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Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS) is a rare congenital anomaly that combines severe micrognathia, characteristic rib gap defects, and mental retardation.The neonatal mortality rate for this syndrome is 30% and that before 1 year of age is 60%. Although several hereditary cases have been reported, the true etiology is unknown. We describe a patient with CCMS in whom palatoplasty was performed at 3 years 8 months. We followed up the patient until 6 years of age.Respiratory care was carried out just after birth until 3 months. Because a bone defect of the hard palate and a submucous cleft palate were found, the patient was referred to our hospital at the age of 3 years 5 months.After assessment of her general condition by a pediatrician, palatoplasty was performed. We were concerned about the risk of respiratory disorder caused by airway obstruction, but the postoperative course was uneventful. Speech management with a speech appliance was performed to improve postoperative velopharyngeal insufficiency.Such cases with mild airway obstruction can be misdiagnosed as Pierre Robin Sequence when rib disorders are not found. It was suggested that rib disorders should be examined by X-ray films in such children with severe micrognathia.

We report a case of ankylosis in childhood treated by TMJ mobilization with preservation of the condyle and disc. The patient was a 9-year-old boy with a history of a right condylar fracture at the age of 7 years. As the maximal mouth opening had markedly decreased, TMJ mobilization was performed at the age of 13 years. We resected the bony adhesion, retaining the fractured condyle and disc in their displaced position.Five years after surgery, the patient had a maximal mouth opening of 45mm, as well as better contralateral and protrusive movements without any recurrence. Mandibular deviation has gradually improved.

Recently, robot research that coexists with people and is helpful for them has been done. To coexist with people, it is necessary for robots to realize the same flexible motion as people. To grasp, a robot hand is required to control position accurately and treat the object flexibly. Additionally, when taking care of the elderly and patients, who are a typical example of personal service, safety and pliability are required because of much contact with people. Therefore, it is important to choose the proper materials, mechanics, drive systems, and control systems. Then, we propose pneumatic actuators as source of power of robot hand. But, to generate power, a past actuator needs a high compressed air. Then, in this research, a pneumatic actuator driven by low-pressure and low-volume is presented that is originally developed for driving a robot hand that works flexibly and is safer on the assumption of people contact. And this actuator is designed to get enough force to drive the hand in low-pressure. Because of the linear characteristics, this actuator can be easily controlled. And, the force control system that uses this actuator is constructed and the control performance to apply to the robot hand is examined. At the same time, five fingered robot hand using the pneumatic actuators is shown, and we show that the robot hand can do the same operation as man.

to carry out PFfor the other group (lower layer) whose state space is reduced from the whole state space･ In this paper, we propose a novel proposal distribution in the lower layer) which is a mixture of approximate prediction densities computed in the higher and lower layers･ An adaptive determination of the mixture ratio, which implements a mutual interaction between the layers as a mixture state transition model in PF, is realized by means of on-1ine EMalgorithmfor adapting to complicated real environments･ The efFectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by computer simulations of head pose estimation of a car driver.

低体重の末期腎不全児に対する血液透析を困難にしている最大の原因は, ブラッドアクセスの問題である. 我々は, ブラッドアクセスとして, ダクロンカフ付シリコン性カテーテルであるHickman catheter® (Bard, Utah, USA) を使用し, 以下の知見を得た.対象は, カテーテル挿入時年齢15か月から84か月, 体重7.8kgから13.8kgの小児. 血液透析の適応理由は, 腹膜炎の反復, 生体肝移植後, 膀胱拡大術後, 嚢胞腎による低腹腔容積であった. カテーテル留置に伴う合併症としては, 70か月間血液透析を継続した例の敗血症一度のみであった. また, 生体肝移植後の女児は5時間の血液濾過透析, 他の3例は通常の4時間透析を行い, 透析効率はKt/Vで1.06から1.41であった. 管腔内の血栓形成の予防は, 毎日のheparin sodium注入と一例にのみaspirin少量投与により可能であった.今後, 腎不全小児の病態の多様化により腹膜透析の困難な症例が増加してくると思われるが, Hickman catheter®を使用することにより血液透析も容易に施行できるものと思われる.

