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FUNDAMENTO: Os pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) que são internados apresentando má perfusão e congestão (perfil clínico-hemodinâmico C) constituem o grupo que evolui com pior prognóstico na IC descompensada. Entretanto, há pouca informação na literatura se a etiologia da cardiopatia influencia na evolução dos pacientes na fase avançada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução dos pacientes que se internaram com perfil clínico-hemodinâmico C e verificar o papel da etiologia nesta fase. MÉTODOS: Um estudo de coorte foi realizado incluindo pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) < 45,0%, classe funcional IV e internação hospitalar apresentando perfil clínico-hemodinâmico C. O grupo foi dividido em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia chagásica (Ch) e não chagásica (NCh). Para análise estatística foram utilizados os testes t de Student, exato de Fisher, qui-quadrado e o programa SPSS. O significante de p < 0,05 foi considerado. RESULTADOS: Cem pacientes, com idade média de 57,6 ± 15,1 anos e FEVE média de 23,8 ± 8,5%, foram incluídos. Dentre os pacientes estudados, 33,0% eram chagásicos e, na comparação com os NCh, apresentaram menor pressão arterial sistólica (Ch 89,3 ± 17,1 mmHg versus NCh 98,8 ± 21,7 mmHg; p = 0,03) e menor idade média - Ch 52,9 ± 14,5 anos versus NCh 59,8 ± 14,9 anos; p = 0,03). Durante o acompanhamento de 25 meses, a mortalidade foi de 66,7% nos Ch e de 37,3% nos NCh (p = 0,019). A etiologia chagásica foi um marcador independente de mau prognóstico na análise multivariada com razão de risco de 2,75 (IC 95,0%; 1,35 - 5,63). CONCLUSÃO: Nos pacientes com IC avançada, a etiologia chagásica é um importante preditor de pior prognóstico.

