Air pollution, particularly from particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (eBC), has been implicated in airway pathologies. This study aims to assess the relationship between exposure to these pollutants and respiratory function in various populations, including healthy individuals, while seeking an accurate assessment method. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bogotá, evaluating respiratory function in the users of bicycles, minivans, and buses through spirometry and impulse oscillometry. Measurements were taken along two main avenues, assessing the PM2.5 and eBC concentrations. The results reveal higher pollutant levels on AVE KR 9, correlating with changes in oscillometry values post-travel. Cyclists exhibited differing pre- and post-travel values compared to bus and minivan users, suggesting aerobic exercise mitigates pollutant impacts. However, no statistically significant spirometry or impulse oscillometry variations were observed among routes or modes. Public transport and minivan users showed greater PM2.5 and eBC exposure, yet no significant changes associated with environmental contaminants were found in respiratory function values. These findings underscore the importance of further research on pollutant effects and respiratory health in urban environments, particularly concerning different transport modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The small robotic vehicle presented in this article is a special, multifunctional vehicle that can perform diagnostic tasks in several different areas. Examination of heat release and heat losses, which characterizes the efficiency of processes in many technical areas. A device that penetrates into small spaces may be needed. In this area, an important task is to navigate the device to the right place under trucks and cars to perform thermal camera diagnostics. The examination of excessive heat emission is extremely important to filter out faulty transmission systems, faulty engines, and to detect excessively hot brake drums, which are unfortunately also responsible for causing many serious accidents and fires. The remote-controlled navigation robot with a camera presented in the article is perfectly suited for the above task, as it can also transmit the image of the thermal camera to a remote display. In addition to automotive applications, the device can also be used for other industrial purposes and machine diagnostic tasks. I According to the current European Union building energy regulations, new buildings must have almost zero energy requirements. The so-called thermal bridges must be calculated for both old and new buildings under construction. A useful solution to this problem can be the quick and cost-effective energetic measurement and classification of thermal bridges, factors, and structural elements that cause heat loss. The Heat Spotter robotic vehicle presented and built in the article is suitable for the above tasks, ready to be manufactured and quickly paying for itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Multi-purpose agricultural tractors are vehicles that are usually involved in different operations, including road maintenance in small villages and cultivation of small agricultural plots, particularly in mountainous areas. These vehicles typically feature narrow tracks to enhance manoeuvrability, making rollover stability a critical consideration in operational settings. This characteristic arises from the interplay between the suspension and vehicle chassis. This paper introduces a numerical multi-body model designed to replicate the dynamics of a multi-purpose tractor with a torsional chassis. Model parameters were derived through experimental measurements conducted on an actual vehicle. Static measurements were performed to assess tire and suspension stiffness while tilting tests were performed to establish the static rollover limit of the vehicle. Dynamic tests conducted on a four-post test rig characterised the vehicle's dynamics. The validated model was utilised to explore the vehicle's stability by reproducing the static rollover tests and simulating the vehicle's performance under working conditions on a banked road. The vehicle rollover stability was studied by performing a sensitivity analysis that considered both chassis torsional stiffness and suspension stiffness under different loading conditions. The results indicate a trade-off between frame and suspension stiffnesses that enhances overall vehicle stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
USED cars, SPARE parts, DRIVERS' licenses, MINIVANS, USED car sales & prices
Abstract
This document offers a comprehensive list of used cars that can be purchased for under £30,000. The cars are categorized by type, such as SUV, luxury car, and hot hatch, and each category includes specific models with their production years, available engines, and prices. The document also provides brief descriptions of each model, highlighting their positive and negative aspects. The information is aimed at potential buyers looking for affordable luxury cars and provides insights into the performance, features, and potential drawbacks of each model. [Extracted from the article]
The article offers information on exceptional acts of bravery and heroism by law enforcement officers beyond their routine duties. Topics include officers Andrew Wood and Michael Madrid in Tooele City, Utah, rescuing a 12-year-old girl from a submerged minivan; highlighting the officers' courage and dedication to duty; encouraging nominations for similar acts for recognition in the Bulletin Notes; and seeking nominations with detailed accounts and accompanying photographs for recognition.
