step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
38. Starch Depolymerization with Diluted Phosphoric Acid and Application of the Hydrolysate in Astaxanthin Fermentation.
- Author
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Fontana, José Domingos, Mitchell, David Alexander, Molina, Oscar E., Gaitan, Anabella, Bonfim, Tânia M. B., Adelmann, Juliana, Grzybowski, Adelia, and Passos, Maurício
- Subjects
CASSAVA ,STARCH ,HYDROLYSIS ,PHOSPHORIC acid ,PHOSPHORYLATION ,SACCHARIDES - Abstract
An innovative alternative for cassava starch hydrolysis has been developed using diluted (about 0.1%) phosphoric acid at 160 °C. This technology is advantageous for developing countries where enzyme costs are prohibitive and hydrochloric acid is currently the only catalyst used for starch depolymerization. Lower concentrations of the byproduct hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) were generated during starch hydrolysis when using phosphoric acid as compared to hydrochloric acid at any given acidic pH. Glucose was the major product from phosphorolysed starch under most reaction conditions, although maltosaccharides with degrees of polymerization from 2 to 7 were also produced, with their relative amounts depending on hydrolysis conditions. Neutralization of the acid with aqueous ammonia produced a hydrolysate with sources of C (free sugars), P (phosphate), and N (ammonium) that could find several applications. We demonstrated one of these, namely the potential for the use of the hydrolysate as a fermentation feedstock, by cultivating the astaxanthin-producing red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous on it. Cassava wastewater, a polluting byproduct of starch processing, was found to be a convenient source of nitrogen for this fermentation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
39. The Tyrosinase Produced by Lentinula boryana (Berk. & Mont.) Pegler Suffers Substrate Inhibition by L-DOPA.
- Author
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Otávio de Faria, Rodrigo, Moure, Vivian Rotuno, Balmant, Wellington, Amazonas, Maria Angela Lopes de Almeida, Krieger, Nadia, and Mitchell, David Alexander
- Subjects
PHENOL oxidase ,BIOTECHNOLOGY ,ION exchange (Chemistry) ,CHROMATOGRAPHIC analysis ,TYROSINE - Abstract
We undertook a preliminary characterization of the tyrosinase produced by a strain of Lentinula boryana from Brazil, with a view to evaluate its potential for biotechnological applications. The enzyme was similar to other fungal tyrosinases in many respects. When the crude extract was characterized, the tyrosinase activity was optimal at pH=6 and was not particularly thermostable, with half-lives of about 10 min and 1 min at 50 and 60 °C, respectively. We purified the enzyme with ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE Sepharose column, obtaining a yield of 33 % and a 5.3-fold enrichment. The purified preparation gave three bands on SDS-PAGE, with molecular masses of 20, 27 and 47 kDa. This preparation showed substrate inhibition kinetics with L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine), with a K
M of 1.9 mM and a K1 of 72 mM. Under the same reaction conditions, a commercial mushroom tyrosinase followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a KM of 0.51 mM. Although the present study did not identify properties that would make the tyrosinase of L. boryana more suitable in biotechnological applications than tyrosinases from other mushrooms, it has made a contribution by showing that the enzyme suffers substrate inhibition by L-DOPA, something that has not previously been reported for mushroom tyrosinases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2007
40. The Biotechnological Potential of Mushroom Tyrosinases.
- Author
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Otávio de Faria, Rodrigo, Moure, Vivian Rotuno, Amazonas, Maria Angela Lopes de Almeida, Krieger, Nadia, and Mitchell, David Alexander
- Subjects
BIOTECHNOLOGY ,TYROSINE ,ALANINE ,MUSHROOMS ,FUNGI ,FOOD additives - Abstract
Over the last decade there has been a significant interest in developing biotechnological applications of tyrosinases. These applications include the production of L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine) from L-tyrosine, the production of cross-linked protein networks for use as novel food additives and the detection of phenolic compounds in wastewater or their removal from it. Much of the research into these applications has involved mushroom tyrosinases. We review the potential biotechnological applications of mushroom tyrosinases and evaluate the state of knowledge about their production, recovery and immobilization. We conclude that much more research is necessary in these areas if mushroom tyrosinases are to fulfill their biotechnological potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
41. A Model of the Effect of the Microbial Biomass on the Isotherm of the Fermenting Solids in Solid-State Fermentation.
- Author
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Marques, Barbara Celuppi, Barga, Marcelo Calide, Balmant, Wellington, De Lima Luz Jr., Luiz Fernando, Krieger, Nadia, and Mitchell, David Alexander
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,SOYBEAN ,FERMENTATION ,BIOMASS ,BIOREACTORS - Abstract
We compare isotherms for soybeans and soybeans fermented with Rhizopus oryzae, showing that in solid-state fermentation the biomass affects the isotherm of the fermenting solids. Equations are developed to calculate, for a given overall water content of the fermenting solids, the water contents of the biomass and residual substrate, as well as the water activity. A case study, undertaken using a mathematical model of a well-mixed bioreactor, shows that if water additions are made on the basis of the assumption that fermenting solids have the same isotherm as the substrate itself, poor growth can result since the added water does not maintain the water activity at levels favorable for growth. We conclude that the effect of the microbial biomass on the isotherm of the fermenting solids must be taken into account in mathematical models of solid-state fermentation bioreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
42. Advances in Macrofungal Biotechnology.
- Author
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Mitchell, David Alexander and Steiner, Walter
- Subjects
PREFACES & forewords ,BIOTECHNOLOGY - Abstract
A preface for the July 2007 issue of the "Food Technology and Biotechnology" is presented.