Bacillus cereusのファージ型別セットを作製した.36株のパイロット株12, 14 を指示菌として, 土壌85検体から96のファージを分離した.保存安定性とパイロット株に対する溶菌パターンから選んだ11のファージは抗血清中和反応により5群に分けられた.そこで, 各群から5ファージ (φa, φb, φc, φd, φeと命名) を選び, 型別セットとした.このセットを用いて, ファージ濃度1×RTD (routine test dilution) および100×RTDでは, 36種のH抗原パイロット株は17の型 (83.3%型別) および11の型 (100%型別) に, 魚粕由来25株は9の型 (48.0%型別) および9の型 (100%型別) に, 土壌由来株100株は24の型 (79.0%型別) および14の型 (100%型別) に, それぞれ型別された.

About 600 residents and rescue staff were exposed to what was found to be sarin vapor in the city of Matsumoto on June 27, 1994. Fifty-six patients were admitted to hospitals for symptoms of some kind of gas poisoning. We examined the clinical and laboratory findings of 264 patients who were treated at six hospitals. The presence of extremely low cholinesterase values in blood plasma suggested at first that the toxication was caused by an organic phosphorus chemical. But there were many aspects that could not be explained by hitherto-known organic phosphorus toxication. We exchanged information to establish the nature of the substance responsible and to facilitate treatment. The Nagano Prefecture Public Health and Pollution Research Institute reported on July 3 that they found “sarin” and its degraded substances from the air and water at the presumed site of emission of the toxic substance. This paper is based on the report which we submitted to the “Hospital Liaison and Review Committee on the Matsumoto Toxic Gas Poisoning”.Almost all patients admitted to hospitals had severe miosis and tachycardia followed by bradycardia. Recovery to normal red blood cell cholinesterase activity was gradual reaching normal levels during the 3 month period after exposure to the toxic substance. Visual acuity and visual area improved after several weeks. The relationship between subjective symptoms and blood plasma cholinesterase values was examined. Those with such subjective symptoms as headache, fatigue, feverish feeling, visual field abnormalities, poor vision and abnormal subjective sensations had significantly low blood plasma cholinesterase values in the acute phase. Pseudocholinesterase values (ChE%), expressed as a percentage taking the normal minimum value to be 100%, were decreased in 53 of 222 patients (23.9%) examined within 5 days of exposure. A correlation was found between the degree of decline of ChE% and pupil diameter (P

Objective. To identify and characterize a novel autoantibody, anti-WS, that binds total transfer RNA (tRNA). Methods. Serum from patient WS, who had polyarthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Raynaud's phenomenon, and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, was used in this study. Characteristics of anti-WS and antibody-reactive determinants of tRNA were investigated by 32P immuno-precipitation using HeLa cell RNA and deletion mutants of tRNA transcribed in vitro. Results. WS serum produced nucleolar and cytoplasmic staining on indirect immunofluorescence. 32P immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that this serum immunoprecipitated total tRNAs and 5.8S and 5S ribosomal RNAs from 32P-labeled HeLa cell extract. When deproteinized RNA was used as antigen source, total tRNAs were still precipitated by WS serum. An immunoprecipitation study, using various deletion mutants of Escherichia coli tRNA, demonstrated that both D and T Ψ C loops were needed for antibody binding. Substitution of nucleotide 18G with 18A of E coli tRNA, which is essential in the formation of the tertiary “L” shape of tRNA, inhibited binding by anti-WS antibodies. Conclusion. Anti-WS antibodies are novel auto-antibodies directed against tRNAs. The antibody binding site is the common L-shaped tertiary structure conformed by the D loop and T Ψ C loop of tRNA, suggesting that the antibodies are induced by a conserved sequence among all species. Furthermore, these antibodies could be a marker for a newly recognized subset of connective tissue disease.

We report a case of leiomyosarcoma of the ileum presenting with ruptured liver abscesses. A 76-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of fever, abdominal pain, tenderness and muscular defense. Ultrasonography and CT scan of the upper abdomen showed ascites and low density lesions in dthe liver. Emergency laparotomy showed panperitonitis due to ruptured liver abscesses. A Streptococcus intermedius and Candida albicans were cultured from the purulent fluid collection. At the operation, abdominal cavity inspection revealed an 11 cm solid tumor arising from the pelvis, identified as leiomyosarcoma with central necrosis draining to the ileal lumen. Segmental resection of the ileum was performed 39 days after the first operation when her general condition was restored. The liver abscesses were considered originating from infection of the tumor with central necrotic cavity, disseminating to the liver through the portal blood.