Kevin Isemonger reports from the Land Rover 75th anniversary. Inspired by the 2018 Methven event, a Wanaka Land Rover enthusiast Rod Corbett thought it would be great to host the 75th Land Rover birthday celebration as it aligned perfectly with the third bi-annual "Wheels at Wanaka" event over Easter in 2023. In 2018 the Canterbury Rover Car Club hosted the Land Rover 70th birthday in Methven alongside the regional Rover rally - with well over 200 Land Rovers in attendance. [Extracted from the article]
MINIVANS, WATER jets, STATION wagons, WOODWORK, METALWORK
Abstract
An essential element of the truck was the need for a home away from home when Chad and Sara were on the road. Chad has built about a dozen trucks over the years but this one is special, built for Sara and surprisingly, this petite lady drives her massive rig everywhere! FEATURES FEATURE 40-FEET SUPER WHITE MONSTER FEATURE 40-FEET SUPER WHITE MONSTER HIS WIFE WANTED HER OWN TRUCK BUT THIS WAS UNEXPECTED!. [Extracted from the article]
For the typical around-town errands a minivan spends most of its life doing, the Pacifica's EPA-rated 32 miles of electric range mean all the school pickups and grocery runs could be gas-free, as long as you're gentle on the accelerator. Chrysler doesn't put "PHEV" anywhere on the Pacifica, which is odd because it's the only plug-in minivan, and you'd think Chrysler would want to brag about that. - Austin Irwin 2nd Place: Kia Carnival If your family needs the sliding-door lifestyle, but you prefer to park with the SUVs, Kia sees your cool-kid hang-ups and addresses them with a minivan that doesn't look like a minivan. FINAL RESULTS Vehicle DRIVER COMFORT ERGONOMICS SECOND-ROW COMFORT SECOND-ROW SPACE* THIRD-ROW COMFORT THIRD-ROW SPACE* CARGO SPACE* TOWING CAPACITY* FEATURES/AMENITIES* FIT AND FINISH INTERIOR STYLING EXTERIOR STYLING REBATES/EXTRAS* AS-TESTED PRICE* SUBTOTAL Powertrain 1/4-MILE ACCELERATION* FLEXIBILITY* FUEL ECONOMY* ENGINE NVH TRANSMISSION SUBTOTAL Chassis PERFORMANCE* STEERING FEEL BRAKE FEEL HANDLING RIDE SUBTOTAL Experience FUN TO DRIVE GRAND TOTAL HT
HEALTH facilities, LAW enforcement agencies, SERVICE industries, GOVERNMENT agencies, MINIVANS, GOVERNMENT purchasing
Abstract
The article presents the most popular models of passenger cars among authorities, institutions and organizations. The author provides information on the volume of purchases and total costs of cars of different brands and autobody types by authorities, institutions and organizations from January to October 2022. It is found that the largest number of passenger cars was purchased by law enforcement agencies, health care institutions, housing and communal services enterprises, and the State administration bodies. The most popular models were Renault Duster, Renault Express, Toyota RAV4, Renault Sandero Stepway Life+, Haval Jolion. The most popular were: among crossovers – the Renault Duster, among sedans – Peugeot 301, among the SUV – Toyota RAV4, among the hatchbacks – Renault Sandero Stepway Life+, among the station-wagons – ?koda Superb and Renaut Megan, among the vans – Fiat Doblo Combi Mahi, among the minivans – Renault Express, among the minibuses – Mercedes-Benz sprinter 313. Renault cars are most demanded. The most popular autobody types are crossover, hatchback and SUV. Sedans are popular in law enforcement agencies, health care facilities, housing and communal services. Crossovers are most in demand in law enforcement agencies, health care institutions, and the State administrations. Hatchbacks are in demand in law enforcement and healthcare facilities. The SUVs are of greatest popularity in law enforcement agencies, housing and communal services enterprises, and the State administrations. The main buyer of the vans are the State administrations, health care institutions, and housing and communal services enterprises. Minivans are used by law enforcement agencies and housing and communal services enterprises. The author estimates that in 2022, through the Prozorro public procurement website, government agencies spent UAH 234.003 million on the purchase of passenger cars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
• It is the first known study examining pedestrian crash types and vehicle types. • Larger passenger vehicles were more likely to hit pedestrians in two scenarios. • The first was when turning at intersections. • The second was when pedestrians were on or near travel-lane edges at nonintersections. • Findings suggest pedestrians near front corners of larger vehicles difficult to see. • More research is needed to examine A-pillar blind zones by vehicle type. Introduction: This is the first known study that examines the association between common pedestrian crash types and passenger vehicle types. Method: The analysis included single-vehicle, single-pedestrian crashes from two data sets: North Carolina state crash data and the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). We performed separate multinomial logistic regression analyses of major pedestrian crash types occurring at or near intersections and at nonintersections. Results: At or near intersections, minivans, large vans, pickups, and SUVs (collectively known as light truck vehicles, or LTVs) were more likely than cars to be involved in crossing-roadway–vehicle-turning-left crashes versus crossing-roadway–vehicle-not-turning crashes. LTVs were also more likely involved in fatal crossing-roadway–vehicle-turning-right crashes at or near intersections versus crossing-roadway–vehicle-not-turning crashes when compared with cars. At nonintersections, LTVs were associated with increased odds of walking-along-roadway crashes relative to crossing-roadway–vehicle-not-turning crashes when compared with cars. Conclusions: LTVs were more likely to be involved in certain pedestrian crash types, implying a potentially problematic visibility of pedestrians near the front corners of these vehicles. Practical applications: More research is needed to examine A-pillar blind zones by vehicle type. If it is found that LTVs have larger blind zones, automakers should consider ways to design the A-pillars of these vehicles to minimize blind zones while maintaining pillar strength. Doing this could improve pedestrian safety around these increasingly popular larger vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