- Published
- 2007
43. Seletividade das reações de transglicosilação catalisadas por enzimas que seguem o mecanismo Ping Pong bi bi
- Author
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Proença, Josiane, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Tecnologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, and Mitchell, David Alexander, 1952
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Estudo de casos ,Enzimas ,Engenharia Química - Abstract
Orientador: Prof. Dr. David Alexander Mitchell Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. Defesa : Curitiba, 31/05/2022 Inclui referências Resumo: O interesse na produção de oligossacarídeos através da transglicosilação tem crescido nos últimos anos. Nas transglicosilações catalisadas por enzimas que seguem o mecanismo Ping Pong bi bi, há três reações concorrentes: a transglicosilação, a hidrólise primária (hidrólise da molécula doadora inicial) e a hidrólise secundária (hidrólise do produto de transglicosilação). Nas transglicosilações controladas cineticamente, o rendimento máximo do produto de transglicosilação depende das seletividades da enzima para transglicosilação em relação a ambas reações de hidrólise. Os métodos atuais para determinar a seletividade caracterizam apenas a seletividade da transglicosilação em relação à hidrólise primária. No trabalho atual, foi desenvolvido um modelo que pode ser usado para estimar ambas as seletividades a partir de um perfil de reação de rendimento percentual do produto de transglicosilação traçado em relação ao consumo percentual da molécula doadora. Através de estudos de caso da literatura, foi demonstrado como o modelo pode ser utilizado para quantificar os resultados de mutações destinadas a melhorar a seletividade. O modelo também foi usado para explorar estratégias para melhorar o rendimento do produto de transglicosilação. Esta exploração demonstra que não é suficiente ter altas seletividades para a transglicosilação em relação à hidrólise, sendo também necessário que a reação de transglicosilação tenha uma constante de equilíbrio razoavelmente alta. Abstract: Interest in the production of oligosaccharides by transglycosylation has grown in recent years. In enzyme-catalyzed transglycosylations that follow the Ping Pong bi bi mechanism, there are three competing reactions: the transglycosylation itself, primary hydrolysis (i.e. of the initial donor molecule) and secondary hydrolysis (i.e. of the transglycosylation product). In kinetically controlled transglycosylations, the maximum yield of the transglycosylation product depends on the selectivities of the enzyme for transglycosylation in relation to these hydrolysis reactions. Current methods for determining selectivity only characterize the selectivity for transglycosylation in relation to primary hydrolysis. The current work develops a model that can be used to estimate both selectivities from a reaction profile of percentage yield of transglycosylation product plotted against the percentage consumption of the donor molecule. Case studies from the literature are used to show how the model can be used to quantify the results of mutations aimed at improving selectivity. The model is also used to explore strategies for improving the yield of the transglycosylation product. This exploration demonstrates that it is not sufficient to have high selectivities for transglycosylation in relation to hydrolysis, it is also necessary that the transglycosylation reaction have a reasonably high equilibrium constant.
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- 2022
44. Avaliação cinetica e modelagem matematica da produção de inulinase por fermentação em estado solido em biorreator de leito fixo
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Mazutti, Marcio Antonio, Maugeri Filho, Francisco, 1952, Treichel, Helen, Mitchell, David Alexander, Luccio, Marco Di, Costa, Aline Carvalho da, Kilikian, Beatriz Vahan, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, and UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS
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Modelos matemáticos ,Mathematical models ,Kluyveromyces marxianus ,Solidstate fermentation ,Fermentação em estado sólido ,Packed-bed ,Leito fixo ,Inulinase - Abstract
Orientadores: Francisco Maugeri Filho, Helen Treichel Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: Nas últimas duas décadas houve um aumento considerável no emprego de fermentação em estado sólido (FES) para a obtenção de enzimas de interesse em alimentos, incluindo a inulinase. No entanto, todos os trabalhos reportados na literatura abordam a produção de inulinase em escala de bancada, usando poucos gramas de substrato. Essa estratégia de condução do processo é muito importante na etapa de seleção dos substratos e triagem dos microrganismos produtores. Porém, não permite a avaliação do desempenho do processo em escalas maiores. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a produção de inulinase por FES num biorreator de leito fixo com capacidade para 3kg (base seca) usando a levedura Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571. Inicialmente, foi realizado um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) para otimizar a massa inicial de células, a temperatura e a vazão do ar de entrada do biorreator. A partir dos resultados obtidos na otimização, foram realizados 7 experimentos em torno da região otimizada, visando a avaliação cinética do processo. Foram monitorados experimentalmente o consumo de açúcar redutor total (ART), a produção de dióxido de carbono (CO2) e a geração de calor metabólico. A produção de água metabólica, massa de células e etanol, além do consumo de oxigênio, foram calculados a partir de uma equação estequiométrica, tomando como base a produção de CO2 e o consumo de ART. Os dados obtidos na avaliação cinética foram usados para a geração de um modelo de crescimento da levedura Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571 em FES. Este modelo é baseado em redes neurais artificiais (RNA), onde são usadas como entradas para a rede a massa inicial de ART, temperatura do ar de entrada do biorreator, temperatura do ar de saída do biorreator e tempo de fermentação. Como respostas têm-se as taxas associadas com o crescimento da levedura Kluyveromyces marxianus, como a produção de CO2, calor metabólico, etanol, água metabólica, atividade da inulinase e massa celular, além das taxas de consumo de oxigênio (O2) e ART. Por fim, o modelo de crescimento microbiano foi acoplado ao balanço macroscópico de energia no biorreator com o objetivo de prever os perfis de temperatura ao longo do processo. Entre os resultados obtidos no DCCR tem-se que a máxima produção de inulinase obtida foi de 437±36 unidades por grama de substrato seco (U.gds-1) (produtividade de 18,2 U.gds-1.h-1) quando a temperatura do ar de entrada, vazão volumétrica de ar e massa de células foram 30°C, 2,2 m3.h-1 e 22 g, respectivamente. Na avaliação cinética do processo, foram verificadas diferenças nas taxas associadas ao crescimento microbiano entre as condições experimentais. O aumento da temperatura do ar de entrada mostrou ter influência no tempo onde as taxas máximas foram verificadas, sendo que quanto mais alta a temperatura menor foi esse tempo. A temperatura máxima obtida na corrente de ar na saída do biorreator atingiu valores próximos a 50°C, não afetando o teor de umidade do substrato, o qual se manteve acima de 65%. A produção de inulinase mostrou variações significativas com a altura do biorreator. As maiores taxas associadas com o crescimento microbiano foram verificadas quando a temperatura do ar de saída atingiu valores compreendidos entre 30¿38°C, o que corresponde a 4-9 horas de fermentação. O modelo matemático baseado em redes neurais empregado para predizer as principais taxas associadas ao crescimento da levedura K. marxianus em FES mostrou desempenho satisfatório na representação dos dados experimentais e ao acoplar esse modelo à equação de balanço de energia macroscópico do processo obteve-se uma representação satisfatória dos perfis de temperatura ao longo do biorreator Abstract: In the last two decades there