An extracellular phytase from Bacillus subtilis (natto) N-77 was purified 322-fold to homogeneity with the specific activity of 8.7 units per mg protein by ultrafiltration, and a combination of Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatographies. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 36 kDa on gel filtration and 38 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the native enzyme is a monomeric protein. The enzyme had the isoelectric point of pH 6.25, and Ca2+ requirement for the production and activity, the Km value of 0.5 mM, and the activation energy of 9.87 kcal/mol for sodium phytate. The enzyme proved to be fairly specific for phytate and was most active at pH 6.0–6.5 and 60°C. Its activity was greatly inhibited by reagents and metal ions such as EDTA, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and Al3+.

Various tRNA transcripts were constructed to study the identity elements of E.coli tRNA(Arg) and tRNA(Lys). Exchange of the anticodon of the major tRNA(Arg) from ACG to either CCG or CCU did not result in a significant loss of arginine acceptor activity, whereas not only that to UUU but also that to ACA or ACC decreased the activity. Base substitutions and deletion at A20 also impaired the arginine charging activity by over 50-fold. Arginine charging activity was introduced by either substitution of the anticodon from UAC to ACG in tRNA(Val) or from UUU to UCU in tRNA(Lys). Only a single base substitution at the third position of tRNA(Trp) anticodon (CCA) from A to G also gave rise to arginine charging activity, which was elevated to a comparable level to that of the tRNA(Arg) transcript by an additional A20 insertion. Base substitutions of the major tRNA(Arg) at the discriminator position into pyrimidines led to a decrease by factors of three to four. These data show that the third letter of the anticodon G36 or U36 besides the second letter C35 and the A20 in the variable pocket is responsible for the arginine acceptor identity, to which the discriminator base A73 or G73 contributes in an auxiliary fashion. In contrast to the arginine system, the transcript with the wild-type tRNA(Lys) sequence showed only 140-fold lower lysine charging activity than the native tRNA(Lys), suggesting the involvement of base modifications in recognition. Replacement of the anticodon UUU with not only UCU and UAC but also UUA and UUC seriously affected the lysine acceptor activity, and those with GUU and UUG also decreased by factors of 17 and 5, respectively. Introduction of UUU into the anticodons conferred lysine charging activity upon both tRNA(Val) and tRNA(Arg). Substitution of the discriminator base A73 by any of the other bases decreased the lysine acceptor activity by a factor of ten. These results indicate the involvements of all the three bases of the anticodon and A at the discriminator position in lysine specific aminoacylation.

In a cometary coma, various hydrogen compounds, especially water, that are photodissociated by solar ultraviolet radiation form a gigantic hydrogen cloud with a radius of several million kilometers around the cometary nucleus. These cometary hydrogen clouds have been observed by a number of spacecraft outside the terrestrial atmosphere and in interplanetary space. For instance, the hydrogen cloud of Comet Halley was a good target for the ultraviolet photometers and spectrometers on board the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), Suisei, Pioneer Venus, DE-1, and sounding rockets. Hydrogen cloud activity could be used as a good measure of cometary activity, but some problems remain to be explored in the future.

A 3.8-kb EcoRI-fragment containing the lysA gene [diaminopimelate (DAP) decarboxylase] of Bacillus subtilis has been cloned into B. subtilis phage phi 105 and its nucleotides sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of a 3,762 bp stretch contained three open reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3) in one orientation and another open reading frame (ORF4) in the opposite orientation. ORF2 coded for the lysA gene based on the complementation of a B. subtilis lys auxotroph and on the fact that the predicted amino acid sequence (440 amino acids with a molecular weight of 48,876) of ORF2 shared a 29.7%, 38.3%, and 32.9% identity with the sequences of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lysA genes, respectively. ORF1, ORF3, and ORF4 did not correspond to E. coli lysR. Based on the comparison of the B. subtilis lysA sequence with a sequence of the DAP-decarboxylase gene cloned into pUB110 (Yamamoto et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 17, 10105 (1989], it was found that the lys gene in the plasmid was fused with the dnaN gene in its COOH-terminal region.