This article compares the Peugeot E-3008 and the Skoda Enyaq, with the Skoda winning the twin test. However, the article also mentions other options in the same class, such as the Tesla Model Y, Renault Scenic, Jaguar I-Pace, and BMW iX3. The Tesla Model Y is praised for its performance, efficiency, and user-friendly Supercharger network. The Renault Scenic is noted for its class-leading infotainment and stylish cabin design. The Jaguar I-Pace is highlighted for its ride and handling balance and spacious cabin, while the BMW iX3 is praised for its build quality and refinement. The article also mentions that used examples of the Jaguar I-Pace can be found at bargain prices. [Extracted from the article]
The article features the life and career of Sidney Slater Guy, founder of Guy Motors. Topics discussed include his work experience before forming Guy Motors at the end of 1913, the popularity of Guy Motors in many parts of the world, and the introduction of the 8, 10- and 14-ton GVW Warrior truck in 1956 which had an updated version of the Motor Panels steel cab, similar to the Otter.
MINIVANS, HYBRID electric cars, SOLAR panels, COMMERCIAL vehicles, RECORDER players
Abstract
The article discusses the author's perspective on different types of fuels for vehicles. The author acknowledges that there is no right or wrong fuel and that buyers should choose what is best for their budget and needs. The author also shares a personal anecdote about a versatile sound system that could run on various power sources. The article suggests that a state-of-the-art hybrid vehicle with the ability to travel long distances on electric power and incorporate solar panels and a wind-up handle could be the most flexible option for motorists in the future. The author proposes the concept of multi-fuelled vehicles (MFVs) as a wise and flexible choice for the 2020s and beyond. [Extracted from the article]
*MINIVANS, *ALTERNATING current electric motors, *SYNCHRONOUS electric motors, *COMPACT cars, *HEAD-up displays, *OIL filters
Abstract
Soon we will no longer think of the minivan as a penalty box, especially minivans that can save considerable money at the pump over other seven-seaters, the way our Sienna did. Long-Term Test AFTER TRACKING EVERY FILL-UP, SERVICE, PROBLEM, COMPLAINT, DENT, AND DOG HAIR, CAR AND DRIVER PRESENTS THE 40,000-MILE EVALUATION. This is one fantastic van, and it turns out the rest of the car-buying public agrees, because during 2021 the Sienna became the bestselling minivan on the market. Rolling Start, 5-60 mph ………………… 9.0 sec ……… 8.2 sec Braking, 70-0 mph … 194 ft ………… 182 ft Roadholding, 300-ft Skidpad ……… 0.77 g ………… 0.80 g Top Speed (gov ltd) …………………………… 116 mph C/D Fuel Economy • Observed …………………………………………… 29 mpg EPA Fuel Economy • Comb/City/Hwy …………………… 35/35/36 mpg Minivan Life, Quantified SERVICE - Dealer Visits • Scheduled …………………………. [Extracted from the article]
Serving both passenger and freight demand with the same vehicle fleet is an ambition that led to the development of several innovative vehicle concepts [10, 26]. This study proposes a simulation-based methodology to investigate the execution of freight tours with an On-Demand fleet of autonomous, modular vehicles while giving priority to passenger transport. Based on assumptions regarding the operational scheme, tour pricing and delivery time windows, the software Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) is extended. The developed methodology is then applied to a Berlin-wide freight delivery scenario. The results show that when using a relatively large vehicle fleet, passenger waiting time statistics barely change. However, it has to be noted that the study should be repeated with different (smaller) fleet sizes. A rough cost analysis for the freight operator suggests that there is a large saving potential when using autonomous On-Demand vehicles instead of an owned fleet. Because of the uncertainty of price composition, further studies to quantify this saving potential have to be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Different urban transportation flows (e.g., passenger journeys, freight distribution, and waste management) are conventionally separately handled by corresponding single-purpose vehicles (SVs). The multi-purpose vehicle (MV) is a novel vehicle concept that can enable the sequential sharing of different transportation flows by changing the so-called modules, thus theoretically improving the efficiency of urban transportation through the utilization of higher vehicles. In this study, a variant of the pick-up and delivery problem with time windows is established to describe the sequential sharing problem considering both MVs and SVs with features of multiple depots, partial recharging strategies, and fleet sizing. MVs can change