has been a considerable increase in the interest of using solid-state fermentation (SSF) for the development of several bioprocesses and products, including enzyme production, as the inulinase. Nevertheless, all works related in the literature regarding the inulinase production were conducted in small scales, using few grams of substrate. This strategy is interesting to select the most promising substrate and microorganisms, which are able to produce the desired product, but this scale is not appropriated for the evaluation of process performance in larger scales. This work evaluate the inulinase production by SSF in a packed-bed bioreactor with available capacity of 3 kg (dry basis) using the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571. Initially, it was evaluated the technical viability to produce inulinase by SSF in the packed-bed bioreactor. To optimize the operational conditions, such as temperature and flow rate of inlet air and the initial mass of cells, a central composite rotational design (CCRD) for three independent variables was carried out. Starting from the results obtained in the CCRD, seven new experimental runs were carried out within the range investigated for the independent variables to evaluate the kinetics of cell growth and inulinase production by Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571 in the packed-bed bioreactor. A stoichiometry correlation between CO2, ethanol, metabolic water, O2 and total reducing sugar was determined. Besides, the metabolic heat production was estimated by a proper energy balance in the inlet and outlet air stream. The data obtained during the kinetic evaluation of the process were employed on the development of a mathematical model based on artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the above mentioned microbial rates associated with the microbial growth in function of the fermentation time, initial total reducing sugar concentration, inlet and outlet air temperatures. In the last step of the work, the model related to the microbial growth was coupled to the macroscopic energy balance in the bioreactor to predict the temperature profile through the substrate bed. The results obtained in the CCRD showed that the optimum inulinase production was 436.7±36.3 U.gds-1 at 24 h of fermentation (productivity of 18.2 U.gds-1.h- 1) when SSF was carried out at 30°C of air inlet temperature, 2.2 m3.h-1 of air flow rate and 22 g of cells. During the kinetic evaluation of the process it was verified that the manipulated variables affected the process performance. The maximum temperature reached in the outlet air stream was about 50°C, however not affecting the moisture content of the substrates that was higher than 65% (w/w) inside the bioreactor. The inulinase production showed significant variations in different bed heights inside the bioreactor. The highest microbial rates were verified when the mean temperature of moist substrate reached values in the range of 30 to 38°C that leads to a fermentation time between 4 to 9 hours. The model developed to predict the main microbial rates of the yeast K. marxianus grown in solid-state fermentation showed a good performance during both training and validation steps. The framework developed showed to be an interesting alternative to substitute the simple empirical microbial model in the macroscopic balance of energy in the bioreactor, since the proposed hybrid model predicted efficiently the temperature profiles through the bioreactor Doutorado Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos
- Published
- 2021
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45. Modelagem e simulação da hidrólise de polissacarídeos pelo método de Monte Carlo
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Moreira, Isabelle, 1995, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Tecnologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, and Mitchell, David Alexander, 1952
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Engenharia Química - Abstract
Orientador: Prof. Dr. David Alexander Mitchell Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. Defesa : Curitiba, 25/08/2020 Inclui referências: p. 126-130 Resumo: Devido ao crescente interesse em biorrefinarias, processos que envolvem hidrólises enzimáticas de polissacarídeos tenderão a receber cada vez mais atenção. Assim, os modelos matemáticos correspondentes a tais processos também serão ferramentas com crescente importância para orientar projetos e operações de processos. Para sistemas nos quais os polissacarídeos são atacados por uma ou mais enzimas, os modelos estocásticos são frequentemente preferíveis aos modelos determinísticos, tendo em vista a complexidade exigida neste tipo de abordagem para as deduções exigidas. Porém, para serem ferramentas úteis e práticas para orientar os projetos fabris e a operação dos processos, tais modelos estocásticos não podem avançar em termos de grau de reação, de forma que o avanço deve ocorrer em função do tempo. Atualmente, vários modelos estocásticos já foram desenvolvidos para descrever a hidrólise de polissacarídeos, em que em muitos deles o avanço ocorre em termos de tempo. Ainda assim, alguns utilizam parâmetros que não têm significado biológico reconhecido; e em outros, ajustes a dados experimentais são feitos após a simulação para o eixo do tempo. Além disso, em muitos trabalhos há a solicitação de informações de difícil obtenção experimental, o que poderia inviabilizar a aplicação do método. No presente trabalho, são propostos modelos estocásticos que avançam no tempo de maneira totalmente consistente com a teoria cinética enzimática clássica: os parâmetros de tais modelos são constantes de especificidade e constantes de saturação, sendo demonstrado como esses parâmetros poderiam ser obtidos para outros sistemas. Foram apresentados quatro estudos de caso, com diferentes objetivos específicos. O primeiro estudo de caso aborda um sistema hipotético para a hidrólise de tetrassacarídeos por uma enzima capaz de hidrolisar qualquer ligação glicosídica, com exceção da ligação glicosídica que envolve a unidade no término redutor do oligossacarídeo, sendo demonstrado que as previsões do modelo estocástico são iguais às de um modelo determinístico baseado em equações diferenciais com expressões cinéticas. Posteriormente, no segundo estudo de caso, foi descrita a hidrólise de tiofenil N-acetil-?-(1,6)-pentaglucosamina por DispersinB, sendo reforçado que os perfis advindos do modelo estocástico são equivalentes aos do modelo determinístico, contudo, com a diferença de que foi empregado um sistema real neste estudo, com dados experimentais que facilitaram a constatação de que os perfis descreveram bem os resultados que seriam obtidos na prática. No terceiro estudo de caso, foi modelado um sistema em que não seria conveniente usar um modelo determinístico, ou seja, a hidrólise de uma mistura de oligômeros de ácido Dgalacturônico por endopoligalacturonases. Por fim, no quarto estudo de caso, o método foi aplicado para um sistema com mais de uma enzima, tendo sido demonstrado como o modelo poderia ser usado para otimizar a proporção entre a poliendogalacturonase e a metilesterase. A abordagem desenvolvida pode levar à concepção de uma nova classe de modelos estocásticos para abordagens que envolvem hidrólises de suspensões coloidais de polissacarídeos. Palavras-chave: Hidrólise enzimática. Modelo Estocástico. Modelo Determinístico. Cinética Enzimática Clássica. Suspensão Coloidal de Polissacarídeos. Abstract: Due to the growing interest in biorefineries, processes involving enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides will tend to receive more attention every day. Therefore, the mathematical models corresponding to such processes will also be tools of increasing importance to guide process projects and operations. For systems in which polysaccharides are attacked by one or more enzymes, stochastic models are often preferable to deterministic models, in view of the complexity required in this type of approach for the required deductions. However, to be useful and practical tools to guide the manufacturing projects and the