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Clonal populations originated from benign-looking 'founder cells' may spread widely within pancreas instead of being localized in situ before frank pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) can be detected. Metachronous PDA is not common event, and we here sought to define potent origin of multiple PDAs developed in a woman using advanced genetics technologies. Curative resection of pancreatic head tumour was performed; however, 'recurrent' lesions in the remnant pancreas were found 3.5 years later and total pancreatectomy was subsequently performed. The metachronous lesions were morphologically similar to the primary PDA. Using a next-generation sequencing and digital PCR, all three PDAs were shown to possess rare somatic mutations in KRAS (p.T58I & p.Q61H). Curiously, identical KRAS mutations were found in low-grade 'intraepithelial' lesions, which localized in normal area of the pancreas and one of them possessed p53 mutation, which was also found in the PDAs. The footprint of the tumour evolution marked by mutational profiling supports a human correlate to the mouse models of 'dissemination' occurring at the earliest stages of pancreatic neoplasia.

Background & Aims Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are regarded as precursors of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAs), but little is known about the mechanism of progression. This makes it challenging to assess cancer risk in patients with IPMNs. We investigated associations of IPMNs with concurrent PDAs by genetic and histologic analyses. Methods We obtained 30 pancreatic tissues with concurrent PDAs and IPMNs, and 168 lesions, including incipient foci, were mapped, microdissected, and analyzed for mutations in 18 pancreatic cancer-associated genes and expression of tumor suppressors. Results We determined the clonal relatedness of lesions, based on driver mutations shared by PDAs and concurrent IPMNs, and classified the lesions into 3 subtypes. Twelve PDAs contained driver mutations shared by all concurrent IPMNs, which we called the sequential subtype. This subset was characterized by less diversity in incipient foci with frequent GNAS mutations. Eleven PDAs contained some driver mutations that were shared with concurrent IPMNs, which we called the branch-off subtype. In this subtype, PDAs and IPMNs had identical KRAS mutations but different GNAS mutations, although the lesions were adjacent. Whole-exome sequencing and methylation analysis of these lesions indicated clonal origin with later divergence. Ten PDAs had driver mutations not found in concurrent IPMNs, called the de novo subtype. Expression profiles of TP53 and SMAD4 increased our ability to differentiate these subtypes compared with sequencing data alone. The branch-off and de novo subtypes had substantial heterogeneity among early clones, such as differences in KRAS mutations. Patients with PDAs of the branch-off subtype had a longer times of disease-free survival than patients with PDAs of the de novo or the sequential subtypes. Conclusions Detailed histologic and genetic analysis of PDAs and concurrent IPMNs identified 3 different pathways by which IPMNs progress to PDAs—we call these the sequential, branch-off, and de novo subtypes. Subtypes might be associated with clinical and pathologic features and be used to select surveillance programs for patients with IPMNs.

Hereditary deafness affects approximately 1 in 2,000 children. Mutations in the gene encoding the cochlear gap junction protein connexin 26 (CX26) cause prelingual, nonsyndromic deafness and are responsible for as many as 50% of hereditary deafness cases in certain populations. Connexin-associated deafness is thought to be the result of defective development of auditory sensory epithelium due to connexion dysfunction. Surprisingly, CX26 deficiency is not compensated for by the closely related connexin CX30, which is abundantly expressed in the same cochlear cells. Here, using two mouse models of CX26-associated deafness, we demonstrate that disruption of the CX26-dependent gap junction plaque (GJP) is the earliest observable change during embryonic development of mice with connexin-associated deafness. Loss of CX26 resulted in a drastic reduction in the GJP area and protein level and was associated with excessive endocytosis with increased expression of caveolin 1 and caveolin 2. Furthermore, expression of deafness-associated CX26 and CX30 in cell culture resulted in visible disruption of GJPs and loss of function. Our results demonstrate that deafness-associated mutations in CX26 induce the macromolecular degradation of large gap junction complexes accompanied by an increase in caveolar structures.