their load modules to carry all item types that can also be carried by SVs. To solve the routing problem, an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) algorithm is developed with new problem-specific heuristics. The proposed ALNS is tested on 15 small-size cases and evaluated using a commercial MIP solver. Results show that the proposed algorithm is time-efficient and able to generate robust and high-quality solutions. We investigate the performance of the ALNS algorithm by analyzing convergence and selection probabilities of the heuristic solution that destroy and repair operators. On 15 large-size instances, we compare results for pure SV, pure MV, and mixed fleets, showing that the introduction of MVs can allow smaller fleet sizes while approximately keeping the same total travel distance as for pure SVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Purpose: This study aims to improve Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE) by reducing waste in the assembly production line. This research is a case study conducted in a four-wheel vehicle manufacturing company to create a Lean production system. Methodology/Approach: This study uses the Waste Assessment Model (WAM) and Lean Automation integration methods carried out by 5 expert judgements in the selected four-wheeled vehicle industry. Findings: Based on the WAM method, this study found the biggest waste on the assembly line, namely transportation with a percentage of 20.44%. Improvements made with Lean Automation can increase the value of PCE from 56.76% to 63.62%. Research Limitation/Implication: This research is limited to one model, namely Multi Purpose vehicle (MPv). This research provides benefits for companies related to waste reduction. For similar companies, this research can be input for manufacturing practitioners in improving manufacturing performance to compete in the global market. This Lean production can reduce manpower which has an impact on saving production costs. Originality/Value of paper: This paper provides added value related to the application of Lean terminology which aims to improve industrial automation-based manufacturing companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
To suggest that Jeep's seven- or eight-passenger Wagoneer L/Grand Wagoneer L twins are elephantine is to libel pachyderms. Lows: Gas mileage that's difficult to countenance, cockpit electronics require a seven-day tutorial in Dallas, roughly as Jeepish as a Bentley. Highs: Eats interstate miles like a Greyhound, luxury appointments of the new king's polo closet, will carry two caskets simultaneously. [Extracted from the article]
MINIVANS, ROBUST optimization, SEAT belts, MONTE Carlo method, ANCHORAGE, TRAFFIC safety, MOTORCYCLING accidents, SCHOOL buses
Abstract
This paper deals with an enhanced robust design optimization (RDO) method and its application to the strength design problem of seat belt anchorage, related to the front crash safety of multi-purpose vehicles. In order to determine the rational design safety of the newly developed automotive part, such as the seat, in which the reliability of the evaluation data is not sufficient at the design stage, it is necessary to implement a probabilistic design considering uncertainties. Thickness size variables of the seat frame structure's members were considered random design variables, including uncertainties such as manufacturing tolerance, which are an inevitable hazard in the design of automotive parts. Probabilistic constraints were selected from the strength performances of the seat belt anchorage test, which are regulated in Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), and the strength performances were evaluated by finite element analyses. The RDO problem was formulated such that the random design variables were determined by minimizing the seat frame weight subject to the probabilistic strength performance constraints evaluated from the reliability analyses. Three sigma level quality was considered for robustness in side constraints. The mean value reliability method (MVRM) and adaptive importance sampling method (AISM) were used for the reliability analyses in the RDO, and reliability probabilities from the MVRM and the AISM on the probabilistic optimum design were assessed by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The RDO results according to the reliability analysis methods were compared to determine the optimum design results. In the case of the RDO with the AISM, the structure reliability was fully satisfied for all the constraint functions, so the most reliable structural safety was guaranteed for the seat frame design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
AUTOMOBILE size, MINIVANS, COMPACT cars, BRAND mobility, AUTOMOBILE industry
Abstract
Amazingly, although Zeekr was only founded in 2021, it already sells two cars in Europe - the large Zeekr 001 "shooting brake" and this Zeekr X small SUV. WHAT is a Zeekr? It's at its best as a relaxing runabout, and the flagship AWD powertrain is probably overkill - even if the relatively small projected price hike over the base car makes it sorely tempting. [Extracted from the article]
Vantage Mobility International, Sport utility vehicles, Minivans, Automotive industry, Motor vehicle drivers, Transportation equipment industry, Health, Psychology and mental health, Social sciences
Abstract
Purchasing a new vehicle isn't an easy choice for anyone, but for a long time, people with severe mobility impairments had very limited options--typically a choice between a couple of [...]