FUNDAMENTO: Anemia está associada à pior evolução nos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Entretanto, há poucos estudos sobre a anemia nos pacientes com IC avançada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características da anemia na IC em fase avançada. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 99 pacientes hospitalizados para compensação de IC (CF IV/NYHA), com idade > 18 anos e FEVE < 45%. Foram considerados anêmicos os pacientes com hemoglobina (Hb) < 12 g/dl. Dados foram comparados entre anêmicos e não anêmicos. Empregaram-se os testes t de Student, Qui-quadrado e Fisher. O risco relativo (IC 95%) foi calculado pela regressão de Cox. RESULTADOS: O acompanhamento médio foi de 10,8 meses (8,9), e 34,3% dos pacientes com IC apresentaram anemia. Pacientes anêmicos, comparados com não anêmicos, apresentaram maior idade média (64,1±15,6 vs 54,8±12,9 anos, p = 0,004), creatinina mais elevada (1,9 ± 1 vs 1,5 + 0,5 mg/dl, p = 0,018) e BNP mais elevado (2.077,4 ± 1.979,4 vs 1.212,56 ± 1.080,6 pg/ml, p = 0,026). Anemia ferropriva esteve presente em 38,24 % dos anêmicos. Após melhora da congestão, apenas 25% dos pacientes que apresentavam anemia receberam alta com Hb > 12 g/dl. A anemia foi marcador independente de mau prognóstico na análise multivariada (mortalidade 47% vs 24,6%, p = 0,016, risco relativo 2,54). CONCLUSÃO: Anemia acomete, aproximadamente, 1/3 dos pacientes com IC avançada, e a deficiência de ferro é uma importante etiologia. Pacientes anêmicos são mais idosos e apresentaram função renal mais deteriorada. A melhora da congestão não foi suficiente para melhorar a anemia na maioria dos casos. Nos pacientes com IC avançada, a anemia é marcador independente de mau prognóstico.FUNDAMENTO: Anemia está asociada a peor evolución en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). Mientras tanto, hay pocos estudios sobre la anemia en los pacientes con IC avanzada. OBJETIVO: Evaluar las características de la anemia en la IC en fase avanzada. MÉTODOS: Fueron incluidos 99 pacientes hospitalizados para compensación de IC (CF IV/NYHA), con edad > 18 años y FEVI < 45%. Fueron considerados anémicos los pacientes con hemoglobina (Hb) < 12 g/dl. Datos fueron comparados entre anémicos y no anémicos. Se emplearon los test t de Student, Qui-cuadrado y Fisher. El riesgo relativo (IC 95%) fue calculado por la regresión de Cox. RESULTADOS: El control medio fue de 10,8 meses (8,9), y 34,3% de los pacientes con IC presentaron anemia. Pacientes anémicos, comparados con no anémicos, presentaron mayor edad media (64,1 ± 15,6 vs 54,8 ± 12,9 años, p = 0,004), creatinina más elevada (1,9 ± 1 vs 1,5 + 0,5 mg/dl, p = 0,018) y BNP más elevado (2.077,4±1.979,4 vs 1.212,56 ± 1.080,6 pg/ml, p = 0,026). Anemia ferropénica estuvo presente en 38,24% de los anémicos. Después de mejora de la congestión, apenas 25% de los pacientes que presentaban anemia recibieron alta con Hb > 12 g/dl. La anemia fue marcador independiente de mal pronóstico en el análisis multivariado (mortalidad 47% vs 24,6%, p = 0,016, riesgo relativo 2,54). CONCLUSIÓN: Anemia afecta, aproximadamente, 1/3 de los pacientes con IC avanzada, y la deficiencia de hierro es una importante etiología. Pacientes anémicos son más añosos y presentaron función renal más deteriorada. La mejora de la congestión no fue suficiente para mejorar la anemia en la mayoría de los casos. En los pacientes con IC avanzada, la anemia es marcador independiente de mal pronóstico.BACKGROUND: Anemia is linked with worsening of progress in patients with heart failure (HF). However, there are few studies of anemia in patients with advanced HF. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics of anemia in HF at an advanced stage. METHODS: The study included 99 patients, aged > 18 and LVEF < 45%, who were hospitalized for HF compensation (FC IV/NYHA). Patients with hemoglobin (Hb) levels < 12 g/dl were considered anemic. Data on anemic and nonanemic patients were compared. The Student's t-test, Chi-square test and Fisher test were used. The relative risk (HF 95%) was calculated by the Cox regression. RESULTS: On average, the patients were monitored for 10.8 months (8.9), and 34.3% of patients with HF had anemia. On average, in comparison with nonanemic patients, anemic patients were older (64.1 ± 15.6 versus 54.8 ± 12.9 years old, p = 0.004), their creatinine level was higher (1.9 ± 1 versus 1.5 + 0.5 mg/dl, p = 0.018) and their BNP level was also higher (2,077.4 ± 1,979.4 versus 1,212.56 ± 1,080.6 pg/ml, p = 0.026). 38.24% of the anemic patients had iron deficiency anemia. After there was an improvement in the congestion, only 25% of patients with anemia were discharged with Hb > 12 g/dl. Anemia was an independent marker of poor prognosis in the multivariate analysis (mortality of 47% vs 24.6%, p = 0.016, relative risk of 2.54). CONCLUSION: Anemia affects approximately one third of patients with advanced HF, and iron deficiency is an important etiology. Anemic patients are older their renal function was more deteriorated. The improvement in the congestion was not enough to improve the anemia in most cases. In patients with advanced HF, anemia is an independent marker of poor prognosis.

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os níveis séricos do peptídeo natriurético tipo B e da fração N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B, além de analisar a influência de idade, obesidade, insuficiência renal, fração da ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, disfunção diastólica e anemia nos níveis séricos de ambos os marcadores. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, no qual se comparou a concordância entre esses marcadores em amostras consecutivas de 138 pacientes. Para a correlação, utilizou-se o teste de Pearson e foi considerado estatisticamente significante p

ABSTRACT Heart transplantation is currently the definitive gold standard surgical approach in the treatment of refractory heart failure. However, the shortage of donors limits the achievement of a greater number of heart transplants, in which the use of mechanical circulatory support devices is increasing. With well-established indications and contraindications, as well as diagnosis and treatment of rejection through defined protocols of immunosuppression, the outcomes of heart transplantation are very favorable. Among early complications that can impact survival are primary graft failure, right ventricular dysfunction, rejection, and infections, whereas late complications include cardiac allograft vasculopathy and neoplasms. Despite the difficulties for heart transplantation, in particular, the shortage of donors and high mortality while on the waiting list, in Brazil, there is a great potential for both increasing effective donors and using circulatory assist devices, which can positively impact the number and outcomes of heart transplants.