operation of the processes, those stochastic models cannot advance in terms of the degree of reaction, so the advance must occur as a function of time. Currently, several stochastic models have already been developed to describe the hydrolysis of polysaccharides, in which in many of them the advance occurs in terms of time. Still, some use parameters that have no recognized biological significance; and in others, adjustments to experimental data are made after the simulation for the time axis. In addition, in many studies there is a request for information that is difficult to obtain experimentally, which could make the application of the method unfeasible. In the present work, stochastic models that advance in time are proposed in a way totally consistent with the classic enzymatic kinetic theory: the parameters of such models are specificity constants and saturation constants, showing how these parameters could be obtained for other systems. Four case studies were presented, with different specific objectives. The first case study addresses a hypothetical system for the hydrolysis of tetrasaccharides by an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing any glycosidic bond, with the exception of the glycosidic bond that involves the unit at the reducing end of the oligosaccharide, showing that the predictions of the stochastic model are equal to those of a deterministic model based on differential equations with kinetic expressions. Subsequently, in the second case study, the hydrolysis of thiophenyl N-acetyl-?-(1,6)-pentaglucosamine by DispersinB was described, reinforcing that the profiles resulting from the stochastic model are equivalent to those of the deterministic model, however, with the difference that a real system was used in this study, with experimental data that facilitated the verification that the profiles described well the results that would be obtained in practice. In the third case study, a system was modeled in which it would not be convenient to use a deterministic model, that is, the hydrolysis of a mixture of D-galacturonic acid oligomers by endopoligalacturonases. Finally, in the fourth case study, the method was applied to a system with more than one enzyme, and it was demonstrated how the model could be used to optimize the ratio between poliendogalacturonase and methylesterase. The developed approach may lead to the design of a new class of stochastic models for approaches involving hydrolysis of colloidal polysaccharide suspensions. Keywords: Enzymatic hydrolysis. Stochastic model. Deterministic model. Classic enzyme kinetics. Colloidal polysaccharide suspension.
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- 2020
46. Estudo do escoamento em meio poroso através de ferramentas experimentais e computacionais
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Silva Júnior, Elivaldo Sapucaia da, 1994, Fontana, Éliton, 1988, Mitchell, David Alexander, 1952, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Tecnologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, and Luz Junior, Luiz Fernando de Lima, 1966
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Modelos matemáticos ,Porosidade ,Escoamento ,Engenharia Quimica - Abstract
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Fernando de Lima Luz Junior Coorientadores: Prof. Dr. Éliton Fontana e Prof. Dr. David Alexander Mitchell Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Quimica. Defesa : Curitiba, 30/10/2019 Inclui referências: p.73-79 Resumo: O aumento da emissão de gases prejudiciais para o aquecimento global, em especial o CO2, tem incentivado cada vez mais os pesquisadores a buscar tecnologias de tratamento e redução da emissão de CO2. Dentre as técnicas avaliadas pela academia, a injeção de CO2 em matrizes rochosas tem se mostrado em ascendência devido à alta capacidade de retenção desta espécie química em reservatórios, além do potencial para utilização como técnica de Recuperação Avançada de Petróleo. Muitos dos estudos desenvolvidos sobre a injeção de CO2 até então, buscaram avaliar o processo através de um aspecto reativo sem se preocupar com o escoamento realizado. Devido a isso, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o escoamento de fases fluidas por meio de análises experimentais e simulações para obter perfis de perda de carga e cálculo de permeabilidades de sistemas porosos definidos. A metodologia utilizada para o sistema foi dividida em uma análise experimental e uma análise numérica. A análise experimental foi desenvolvida para determinação da permeabilidade do meio poroso através da medição da perda de carda do sistema. Já a análise numérica foi realizada por dois sistemas independentes sendo o primeiro sistema um meio poroso 2D para avaliação da diferença de representação de um meio poroso de geometria definida e um meio poroso pseudo-homogêneo e o segundo uma simulação do sistema experimental para comparação dos valores experimentais de perda de carga medidos. As permeabilidades obtidas para as vazões de 5 mL/min, 10 mL/min e 15 mL/min foram respectivamente : 61,3x10-12 m²; 107,5x10-12 m² e 150,3 x10-12 m². A análise numérica 2D do sistema demonstrou que a diferença entre um meio poroso de geometria definida e um meio poroso pseudo-homogêneo é baixa e dentro do aceitável com um valor máximo de erro associado igual à 5,76%. Já a análise numérica para comparação do sistema experimental apresentou valores de queda de pressão com um erro associado máximo de 12,10%. As análises realizadas apresentaram uma consistência plausível para o sistema experimental. Além disso, por meio deste trabalho foi possível observar o comportamento de escoamento e o perfil de velocidades para o modelo que é de grande interesse para avaliação de sistemas porosos. Palavras-chave: Escoamento em meio poroso, perda de carga, injeção de fluidos em meios carbonáticos. Abstract: The increase in the emission of gases harmful to global warming, especially CO2, has increasingly encouraged researchers to seek technologies for treatment and reduction of CO2 emissions. Among the techniques evaluated by the academy, the injection of CO2 in rocky matrices has been shown to be in ascendancy due to the high retention capacity of this chemical species in reservoirs, in addition to the potential for use as an Advanced Petroleum Recovery technique. Many of the studies developed on CO2 injection so far, sought to evaluate the process through a reactive aspect without worrying about the flow performed. Because of this, the objective of this work is to evaluate the flow of fluid phases through experimental analyzes and simulations to obtain head loss profiles and calculation of permeability of defined porous systems. The methodology used for the system was divided into an experimental analysis and a numerical analysis. The experimental analysis was developed to determine the permeability of the porous medium by measuring the loss of card of the system. The numerical analysis was performed by two independent systems, the first being a 2D porous medium for evaluating the difference in representation of a porous medium of defined geometry and a pseudo-homogeneous porous medium and the second a simulation of the experimental system for comparing the values experimental head loss measurements. The permeabilities obtained for flow rates of 5 mL / min, 10 mL / min and 15 mL / min were respectively: 61.3x10-12 m²; 107.5x10-12 m², and 150.3x10-12 m². The 2D numerical analysis of the system demonstrated that the difference between a porous medium of defined geometry and a porous medium pseudo-homogeneous is low and within the acceptable range with a maximum value of associated error equal to 5.76%. The numerical analysis for comparison of the experimental system, however, showed pressure drop values with a maximum associated error of 12.10%. The analyzes performed showed a plausible consistency for the experimental system. In addition, through this work it was possible to observe the flow behavior and the speed profile for the model that is of great interest for the evaluation of porous systems. Keywords: Porous flow, pressure drop, fluid injection in carbonate media.