Heavy snow had been forecast, and, as our minivan climbed up the mountain from Morzine, the weather grew worse, the van's tyres struggling to cope as a thick blanket settled [...]
THE DODGE cocked a rear wheel, gobbled a mouthful of curbing, then pivoted into Turn 2 with four tires screaming. In the moment, that slab of steel and glass became [...]
You who couldn't get enough of procreating and now need three rows of seating in a vehicle. We know you well enough to know that you don't want a minivan [...]
Rith, Monorom, Fillone, Alexis M., and Biona, Jose Bienvenido Manuel
Subjects
*VEHICLE models, *METROPOLIS, *MINIVANS, *VANS, DEVELOPING countries, DEVELOPED countries
Abstract
Vehicle survival rate models have been extensively built in developed countries and China in view of the availability of vehicle scrappage data, but many developing countries do not have those data. This paper intends to develop Weibull distribution-based models of vehicle survivorship for Metro Manila, Philippines, without using the vehicle scrappage data. The proposed computation procedure can capture the dynamics of average vehicle lifespan. Light-duty passenger vehicles are classified into two main categories: car (sedan, hatchback) and utility vehicle (SUV, van, minivan, pickup, wagon, Jeepney). The results highlighted that the average lifespan of the car decreased from 23.23 years in 2007 to 15.22 years in 2016, whereas the average lifespan of the UV was constant and equal to 14.18 years. Also, the developed models were applied to project the vehicle stocks, scrapped vehicles, and vehicle sales based on two designed scenarios: historical trend and limitation of the vehicle stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Small-scale farmers register high postharvest losses partly due to failure to carry out primary processing operations. Most of the maize shellers on the Ugandan market lead to high percentage of broken maize grains thus raising the risk of aflatoxin infection during storage. In this study, the operation of an existing maize sheller on the market with a shelling speed of 870 rpm for maize at 13% moisture content was tested. The main objective of this study therefore was twofold; (i) to develop and evaluate a maize sheller and (ii) to optimize the multi-purpose vehicle shelling operation. The improved maize sheller was designed, fabricated, evaluated and optimized using a factorial experiment with shelling speed and moisture content as the main effects at three levels. Analysis of variance was done using R-studio. A cost-benefit analysis of the shelling technology was conducted. The obtained results showed that a reduction in moisture content and an increase in shelling speed increased the shelling efficiency, the grain damage percentage, output capacity and the cleaning efficiency. The optimum moisture content and the shelling speed of the multi-purpose vehicle maize shelling were 13% and 896 rpm respectively. Except the shelling efficiency, the results of the modified maize sheller were significantly different (p<0.05) from those of the market sheller. The payback period was 1.37 years while the benefit-cost ratio was 1.07. The optimized maize shelling operation of the multi-purpose vehicle is therefore economically viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The constraints of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle present challenges to the use of current exercise countermeasures necessary to prevent severe deconditioning of physiological systems during microgravity exposure beyond Low Earth Orbit. The purpose of this qualitative systematic review was to determine the technical constraints of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle which may hinder astronauts' capabilities to effectively exercise during long distance spaceflight. Databases were searched from the start of their records to December 2018. Included documents were quality assessed with the AMSRG quality scoring tool and Thematic Analysis was used to analyse the included documents to assess technical constraints of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. 19 studies were included in the final review. All identified constraints, other than data transmission limitations, were found to ultimately be a result of the volume and upload mass constraints of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. There was a lack of detailed studies and lack of consistency in specifying spacecraft in the literature that limit the conclusions of this review. Space agencies are advised to ensure that information on relevant spacecraft constraints is readily available to researchers. This information should be made accessible in an official published document as opposed to disparate and grey literature, and include quantitative information rather than qualitative summaries. • Qualitative systematic review of the technical constraints of the Orion spacecraft. • Volume and upload mass constraints hinder the capability of astronauts to exercise effectively. • There is a lack of detailed studies and lack of consistency in specifying spacecraft in the available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Drones or unmanned aerial vehicles are autonomous or remotely controlled multipurpose aerial vehicles driven by aerodynamic forces and capable of carrying a payload. Whereas initially used exclusively for military purposes, the use of drones has gradually spread into other areas. Given their great flexibility and favourable costs, the use of drones has also been piloted in various healthcare