Resumo Fundamento Estudos revelam que pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e frequência cardíaca (FC) 70. Entretanto, muitos pacientes com IC mantêm FC elevada. Objetivo Avaliar se os pacientes acompanhados em ambulatório de cardiologia têm sua FC controlada e como estava a prescrição dos medicamentos que reduzem a mortalidade na IC. Métodos Foram analisados de forma consecutiva pacientes que passaram em consulta e que já acompanhavam em ambulatório de cardiologia, idade > 18 anos e com diagnóstico de IC e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) 70 bpm (G2). Na análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes t de Student, Qui-quadrado. Foi considerado significante p 70 bpm (G2). A FC média no G1 foi de 61,53 bpm (±5,26) e no G2, 81,76 bpm (±9,52), p

Objective: To correlate the serum levels of B type natriuretic peptide and the N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide, as well as to analyze the influence of age, obesity, renal failure, left ventricle ejection fraction, diastolic dysfunction, and anemia on serum levels of both markers. Methods: An observational study in which the agreement was compared between these markers in consecutive samples of 138 patients. For the correlation, Pearson's test was used, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A linear association was observed between the B type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide (r=0.907; p<0.001). When evaluating the categorized measurements as normal and altered, there was good agreement, with 90.6% of agreement classifications (p<0.001) in which altered values of the N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide and normal values of the B type natriuretic peptide represented 8.7% of the total; the opposite situation represented 1% of the total. Assessment of the influence of the clinical and laboratorial factors on the levels of natriuretic peptides showed that they rise according to age, but that they fall as the ejection fraction increases. Patients with anemia (p<0.001) or with renal failure (p=0.007) had higher values of both markers. There was no association between obesity and the B type natriuretic peptide. Conclusion: There was satisfactory agreement between the B type natriuretic peptide and the N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide. Age, creatinine levels, and hemoglobin, as well as ventricular function, influence the serum levels of both natriuretic peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart transplantation is currently the definitive gold standard surgical approach in the treatment of refractory heart failure. However, the shortage of donors limits the achievement of a greater number of heart transplants, in which the use of mechanical circulatory support devices is increasing. With well-established indications and contraindications, as well as diagnosis and treatment of rejection through defined protocols of immunosuppression, the outcomes of heart transplantation are very favorable. Among early complications that can impact survival are primary graft failure, right ventricular dysfunction, rejection, and infections, whereas late complications include cardiac allograft vasculopathy and neoplasms. Despite the difficulties for heart transplantation, in particular, the shortage of donors and high mortality while on the waiting list, in Brazil, there is a great potential for both increasing effective donors and using circulatory assist devices, which can positively impact the number and outcomes of heart transplants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To correlate the serum levels of B type natriuretic peptide and the N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide, as well as to analyze the influence of age, obesity, renal failure, left ventricle ejection fraction, diastolic dysfunction, and anemia on serum levels of both markers., Methods: An observational study in which the agreement was compared between these markers in consecutive samples of 138 patients. For the correlation, Pearson's test was used, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: A linear association was observed between the B type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide (r=0.907; p<0.001). When evaluating the categorized measurements as normal and altered, there was good agreement, with 90.6% of agreement classifications (p<0.001) in which altered values of the N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide and normal values of the B type natriuretic peptide represented 8.7% of the total; the opposite situation represented 1% of the total. Assessment of the influence of the clinical and laboratorial factors on the levels of natriuretic peptides showed that they rise according to age, but that they fall as the ejection fraction increases. Patients with anemia (p<0.001) or with renal failure (p=0.007) had higher values of both markers. There was no association between obesity and the B type natriuretic peptide., Conclusion: There was satisfactory agreement between the B type natriuretic peptide and the N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide. Age, creatinine levels, and hemoglobin, as well as ventricular function, influence the serum levels of both natriuretic peptides.