A total of 163 strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from swine were examined for drug resistance and R plasmids. Strains resistant to sulfadimethoxine (Sar), ampicillin (Apr), streptomycin (Smr), kanamycin (Kmr), and chloramphenicol (Cpr) were found in 93.9, 1.8, 16.6, 1.2, and 10.4%, respectively. There were two patterns of drug resistance (Sar and SarCpr) in isolates from nasal cavities, and five patterns (Sar, SarSmr, SarSmrCpr, SarSmrApr, and SarSmrKmrCpr) in isolates from pneumonic lung specimens. Two isolates studied were proved to carry a nonconjugative R plasmid pJY2 or pJY8 with other unidentified plasmids, respectively. pJY2 (3.6 megadaltons) encoding resistance to SarSmr had one cleavage site for EcoRI or HindIII endonuclease and two sites for PstI endonuclease. pJY8 (5.5 megadaltons) encoding resistance to Sar SmrKmrCpr had one EcoRI site and two PstI sites.

Note: Accepted in Nuclei Acids Research., 資料番号: SA8000428000

In our department, approximately 40% of the patients with temporomandibular disorders voluntarily discontinue treated. This led us to conduct a follow-up study.Two hundred nine patients were mailed a questionnaire an average of two years after treatment. One hundred fifteen patients responded. Among the 115 respondents, we examined the following two groups: one group with 45 patients who completed treatment, and another with 40 patients who voluntarily discontinued treatment. The result showed few noticeable differences between the two groups in terms of current joint condition, except for joint noise.The major reason for discontinuation of treatment was that symptoms had resolved partially, although not completely.

Recognition of tRNA(His) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae histidyl-tRNA synthetase was studied using in vitro transcripts. Histidine tRNA is unique in possessing an extra nucleotide, G-1, at the 5' end. Mutation studies indicate that this irregular secondary structure at the end of the acceptor stem is important for aminoacylation with histidine, while the requirement of either base of this extra base pair is smaller than that in Escherichia coli. The anticodon was also found to be required for histidylation. The regions involved in histidylation are essentially the same as those in E.coli, whereas the proportion of the contributions of the two portions distant from each other, the anticodon and the end of the acceptor stem, makes a substantial difference between the two systems.

The T7 polymerase transcription system was used for in vitro synthesis of unmodified versions of the E. coli tRNA mutants that insert asparagine, cysteine, glycine, histidine, and serine. These tRNAs were used to qualitatively explore the role of some anticodon bases and the discriminator nucleotide in the recognition of tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Coupled with data from earlier studies, these new results essentially complete a survey of all E. coli tRNAs with respect to the involvement of anticodon bases and the discriminator nucleotide in tRNA recognition. It is found that in the vast majority of tRNAs both of these elements are significant components of tRNA identity. This is not universally true, however. Anticodon sequences are unimportant in tRNA(Ser), tRNA(Leu), and tRNA(Ala) while the discriminator base is inconsequential in tRNA(Ser) and tRNA(Thr). The significance of these results for origin-of-life studies is discussed.

The first base pair of the acceptor stem A1-U72 and the discriminator base G73, as well as the anticodon nucleotides, characterize the tryptophan tRNA in E. coli. To determine the contribution of these nucleotides to the tryptophan acceptor activity, various transcripts of E. coli tryptophan tRNA mutants were constructed. Substitutions of the discriminator base G73, which is conserved within prokaryotic tryptophan tRNAs, impaired aminoacylation with tryptophan. Substitutions of other purine-pyrimidine pairs for A1-U72 revealed that only U72 weakly contributed to recognition by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. The E. coli aspartic acid tRNA transcript introducing the tryptophan anticodon CCA showed almost the same tryptophan charging activity as the tryptophan tRNA transcript possessing a G1-C72 base pair. Only a low activity was detected in the mutant tryptophan tRNA transcript possessing a set of G1-C72 and A73, which is observed in eukaryotic tryptophan tRNAs. These results indicate that the anticodon and G73 are major identity determinants of tryptophan tRNA in E. coli, whereas the A1-U72 base pair is only a weak recognition element.