settings. We briefly summarize current knowledge regarding the use of drones in healthcare, focusing on infectious diseases and/or microbiology when applicable. Information was sought through PubMed and extracted from peer-reviewed literature published between January 2010 and August 2019 and from reliable online news sources. The search terms 'drones', 'unmanned aerial vehicles', 'microbiology' and 'medicine' were used. Peer-reviewed literature on the use of drones in healthcare has steadily increased in recent years. Drones have been successfully evaluated in various pilot programmes and are already implemented in some settings for transporting samples and delivering blood, vaccines, medicines, organs, life-saving medical supplies and equipment. In addition, a promising proof-of-concept 'lab-on-a-drone' was recently presented, as well as several pilot studies showing the benefits of drone use in surveillance and epidemiology of infectious diseases. The potential for drone use in clinical microbiology, infectious diseases and epidemiology is vast. Drones may help to increase access to healthcare for individuals that might otherwise not benefit from appropriate care due to remoteness and lack of infrastructure or funds. However, factors such as national airspace legislation and legal medical issues, differences in topography and climates, cost-effectiveness, and community attitudes and acceptance in different cultures and societies currently impede the widespread use of drones. Significant cost savings compared with ground transportation, speed and convenience of delivery, and the booming drone sector will probably drive drone implementation in various areas of medicine in the next 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Fatigue and sleepiness are two major factors that have been reported to contribute to road crash and accidents in Indonesia. Fatigue among commercial drivers is probably a common phenomenon, particularly during long-duration driving. This study aimed at characterizing fatigue and sleepiness during long-duration driving. Nine commercial drivers were recruited in this field study and were requested to drive a multipurpose vehicle for three trips back and forth between two major cities. Each trip was completed within 4 hours, with about 3 to 3.5 hours of continuous driving (and 0.5 to 1 hour of rest). Fatigue was assessed by utilizing the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), which was administered for 5 minutes immediately following the completion of each trip. A video camera was employed to capture blink frequency, and for each trip, this measure was determined during 5 minutes after two hours of driving. Subjective ratings were also collected during the task and included the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI) and the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). The results of this study demonstrated a consistent increase in the blink rate and subjective measures of fatigue. A significant association was also found between the blink rate and SOFI measures, indicating an association between those objective and subjective measures. Although not statistically significant, there were also changes in PVT parameters associated with driving duration. However, no significant association was found between PVT parameters and the subjective measures. This study found that a minimum of six hours of intermittent driving was adequate in inducing fatigue and sleepiness, despite the seemingly sufficient amount of rest break. Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that long-duration driving be limited to a maximum of 12 hours, and that a minimum of 30 minutes of rest be provided after 3 to 4 hours of driving. This finding should be used as a basis for scheduling drivers and for finding the appropriate intervention strategy for mitigating fatigue and sleepiness risks during prolonged driving tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
TESTED Fickle is hardly a word I'd use to describe local Toyota Hilux owners. There are 18 different (10 of which are 4WD) Hilux variants within four specification levels - WorkMate, SR, SR5 and top of the range SR5 Cruiser in the 2021 line-up. New to the 2021 Hilux is the rear automatic Limited Slip Differential, which is standard across all 4WD double cab variants, while Downhill Assist Control has been added to the manual SR double cab variants making it now standard across all 4WD double cab variants. [Extracted from the article]
NOBODY ever bought a multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) for the thrill of driving or to impress the neighbours, but when it comes to ultimate versatility, nothing else can compete. THE ORIGINAL CHOICE Chrysler G. Voyager FOR: Huge cabin, well equipped, very comfortable AGAINST: Defunct brand in the UK, iffy build quality CHRYSLER left the UK in 2017, but its Grand Voyager is still worth a look because it's so versatile and roomy. Of the facelifted cars, even the entry-level SE has dual-zone climate control, Bluetooth, electric door mirrors, a multi-function steering wheel and keyless entry. [Extracted from the article]
Universities and colleges -- Rankings -- United States, Adult education -- Forecasts and trends, Americans, Retail trade, High schools, Student loans, Minivans, Adults, Market trend/market analysis, General interest, Political science
Abstract
NEARLY A THIRD OF ALL COLLEGE STUDENTS ARE TWENTY-FIVE OR OLDER. YET NO PUBLICATION RANKS THE TOP SCHOOLS FOR THEM--EXCEPT US. When most Americans think of the words 'college student,' [...]