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- 2019
47. Modelagem da hidrólise total multi-enzimática de substratos pécticos pelo Método de Monte Carlo
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Souza, Ricardo Persi de, 1993, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Tecnologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, and Mitchell, David Alexander, 1952
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Modelos matemáticos ,Cítricos ,Hidrolise ,Metodo de Monte Carlo ,Pectina ,Engenharia Química - Abstract
Orientador: Prof. Dr. David Alexander Mitchell Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. Defesa : Curitiba, 28/02/2020 Inclui referências Resumo: O interesse em biorrefinarias para o processamento de resíduos cítricos tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Um dos produtos dessa biorrefinaria é o ácido Dgalacturônico que é obtido a partir da hidrólise multi-enzimática da pectina. O ácido D-galacturônico pode ser usado como reagente base para diversos outros produtos de interesse comercial como o ácido L-ascórbico. Um modelo matemático capaz de descrever a ação de um sistema multienzimático nos substratos da biorrefinaria de polpa cítrica seria de grande interesse pois permitiria a otimização dos processos que envolvem essa biorrefinaria. Atualmente existem alguns modelos que descrevem a hidrólise enzimática de substratos pécticos por uma única enzima, mas não existe nenhum modelo que descreva uma hidrólise multi-enzimática e que possa ser diretamente aplicada a hidrólise da pectina e seus derivados. O presente trabalho desenvolve um modelo estocástico, baseado no método de Monte Carlo, para descrever a ação de um sistema multi-enzimático, contendo endopoligalacturonases, exopoligalacturonases e esterases, na hidrólise total dos ácidos poligalacturônico, oligogalacturônico e da homogalacturonana visando produzir o ácido D-galacturônico, com enfoque em determinar a velocidade relativa entre as enzimas. Também é analisado o efeito que diferentes proporções das enzimas causam nos perfis de hidrólise. Este trabalho apresenta uma maneira mais correta de representar a velocidade relativa entre enzimas do que os trabalhos encontrados atualmente na literatura. Palavras-chave: sistema multi-enzimático, modelo estocástico, pectina, ácido D-galacturônico. Abstract: The interest in citrus waste biorefineries has been increasing recently. One of the products that originate from this biorefinery is the D-galacturonic acid that comes from the hydrolysis of the extracted pectin using a multi-enzyme system as the catalyst. The D-galacturonic acid can be used as a platform chemical for the production of several compounds of commercial interest like L-ascorbic acid. A mathematical model capable of describing the enzymatic actions of a multienzyme system on the biorefinery substrates, such as polygalacturonic acid, would be of great interest in the process optimization of such a biorefinery. Currently there are a few works that describe the enzymatic hydrolysis of pectin and pectin like substrates, but there is no work that studies the action patterns of multi-enzyme systems and can be directly applied on the hydrolysis of the pectin and its substrates. This current work develops a stochastic model, based on the Monte Carlo method to describe the action of a pool of enzymes, containing endopolygalacturonases, exopolygalacturonases and esterases during the complete hydrolysis of oligogalacturonates, polygalacturonates and homogalacturonan aiming to produce D-galacturonic acid, focusing mostly on determining which enzyme will act on given reaction step. This work also observes the effects that different ratios in the enzymatic pool can have in the reactions. This work introduces a better way to represent de relative velocities between enzymes in comparison with the works found in the present literature. Keywords: multi-enzyme system, stochastic model, pectin, D-galacturonic acid.
