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Diabetes insipidus (DI) is an acquired or hereditary water imbalance disorder characterized by polydipsia and polyuria. It is a condition that involves the excretion of dilute urine in large volumes. The illness can strike at any age, with males and females have identical rates of occurrence of the disease. The two main mechanisms responsible for diabetes insipidus are either insufficient release or production of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from the hypothalamus (central diabetes insipidus) or ADH resistance in which the kidneys are unable to respond to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). Another form of DI is transient diabetes insipidus commonly known as gestational diabetes insipidus that occurs in the second/third trimester of pregnancy due to increased levels of placental vasopressinase that occurs progressively during pregnancy and increases metabolic clearance of vasopressin. The fourth type of DI is primary polydipsia, characterized by elevated levels of water intake that physiologically lower vasopressin and may be psychogenic, iatrogenic or dipsogenic. Signs and symptoms of DI often include water electrolyte-imbalance, excessive or severe thirst, frequent and excessive urination, fatigue, dehydration, and weight loss. Diabetes insipidus (DI) should be distinguished from primary polydipsia, and whether it is caused by a central, nephrogenic, or gestational cause. This distinction is critical since incorrect treatment can result in serious repercussions. Diagnosis of DI includes measurement of plasma sodium and osmolality, baseline copeptin, hypertonic saline stimulation and arginine stimulation test. The treatment for DI includes the use of drugs such as desmopressin, thiazide diuretics, indomethacin and amiloride.

Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDs) have emerged as an innovative and promising approach for enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of drugs with narrow absorption windows in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Among various GRDDs, swellable and floating systems have garnered significant attention due to their ability to prolong gastric residence time, improve drug dissolution, and facilitate sustained drug release (SDR). This comprehensive review provides a detailed exploration of the principles, mechanisms, and advancements in swellable and floating Gastroretentive systems. The key strategies, such as the use of hydrophilic polymers, gasgenerating agents, and superporous hydrogels, are discussed. These systems offer benefits in treating conditions like peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and infections, where prolonged localized drug action is desirable. A critical assessment of recent preclinical and clinical studies highlights the therapeutic potential of GRDDs in optimizing drug delivery for poorly soluble drugs and drugs with short half-lives. Challenges such as variability in gastric retention, potential toxicity of excipients, and patient-specific factors are also examined. It includes the outlining future trends in GRDDs, focusing on the incorporation of nanotechnology, 3D printing, and biocompatible materials to overcome existing limitations and further enhance therapeutic outcomes. This highlight of review article is initially introduction of GRDDs and their significance, mechanism and their classification of GRDDs, intermediately describe brief on swelling and floating GRDDs system with their application, lastly it describes the recent advances in patent, clinical trials and marketed products for GRDDs swellable and floating system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antibiotic misuse is a global threat. In recent years, inadequate awareness and inappropriate adherence to antibiotic prescription have been coupled with frequent self-medication practices. Aims: The study aims to assess awareness, perception and practices followed by nurses on antibiotics use at a tertiary care hospital in North India. Materials and Methods: This online survey was completed by 232 nurses working at a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India from September to October 2020. A pre-validated questionnaire of awareness, perception and practices was used to collect information. Appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics are used to generate the results. Results: The mean age of nurses was 27.84 (±3.06) years, and 60% were male. The majority of the nurses (80.17%) had a graduate degree in nursing, with a professional experience of 6.25 (±5.30) years. More than two-third (87.5%) of nurses are familiar with the word antibiotics resistance. Surprisingly, 47.4% of nurses used antibiotics more than two times without a prescription in the current year. Interestingly, 95.26% of nurses know antibiotics are effective against bacteria and are disease specific (93.79%). Further, 96.55% of nurses said that unnecessary antibiotic use might lead to resistance, and 68.10% agreed to take antibiotics after a doctor's prescription. Conclusions: Self-medication practices were high amongst nurses. Organising more in-service education, intense orientation programmes and instruction-based training needs to intensify nurses on the appropriate use of antibiotics and to set up an antimicrobial stewardship programme at the institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is of the metabolic disorder that has become one of the major cause leading to morbidity and death around the globe. Antidiabetic medications that are more effective and have adverse effects less frequently are currently being sought after. Much little study has been done on polyherbal compounds, irrespective of the fact that several individual herbs have been shown to have antidiabetic properties in studies or clinically. It is thought that herbal mixtures made of various plant products have synergistic anti-diabetic properties and may strengthen the intended results. Numerous polyherbal preparations have been investigated as potential therapeutics for the treatment of diabetes. A thorough assessment of the literature was conducted using many significant databases to characterize the present state of research on polyherbal substances for the treatment of diabetes. This research focused on the formulation and evaluation of polyherbal tablets containing extract from leaves of Phyllanthus amarus, Tinospora cordifolia, Momordica charantia, Vinca rosea available in the local areas of Sambalpur, Odisha, India. Invivo studies showed that the blood sugar lowering effect was found more pronounced in higher dose 500 mg/kg than lower dose 250 mg/kg. The efficacy of 500 mg/kg of the formulation was almost equal to that of standard therapy. Along with it oral glucose tolerance test showed increase in blood glucose level within a period of 30 mins from the starting of test as compared to the initial level of glucose concentration. This hyperglycemia was maintained until 60 min and then began to decrease. The polyherbal formulation proves to be an effective method of treatment of diabetes mellitus thus required to be explored further for better promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperglycemia, a common metabolic abnormality associated with diabetes mellitus, is primarily brought on by insufficient insulin synthesis at the cellular level or/and errors in insulin action. Such an endocrine condition causes major health issues and is spreading rapidly around the globe. The widespread control of diabetes with oral drug administration without producing any side effects is still regarded as a difficult undertaking, and the rising cost of traditional treatment in developing nations is another issue of concern. Traditional preparations of herbal plant extracts in the form of medications have already drawn a lot of attention in an effort to treat these problems. Locals use the crude extract of Swertia chirayita and Zizyphus mauritiana, two prominent Nepalese medicinal plants, for a variety of ailments, including type 2 diabetes. The current study's objectives were hydroalcoholic extract extraction of plant material, phytochemical analysis of Swertia chirayita and Zizyphus mauritiana, and formulation, development, and assessment of phytosomes. This study confirms the glucose tolerance activity with help of phytosomes containing the extracts of Swertia chirayita and Zizyphus mauritiana. The increase in blood glucose level can be controlled with help of phytosomes containing these extracts, along with it phytosomes showed a sustained release activity that best fitted with Korsmeyer peppas model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has largely given way for most important routine analysis of natural, synthetic drug candidate and related molecules. The quality control and simultaneous quantitation of different residual solvents, analytes and impurities have led analysts to further exploit nuclear magnetic resonance as a viable quantitative technique. Hence, this review focuses on the use and feasibility of this technique for quantitative method validation of drug and related compounds. Validated quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance methods were simple, robust, accurate and selective for evaluating different natural and synthetic samples using various commercially accessible compounds as internal standards. In this review numerous examples are cited giving proof of advancement in nuclear magnetic resonance technology and also for precise evaluation of molecular structures of substances in solids and liquid. Studied examples of different concurrent validation methods in the review shows that the results obtained is precise with less standard deviation when compared with other chromatography techniques. Concluding the entire review, various methodologies used for quantification and validations were reflected that proved to be a specific, selective and alternative means of method validation and it can be summarized that nuclear magnetic resonance is as reliable as the chromatography-based technique for quantitative analysis providing accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]