Wisconsin -- Description and travel, Motor vehicle driving, Automobiles, Fishes, Minivans, Automobiles
Abstract
AS THE CAR FERRY BAYFIELD approached Madeline Island harbor, Barb and I descended from the observation deck and headed back to the Morgan. We were first in line to disembark [...]
MINIVANS, MIND & body, FASHION innovations, RANGE Rover truck, POWER steering, TRAFFIC noise
Abstract
FEATURES If you tried to explain to somebody under 40 that British Leyland, the butt of so many gags for so long, offered two of the most forward-thinking and desirable luxury multi-purpose vehicles in the world in 1970, you would be greeted with a look of incredulity. The Range Rover would be maxed out at that speed, even with the optional Fairey or GKN overdrive, but the security of its on-road handling has an edge over the faster Triumph. The Range Rover, in many ways the car that took over from the Triumph Estate as the horse trailer-pulling town-and-country machine of choice, was just getting started by that stage. [Extracted from the article]
On the other, there is an increasing rangeof SUVs, some with proper seven-seat capability like theSEAT Tarraco and Skoda Kodiaq; others have a '5+2'layout with the rear seats best suited to occasional use. The Citroen Berlingo XL fits the briefperfectly, but don't think you're simplygetting a basic van with seats bolted in.The Berlingo is based on PSA's EMP2architecture, which also underpins modelssuch as the Peugeot 308 and VauxhallGrandland X, so it's more car-like to drivethan some rival van-based MPVs. Regardless,this is still a large family car - one that'sperhaps best suited to those who needfive seats and a big boot most of the time,with occasional seven-seat capability. GENERALLY speaking, the needs of somebodybuying a seven-seat car are different from most. [Extracted from the article]
Kim, Dong-Min, Benoliel, Peter, Kim, Dae-Kee, Lee, Tae Hee, Park, Jae Wan, and Hong, Jung-Pyo
Subjects
*HYBRID electric vehicles, *AUTOMOBILE power trains, *MINIVANS, *SHARING economy, *HYBRID systems, *DISTRIBUTION management
Abstract
Hybrid electric vehicles have different performance depending on power distribution and energy management. For heavy-duty vehicles, in particular, these differences will be more pronounced. This paper presents a hybrid powertrain design framework for a heavy-duty multi-purpose vehicle assuming driving conditions. A diesel-powered conventional vehicle was adopted for the hybridization target, and a series hybrid system was suggested as a suitable hybridization topology with an in-wheel motor (IWM) system. The introduced framework supplied the adequate power distribution and the IWM specification based on the speculated drive cycle and a simple energy management strategy. In particular, the reduction ratio of IWM was determined to minimize the gross mass of the motor and reduction gear. The hybridization reduced the vehicle weight by 213 kg while increasing the peak power by 53 kW. Finally, the vehicle simulation was performed using the advanced vehicle simulator for the design result from the proposed framework. The acceleration performance and gradeability limits were improved by 18% and 10%, respectively, compared to the conventional vehicle. In addition, the gasoline equivalent fuel economy of the series hybrid powertrain was 53% higher than conventional diesel powertrain for the target drive cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
SPORT utility vehicles, MINIVANS, COST, WRANGLER sport utility vehicles
Abstract
Aiming at the problems of cost evaluation before dismantling ELVs, a general comprehensive cost evaluation model was established based on disassembly difficulties and fuzzy clustering. The factors feeing disassembly difficulties of ELVs were put forward. The fuzzy clustering analyses were used to determine the components that had the same disassembly difficulty among the disassembly of different models. An error evaluation method of the disassembly cos's was given about the cluster model. Taking the experimental data of physical dismantling of four scrapped experimental vehicles (two cars, one sport utility vehicle, and one multi-purpose vehicle) as examples, a general disassembly cost model was quantified and evaluated based on fuzzy clustering. The results show that the model has the commonality of various models and the maximum error of disassembly cost is less than 28%. The disassembly cost forecasting model helps the technological decision before ELV dismantling in methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