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- 2019
48. Tracing biofilaments from images : analysis of existing methods to quantify the three-dimensional growth of filamentous fungi on solid substrates
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Scholz, Leandro Aluisio, 1990, Sugai-Guérios, Maura Harumi, 1986, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Tecnologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, and Mitchell, David Alexander, 1952
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Engenharia Química ,Imagem tridimensional ,Fungos filamentosos - Abstract
Orientador: Prof. Dr. David Alexander Mitchell Coorientadora: Prof. Dr. Maura Harumi Sugai-Guérios Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. Defesa : Curitiba, 29/05/2018 Inclui referências: p.100-113 Área de concentração: Engenharia Química Resumo: Análise de imagens de biofilamentos tem se tornado uma parte importante na pesquisa em biologia e biotecnologia, pois ela não só elucida a morfologia destas estruturas, mas também fornece ideias sobre o desenvolvimento destas estruturas. Além disso, a morfologia pode ser correlacionada com outras variáveis. Por exemplo, análise de imagem de fungos filamentosos permite correlacionar produtividade de enzimas com diferentes morfologias. Há um interesse em compreender como o micélio de um fungo filamentoso se desevolve ao crescer em substratos sólidos. Para estudar isso, foram obtidas imagens 3D do fungo em crescimento em diversos tempos, objetivando computar dados da morfologia e dinâmica de crescimento: velocidades de extensão da colônia e de pontas, número e posição de ramificações e pontas, comprimentos de segmentos, entre outros dados. Porém, antes de computar estes dados, foi feita uma análise da literatura de métodos de traçado de biofilamentos. A análise foi realizada para facilitar a compreensão do vasto número de métodos disponíveis, desde componentes individuais (e.g. técnicas de realçe de filamentos) a workflows completas de traçado de biofilamentos. Também há muitas opções de implementações de software. Na análise, foram incluídas 87 publicações envolvendo workflows de traçado de filamentos ou componentes. Para a análise, criou-se uma classificação (10 classes, que incluem interação com o usuário, abordagem teórica, técnica de imageamento, entre outras classes e 120 sub-classes) para apoiar a análise com o uso de conceitos de teoria de grafos. A metodologia proposta poderá ser utilizada no futuro com ferramentas de semântica web e uma base de dados e permitirá analisar um número maior de dados. Desta análise, identificaram-se os métodos mais comuns de melhoramento de imagem (Realçe de filamentos, 44.9%, suavização, 16.3% e Subtração de background 14.3%) e as tendências em abordagens teóricas (e.g. abordagens baseadas em grafos juntas à algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina, realçe de filamentos como o gradient vector flow seguidos de abordagem Levei-set fast-marching). Após a análise da literatura, foram selecionados os métodos de melhoramento mais comuns e avaliados segundo seu impacto na qualidade da imagem. Os testes foram realizados em duas amostras de imagem (experimentos do crescimento de Aspergillus niger de microscopia confocal de varredura a laser) através de um planejamento fatorial completo e análise do índice de similaridade estrutural, SSIM, e razão sinal-ruído, SNR. Resultados mostraram que o algoritmo rolling bali de subtração de background com raio 20 pixels teve o maior efeito positivo em SSIM e SNR no geral. Então, ao utilizar as imagens melhoradas como entrada, foram testados 5 métodos de traçado de filamentos (APP, APP2, NeuTube, NeuronStudio e NeuroGPS-Tree). Os resultados do traçado foram avaliados qualitativamente: O método NeuTube mostrou os resultados visualmente mais acurados. Definiu-se então o método e foram traçadas as imagens completas 3D e no tempo e obtivemos parâmetros morfométricos e da dinâmica do crescimento do fungo (perfis de biomassa e comprimentos totais, por exemplo). Embora se observe que o uso de traçado de filamentos é promisor para obter mais dados do crescimento de fungos filamentosos, discutiu-se a necessidade de aprimorar as técnicas de preparo de amostra e das configurações na aquisição das imagens, de maneira a aumentar a qualidade final das imagens e fornecer resultados mais confiáveis e concretos após o traçado para então tirar conclusões dos dados. Palavras-chave: fungos filamentosos, filamentos biológicos, análise de imagem, traçado de filamentos, melhoramento de imagem. Abstract: Image analysis of biofilaments is becoming an important part of research on biology and biotechnology because it does not only elucidates the morphology of such structures but also gives insights into their development. Additionally, the morphology can be correlated with other variables. For example, image analysis of filamentous fungi allows the correlation of enzyme productivity with different morphologies. We are interested in understanding how the mycelium of a filamentous fungus develops during growth on solid substrates. In order to study that, time-lapsed 3D images of the fungus during growth were obtained, with the intention of computing growth dynamics and morphometric data: colony and tip extension rates, number and positions of branches and tips, segment lengths, among others. However, prior to computing this data, we analysed the literature of biofilament tracing methods. The analysis was done to facilitate the understanding of the vast number of methods available, from single components (e.g. filament enhancement techniques, and specialized model-based approaches) to complete biofilament tracing workflows. There were also many software implementations options. The analysis comprised 87 publications proposing complete biofilament tracing workflows or workflow components. For the analysis, we created a classification methodology (10 main classes, including user interaction, theoretical approach, imaging technique, among other classes and 120 sub-classes) and analysed the publications using graph theory concepts. The proposed methodology could be used in the future with semantic web tools and crowd-sourced web-based databases, allowing the analysis of greater number of data. Out of this analysis, we identified the most common image enhancement methods (Filament enhancement 44.9%, smoothing 16.3%, background subtraction 14.3%) and the theoretical approach trends for biofilament tracing (e.g. graph-based approaches coupled with machine learning algorithms, image enhancement such as gradient vector flows followed by model-based fast marching approach). Following the literature analysis, we selected the most common image enhancement methods to be used prior to biofilament tracing and evaluated their impact on image quality. The tests were done on two sample images (experiments of the growth of Aspergillus niger on two different carbon sources obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy) through a full factorial design of experiments and analysis of the structural similarity index, SSIM and signal-to-noise ratio, SNR. Results show that background subtraction (Rolling-ball algorithm, 20 pixels radius) had the most positive effect on SSIM and SNR. Then, using the enhanced images as input, we tested 5 different biofilament tracing methods (APP1, APP2, NeuTube, NeuronStudio and NeuroGPS-Tree). We evaluated the tracing results visually and qualitatively: NeuTube was the method with the most visually accurate results. After choosing NeuTube as the best method, we applied it to our complete 3D time-lapsed images and computed some growth dynamics and morphmetric parameters (e.g. biomass profiles, segment and total lengths). Although we indicate that biofilament tracing methods are a promising approach to obtain more data on the growth of the filamentous fungi, we discuss the need to improve the sample preparation techniques and image acquisition set-up in order to increase the quality of the images so the tracing results provide more reliable and concrete results to draw conclusions. Keywords: filamentous fungi, biological filaments, image analysis, filament tracing, image enhancement.