(1993). Purification and Characterization of Phytase and Acid Phosphatase Produced by Aspergillus oryzae K1. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry: Vol. 57, No. 8, pp. 1364-1365.

細胞診で肺小細胞癌細胞と判別しがたい低分化扁平上皮癌8例を, Neuronspeci且cenolase, Keratinに対する抗体を用いて免疫組織染色を行い, その染色性と臨床像について検討した. NSEのみ強陽性の症例は3例, Keratinのみ強陽性の症例も3例, NSEとKeratinがともに陽性のものは2例であった. NSEが染色される腫瘍の増大率は, Keratinのみ陽性の腫瘍の増大率に比して有意に高く (P

Kluyvera citrophila KY7844 enzymatically catalyzed N-acylation of 7-amino-desacetoxycephalosporanic acid with 1-(1H)-tetrazolylacetate methylester to produce 7-[1-(1H)-tetrazolylacetamido]-desacetoxycephalosporanic acid. The product was purified and characterized.

Penicillin acylase (EC 3.5.1.11) of Kluyvera citrophila KY7844 was purified approximately 120-fold by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography and isoelectro-focusing fractionation. The purified enzyme, with an approximate molecular weight of 63,000, appeared to be homogeneous in disc electrophoretic analysis, and showed isoelectric point (Ip) 8.12 and 13.0 units/mg of specific activity for cephalexin hydrolysis. The Michaelis constant (Km) for cephalexin and for 7-[1-(1H)-tetrazolylacetamido]-desacetoxycephalosporanic acid ((1H) T-7ADCA) was 1.4 mM and 3.6 mM, respectively. This enzyme was capable of producing (1H) T-7ADCA in 80% yield from 1-(1H)-tetrazolylacetate methylester and 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid.

Note: Accepted in Nucleic Acids Research., 資料番号: SA8000476000

A total of 207 strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from pigs in 1978 and 1979 were tested for drug resistance and for the properties of their R plasmids. Apart from intrinsic resistance to spectinomycin, single (sulfadimethoxine), double (sulfadimethoxine and streptomycin), andt riple (sulfadimethoxine, streptomycin, and ampicillin) resistance were found in 54.1%, 1.0%, and 15.9% of the strains, respectively. All of the triple-resistance determinants were associated with mercury resistance and were conjugative. pBB1, one of these R plasmids, was identified as Fi- (F) and Spp- (no suppression of phage multiplication) type, and as a member of incompatability group IncP. The single- and double-resistance determinants were nonconjugative. pBB2, one of the double-resistance determinants, was mobilized by an R plasmid, RP4, with the high efficiency of 80% and at a frequency of 3.3% without cotransfer of RP4. The molecular weight of pBB1 and pBB2 was estimated at 36 X 10(6) and 13 X 10(6) daltons, respectively, by electron microscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis. pBB1 had five cleavage sites for EcoRI endonuclease, and four sites for HindIII. pBB2 had two EcoRI sites, one HindIII, and one BamHI site. Cells carrying pBB1 or pBB2 produced enzymic activity tha inactivated streptomycin in the presence of ATP.