THERE was a time when multi-purpose vehicles, or MPVs, were all the rage. THE SEVEN-SEAT CHOICE Vauxhall Zafira FOR: Cabin versatility, seven seats as standard AGAINST: Dull to drive, even for an MPV VAUXHALL introduced the Astra-based Zafira in 1999, with seven seats as standard. There are now very few MPVs available new, but on the used market you'll find some cracking buys, and three of the best are the Citroen Xsara Picasso, Ford C-Max and Vauxhall Zafira. [Extracted from the article]
By making the TrailSport as capable as advertised, Honda hopes the new Pilot will stand out in a hotly contested segment. THE RUNDOWN The 2023 Honda Pilot enters its fourth generation bigger, brawnier, and better at doing off-road stuff. 115 mph EPA Fuel Economy • Comb/City/Hwy …… 20-22/18-19/ 23-27 mpg CAMMER CLEANUP Previous naturally aspirated V-6s from Honda/Acura (save for the first-gen NSX) have been SOHC engines, but the Pilot's new V-6, code-named J35Y8, is a DOHC unit. [Extracted from the article]
The article focuses on the evolving Christmas traditions of a woman after her divorce, highlighting the continuity of the Christmas tree tradition and the changing dynamics with the involvement of friends and a boyfriend.
INJURY risk factors, PEDESTRIAN accidents, KINEMATICS, CHEST (Anatomy), MINIVANS, MOTOR vehicle design & construction
Abstract
Thoracic injuries occur frequently in minivan-to-pedestrian impact accidents and can cause substantial fatalities. The present research work investigates the human thoracic responses and injury risks in minivan-to-pedestrian impacts, when changing the minivan front-end design and the impact velocity, by using computational biomechanics model. We employed three typical types of minivan model of different front-end designs that are quite popular in Chinese market and considered four impact velocities (20, 30, 40, and 50 km/h). The contact time of car to thorax region (CTCTR), thorax impact velocity, chest deformation, and thoracic injury risks were extracted for the investigation. The results indicate that the predicted pedestrian kinematics, injury responses, and thoracic injury risks are strongly affected by the variation of the minivan front-end design and impact velocity. The pedestrian thoracic injury risks increase with the increasing vehicle impact velocity. It is also revealed that the application of the extra front bumper is beneficial for reducing the thoracic injury risk, and a relatively flatter minivan front-end design gives rise to a higher thoracic injury risk. This study is expected to be served as theoretical references for pedestrian protection design of minivans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Presents information on restyling of popular minivans of Chrysler Corp. Contribution of Lee A. Iacocca, present chairman of Chrysler and former president of Ford Motor Co., for development of minivans; Drop in the sales of Chrysler vehicles other than its minivans; Pressure made for Jeep Cherokee by Ford Explorer vehicles and other rivals; Estimation made by analysts about the expansion of the minivan market.
An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles within the issue on topics including adventure travels, women-only tours, and cruises.
AUTOMAKERS BUILD CARS, but they're selling novelty. It's the reason Henry Ford begrudgingly replaced his beloved Model T with the Model A, the reason SUVs supplanted perfectly functional minivans and [...]
Cooper Tire & Rubber Co., Tire industry, Minivans, Rubber, Materials handling equipment, Engineers, Automation, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Metals, metalworking and machinery industries
Abstract
Anyone who owns a vehicle and who purchased tires for it is probably familiar with Cooper Tires, the flagship brand of parent company Cooper Tire and Rubber Co. (Findlay, Ohio). [...]
General Motors Co. -- Officials and employees, Chrysler L.L.C. -- Officials and employees, Ford Motor Co. -- Officials and employees, Automobile industry -- Officials and employees, Minivans, Automotive industry -- Officials and employees, Automobile Industry, Automobile industry, Business
Abstract
Byline: Dave Versical The significance of the Detroit 3's new contracts with the Canadian union Unifor is hard to overstate. When talks began in the summer, the future was in [...]
EISA, Minivans, Internet service providers, Internet service provider, Sports and fitness, Bates College
Abstract
MY EYES were heavier than I could ever remember. I was fighting to keep them open as I miserably failed my co-piloting responsibilities, winding our way through the back roads [...]