- Published
- 2018
49. Modelagem matemática da hidrólise de oligômeros de glucose por uma beta-amilase processiva usando o método Fingerprinting
- Author
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Mello, Gerson Ritzmann de, Krieger, Nadia, 1952, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências (Bioquímica), and Mitchell, David Alexander, 1952
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Bioquímica ,Hidrolise ,Glicose ,Amilase - Abstract
Orientadora : Prof. Dr. David Alexander Mitchell Coorientadora : Profª Drª Nadia Krieger Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências : Bioquímica. Defesa: Curitiba, 30/05/2017 Inclui referências : f. 83-86 Resumo: O fenômeno da processividade pode ser observado em muitas enzimas envolvidas na sacarificação de polissacarídeos. As probabilidades de ataque processivo, assim como as constantes de especificidade, variam de acordo com o tamanho do substrato. Quando os substratos são várias ordens de grandeza maiores que a enzima, como ocorre na hidrólise de polissacarídeos, as probabilidades de ataque processivo e a especificidade da enzima por moléculas de diferentes tamanhos pouco variam. Porém, quando a hidrolase está agindo em oligossacarídeos, a determinação destes parâmetros torna-se interessante, pois a enzima tem valores para estes parâmetros que são signficativamente diferentes para substratos que diferem no grau de polimerização por poucas unidades. A vantagem de se conhecer as constantes de especificidade relativas e as probabilidades de ataque processivo é que elas podem ser aplicadas em modelos matemáticos da reação de hidrólise que serviriam, por exemplo, para dimensionar biorreatores, para otimizar bioprocessos em uma biorrefinaria ou, ainda, para guiar experimentos de mutação em hidrolases, onde estes parâmetros seriam considerados na seleção do mutante desejado para ser submetido a novas rodadas de mutação. Entretanto, ainda não há um modelo matemático que seja válido para toda a extensão da reação de hidrólise, nem métodos que extraiam estes parâmetros simultaneamente a partir de perfis completos de hidrólise. Nos modelos disponíveis na literatura, os autores assumiram simplificações que os tornam válidos apenas para frações específicas da reação ou dificultam sua aplicação para sistemas mais complexos. O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado foi, portanto, expandir o método Fingerprinting para extrair, além das constantes de especificidade relativas, as probabilidades de ataque processivo de perfis de hidrólise de oligossacarídeos lineares e elaborar modelos corretos para representar reações com processividade. A eficiência desta adaptação do método Fingerprinting foi comprovada pela sua aplicação em três estudos de caso de ?-amilases hidrolisando maltooligossacarídeos, de complexidade crescente, utilizando dados experimentais retirados da literatura. O primeiro estudo de caso trata da hidrólise de maltoheptaose, o sistema mais simples onde se pode observar processividade. O segundo estudo de caso foi desenvolvido sobre resultados da hidrólise de maltooctaose, um sistema com duas possíveis etapas processivas, onde o produto final da extremidade redutora é o mesmo produto removido da extremidade não-redutora pela enzima após cada ataque, o que exige uma outra abordagem para calcular a fração de hidrólise. O terceiro estudo de caso aborda a hidrólise de maltoundecaose, um sistema com três possíveis etapas processivas, onde o modelo foi ajustado a mais de um perfil de hidrólise simultaneamente. Como resultados deste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos modelos matemáticos conceitualmente corretos e válidos para toda a extensão da reação, em função do tempo e da fração de reação, para sistemas onde uma exoenzima hidrolisa um oligômero linear de forma processiva. Obteve-se, também, um método para se determinar constantes de especificidades relativas e probabilidades de ataque processivo que é mais simples de se aplicar do que outros métodos disponíveis na literatura, pois exige um número menor de experimentos. Palavras-chave: Processividade. Constantes de especificidade. Modelagem matemática. Fingerprinting. Hidrolases. Abstract: Processive action can be observed in many enzymes involved in the saccharification of polysaccharides. The probabilities of processive action, as well as the specificity constants, vary according to the size of the substrate. When substrates are several orders of magnitude larger than the enzyme, as occurs in polysaccharide hydrolysis, the probabilities of processive action and the specificity constants of the enzyme for molecules of different sizes do not vary much. However, when the hydrolase is acting on oligosaccharides, the determination of these parameters becomes interesting, since the enzyme has significantly different values of these parameters for substrates that differ in degree of polymerization by only a few units. The advantage of knowing the relative specificity constants and the probabilities of processive action is that they can be applied in mathematical models of the hydrolysis reaction that would serve, for example, to size bioreactors, to optimize bioprocesses in a biorefinery or to guide mutagenesis experiments in hydrolases, where these parameters would be considered in the selection of the desired mutant to undergo further rounds of mutation. However, prior to the current work, there was no valid mathematical model that described the full extent of the hydrolysis reaction, nor any method to extract the parameters simultaneously from complete hydrolysis profiles. In the models that were available in the literature, the authors made simplifying assumptions that limited the models to describing specific fractions of the reaction or prevented their application in more complex systems. The objective of this work was, therefore, to expand the Fingerprinting method to extract both relative specificity constants and the probabilities of processive action from hydrolysis profiles of linear oligosaccharides and to elaborate correct models to represent reactions with processivity. The suitability of this adaptation of the Fingerprinting method was proven by its application in three case studies of increasing complexity involving ?-amylases hydrolysing maltooligosaccharides, using experimental data from the literature. The first case study deals with the hydrolysis of maltoheptaose, the simplest system in which processivity can be observed. The second case study involves the hydrolysis of maltooctaose, a system with two possible processive steps, where the end product of the reducing end is the same product as that removed from the non-reducing end by the enzyme in each attack, which requires a different approach to calculating the fractional reaction extent. The third case study addresses the hydrolysis of maltoundecaose, a system with three possible processive steps, where the model was fitted to more than one hydrolysis profile simultaneously. In this work, conceptually correct mathematical models were developed, being valid for the entire extent of the reaction, as functions of time and of fractional reaction extent, for systems where an exoenzyme hydrolyzes a linear oligomer processively. A method was also obtained to determine relative specificity constants and probabilities of processive action that is simpler to apply than other methods available in the literature, since it requires a smaller number of experiments. Key-words: Processivity. Specificity constants. Mathematical model. Fingerprinting. Hydrolases.