外科的に摘出された原発性肺腺癌26症例を病理組織学的に高, 中, 低分化型に分類し, それに対応する喀痰中の腺癌細胞形態像の特徴について検討した. 細胞の配列は高分化型で重積性は強く, 胞体内に空胞を有し, 中, 低分化型では重積, 平面, 散在などさまざまで, 胞体内空胞は認められないこともある. 核・細胞質比は高分化型より低分化型で大きかった. 核の大きさは高分化型で小さく, 中, 低分化型で大きい. 核の大小不同は高分化型で軽度, 中分化型で中等度, 低分化型では高度であった. 核形は高, 中, 低分化型ともに類円形, 立方形が多い. 核縁は高, 中, 低分化型ともに薄く均等が多いが, 中, 低分化型に厚く不均等が少数みられた. 核縁の切れ込みは低分化型より高分化型に出現頻度がやや多かった. 核クロマチンは高, 中, 低分化型ともに細顆粒状が多い. 中, 低分化型に粗顆粒状が少数混在していた. 核小体は高, 中, 低分化型ともに円形で高分化型より低分化型で大きく, 高, 中, 低分化型ともに1個が多い. 中, 低分化型で数個のものが少数みられた. 以上, 肺腺癌の分化度により, 喀痰中にみられる細胞形態像は異なり, 肺腺癌の分化度を推定しうることが示された.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains were isolated from the feces of 34.4% of 64 diarrheaic neonatal piglets on seven farms. Of a total of 518 isolates, 86 (16.6%) were enterotoxigenic and grouped into four phenotypes: K99+ST+ (K99 pilus antigen and heat-stable enterotoxin producing, 36 strains), ST+ (37 strains), K88+LT+ (K88 pilus antigen and heat-labile enterotoxin producing, 11 strains), and K88+ST+ (2 strains). K99+ST+ and ST+ isolates showed multiple drug resistance and most of those (58.3% and 56.8%, respectively) belonged to O serogroup 101. A K99+ST+ isolate proved to be capable of inducing diarrhea and death in hysterectomy-produced colostrum-deprived piglets when orally inoculated.

An Escherichia coli strain ZP118 of porcine origin was shown to harbor a 68-megadalton (Md) plasmid coding for a colonization factor K99 and heat-stable enterotoxin (STa), and a self-transmissible 51-Md plasmid coding for drug resistance. One of the transconjugants obtained by mating between ZP118 and E. coli C was found to harbor a 90-Md plasmid coding for K99, STa and drug resistance. Restriction endonuclease analysis suggested that the 90-Md plasmid could be a recombinant between the 68-Md plasmid and the 51-Md plasmid.

Microorganisms were tested for production of cephalosporin acylase. Some bacteria showed strong acylase activity for all of cephalexin, cephaloridine, cephalotin, penicillin G and ampicillin. Some showed a rather specific activity for cephalexin. Pseudomonas melanogenum KY 3987 showed specific activity only for cephalexin and ampicillin which contain a side chain of d-phenylglycine. Most of these acylase-producing bacteria had the ability to synthesize cephalexin and other cephalosporins from 7-aminocephem compounds and organic acid esters. Among them, Ktuyvera citrophila KY 7844 was one of the most promising organisms for enzymatic synthesis of cephalosporins. This organism had the ability to catalyze N-acylation of 7-aminocephem compound not only with α-amino acid ester, but also with such acid esters as 1-(1 H)-tetrazolylacetate methylester which has no α-amino group.

肺小細胞癌18症例の経気管支擦過細胞を用いて核クロマチンの形態と核DNA量ヒストグラムパターンとの関係について, 化学療法に対する有効性の面から検討した.核DNA量の多いB typeを示した7症例のうち, 核クロマチンが微細顆粒状で均一に分布している細胞の多い症例は6例と多く, 化学療法に対する反応性も良好であった.核DNA量の少ないA typeを示した11症例のうち, 核クロマチンが微細顆粒状で均一に分布している細胞の多い症例は5例, 粗大顆粒状で不均一に分布する細胞の多い症例は6例であった.微細顆粒状で均一に分布する細胞の多い症例でも化学療法に対する反応性は不良であった.核クロマチンが微細顆粒状で均一に分布する細胞の多い肺小細胞癌は核DNA量も多く, 化学療法に対する反応性も比較的良好であった.しかし, 核DNA量ヒストグラムがA typeを示した肺小細胞癌は相関しなかった。肺小細胞癌症例の化学療法に対する反応性などの特異な臨床病態を推定するには核クロマチン形態のみの検討では十分とはいえず, 核DNA量の測定, 分析がより重要であることが示された.

By the observations of Mariners and Veneras, oxygen atom deficiencies and very low exospheric temperatures were found in the upper atmospheres of Mars and Venus. There are two types of interpretations for these phenomena: photochemical ones (CO3 hypothesis), and dynamical ones. In this paper, the latter point of view is summarized. It was emphasized that the effect of atmospheric mixing due to general circulation and/or eddy diffusion is important for the understanding of the Cytherean and Martian atmospheric phenomena.