- Published
- 2017
50. Modelagem da hidrólise total de poli- e oligogalacturonatos por endo- e exoenzimas pelos métodos de fingerprinting e Monte Carlo
- Author
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Pereira, Aline Bescrovaine, Krieger, Nadia, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências (Bioquímica), and Mitchell, David Alexander
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Bioquímica ,Cítricos ,Biomassa vegetal ,Pectina - Abstract
Orientador : Prof. Dr. David Alexander Mitchell Coorientadora : Profª. Drª. Nadia Krieger Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências : Bioquímica. Defesa: Curitiba, 28/06/2017 Inclui referências: f. 100-105 Resumo: O Brasil é o maior produtor de suco de laranja do mundo e a previsão é que processe 12,85 milhões de toneladas da fruta na safra 2016/2017, o que representaria 62% do processamento mundial. Por consequência, o Brasil é o maior gerador de polpa cítrica, composta pelas cascas, resíduos da polpa e sementes (aproximadamente 50% da massa da fruta). Atualmente, a polpa cítrica é em grande parte descartada em aterros industriais, o que gera ônus econômico e ambiental. Em busca da solução, surgiu o conceito da biorrefinaria de polpa cítrica, com o objetivo de transformar essa biomassa em energia, biocombustíveis e químicos. Em torno de 25% da polpa cítrica é composta por pectina, um heteropolissacarídeo estrutural formado majoritariamente por ácido D-galacturônico, aproximadamente 70% dos seus monossacarídeos. Como a pectina possui pequena demanda no mercado em relação ao seu potencial de produção, sua hidrólise para obter ácido D-galacturônico é uma alternativa para viabilizar a biorrefinaria. O ácido D-galacturônico é um intermediário para a produção de ácido L-galactônico, ácido L-ascórbico e ácido múcico, compostos com aplicação na indústria de alimentos, cosméticos e fármacos. A obtenção do ácido D-galacturônico depende da hidrólise completa de substratos pécticos realizada pela ação de diferentes enzimas, uma vez que a hidrólise química pode degradar o monossacarídeo de interesse. A modelagem matemática da hidrólise enzimática é uma ferramenta para o dimensionamento e a otimização dessa etapa. Contudo, os atuais modelos da hidrólise completa de substratos pécticos são ferramentas limitadas, pois são demasiadamente simplificados. Um modelo útil como ferramenta de otimização deve individualizar a ação das diferentes pectinases e prever a concentração dos substratos, intermediários e produtos ao longo do tempo. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas as primeiras etapas do desenvolvimento desse modelo. Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos estocásticos, baseados no método Monte Carlo, para a ação de enzimas cruciais na produção de ácido D-galacturônico, as endo- e exopoligalacturonases. Esses modelos estão de acordo com a teoria da cinética enzimática clássica, fato que não ocorre em modelos estocásticos de reações similares já descritos na literatura. Os parâmetros cinéticos utilizados nos modelos são as constantes de especificidade relativas da enzima, tanto para cada substrato, como para cada reação possível com um mesmo substrato. A etapa final de uma sacarificação é a hidrólise de oligossacarídeos, e as especificidades das enzimas variam significantemente frente o tamanho do oligômero e a posição de clivagem. Para caracterizar essas especificidades, o método Fingerprinting foi estendido nesse trabalho para ser aplicado em esquemas de reação ramificados, como é o caso da hidrólise de oligossacarídeos. Esse método traz vantagens frente aos métodos já descritos na literatura, como ensaios de velocidade inicial e método da frequência de clivagem por ligação, uma vez que todas as especificidades relativas podem ser determinadas a partir de um único perfil completo de reação. Diante das limitações dos modelos matemáticos atuais, este trabalho lança bases para o desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático da hidrólise total de substratos pécticos por consórcio de enzimas. Palavras-chave: Biorrefinaria, Pectina, Ácido D-galacturônico, Hidrólise enzimática, Constantes de especificidade, Modelagem matemática. Abstract: Brazil is the largest producer of orange juice in the world and is expected to process 12.85 million tons of the fruit in the 2016/2017 harvest, which would represent 62% of the world's processing. As a consequence, Brazil is the largest producer of waste citrus, composed of peels, pulp residues and seeds (approximately 50% of fruit mass). Currently, most of the citrus waste is discharged in industrial landfills, which generates economic and environmental burden. In search of the solution, the concept of biorefinery of citrus waste emerged, with the objective of transforming this biomass into energy, biofuels and chemicals. About 25% of the citrus waste is composed of pectin, a structural heteropolysaccharide formed predominantly of D-galacturonic acid, approximately 70% of its monosaccharides. Since pectin has little market demand in relation to its production potential, its hydrolysis to obtain D-galacturonic acid is an alternative to enable biorefinery. D-galacturonic acid is an intermediate for the production of L-galactonic acid, L-ascorbic acid and mucic acid, compounds with application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. The production of D-galacturonic acid depends on the complete hydrolysis of pectic substrates carried out by the action of different enzymes, since the chemical hydrolysis can degrade the monosaccharide of interest. The mathematical modeling of enzymatic hydrolysis is a tool for the design and optimization of this hydrolysis step. However, the current models of complete hydrolysis of pectic substrates are limited tools, since they are too simplified. A useful model as an optimization tool should individualize the action of the different pectinases and predict the concentration of the substrates, intermediates and products over time. In this work, the first steps of the development of this model were taken. Two stochastic models, based on the Monte Carlo method, were developed for the action of crucial enzymes in the production of D-galacturonic acid, endo- and exopoligalacturonases. These models are in accordance with the theory of classical enzymatic kinetics, a fact that does not occur in stochastic models of similar reactions already described in the literature. The kinetic parameters used in the models are the relative specificity constants of the enzyme for each substrate, as well as for each possible reaction with the same substrate. The final step of a saccharification is the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides, and the specificities of the enzymes vary significantly against the size of the oligomer and the cleavage position. To characterize these specificities, the Fingerprinting method was extended in this work to be applied in branched reaction schemes, as is the case of oligosaccharide hydrolysis. This method has advantages over the methods already described in the literature, initial rate assays and bond cleavage frequency method, since all relative specificities can be determined from a single complete reaction profile. In view of the limitations of current mathematical models, this work lays the foundations for the development of a mathematical model of the total hydrolysis of pectic substrates by a consortium of enzymes. Keywords: Biorefinery, Pectin, D-galacturonic acid, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Specificity constants, Mathematical modeling.
- Published
- 2017
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