Clonal populations originated from benign‐looking ‘founder cells' may spread widely within pancreas instead of being localized in situ before frank pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) can be detected. Metachronous PDA is not common event, and we here sought to define potent origin of multiple PDAs developed in a woman using advanced genetics technologies. Curative resection of pancreatic head tumour was performed; however, ‘recurrent' lesions in the remnant pancreas were found 3.5 years later and total pancreatectomy was subsequently performed. The metachronous lesions were morphologically similar to the primary PDA. Using a next‐generation sequencing and digital PCR, all three PDAs were shown to possess rare somatic mutations in KRAS (p.T58I & p.Q61H). Curiously, identical KRAS mutations were found in low‐grade ‘intraepithelial' lesions, which localized in normal area of the pancreas and one of them possessed p53 mutation, which was also found in the PDAs. The footprint of the tumour evolution marked by mutational profiling supports a human correlate to the mouse models of ‘dissemination' occurring at the earliest stages of pancreatic neoplasia.

p38 MAPK (p38) plays pivotal roles in aging and reproductive physiology. Nevertheless, involvement of p38 in female reproductive aging is uncertain. To improve knowledge of the role of p38 in age-associated reproductive failure, the expression and subcellular localization of phosphorylated p38 was investigated in human granulosa cells. p38 was 7-fold more activated in cells from older subjects than in those from younger subjects. Similar results were obtained in human granulosa-like KGN cells treated with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Interestingly, phosphorylated p38 was detected in the nucleus less frequently in older cells than in younger cells (Younger: 58.6%; Older: 29.8%, P0.01). Similarly cytoplasmic localization of phosphorylated p38 in KGN cells was observed after treatment with H(2)O(2). The activation and cytoplasmic localization of p38 in H(2)O(2)-treated KGN cells were blocked by N-acetylcysteine and SB203580. Although the p38 activators, FSH and tumor necrosis factor-α, induced a similar localization of phosphorylated p38 in KGN cells, the expression and localization patterns of p38 were distinct from those in older granulosa cells and H(2)O(2)-treated KGN cells. These results indicate that the characteristic localization of p38 in older granulosa cells is induced by oxidative stress.

Objective The goal of this study was to identify a reliable biomarker for age-related infertility. Design Laboratory study. Setting ART laboratory. Patient(s) Patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection or IVF cycles. Intervention(s) Expression of Glutathione S-transferase (GST) mRNA and protein in mural and cumulus granulosa cells obtained from infertile patients were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. Main Outcome Measure(s) Correlation between the expression of GST theta 1 (GSTT1) in granulosa cells and oocyte quality was a main outcome measure. Result(s) Expression of GSTT1 in granulosa cells from male factor patients was positively correlated with age and negatively with cumulus-oocyte complex maturity. When samples with high and low GSTT1 in granulosa cells were extracted from the other infertility factors, cumulus-oocyte complex maturity in the high GSTT1 group was significantly lower than that in the low GSTT1 group (high: 27.2% vs. low: 51.3%). The developmental capacity of oocytes in the high GSTT1 group was likely to be lower (high: 26.4% vs. low: 43.9%). Up-regulation of GSTT1 during aging may be promoted by FSH and H 2 O 2 , determined by an in vitro model. Conclusion(s) GSTT1 is a good indicator for age-related infertility.

Background The aim of this study was to detect the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-activating mutations and other oncogene alterations in patients with non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC) who experienced a treatment failure in response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with a next generation sequencer. Methods Fifteen patients with advanced NSCLC previously treated with EGFR-TKIs were examined between August 2005 and October 2014. For each case, new biopsies were performed, followed by DNA sequencing on an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) system using the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel version 2. Results All 15 patients were diagnosed with NSCLC harboring EGFR-activating mutations (seven cases of exon 19 deletion, seven cases of L858R in exon 21, and one case of L861Q in exon 21). Of the 15 cases, acquired T790M resistance mutations were detected in 9 (60.0 %) patients. In addition, other mutations were identified outside of EGFR, including 13 cases (86.7 %) exhibiting TP53 P72R mutations, 5 cases (33.3 %) of KDR Q472H, and 2 cases (13.3 %) of KIT M541L. Conclusions Here, we showed that next-generation sequencing (NGS) is able to detect EGFR T790M mutations in cases not readily diagnosed by other conventional methods. Significant differences in the degree of EGFR T790M and other EGFR-activating mutations may be indicative of the heterogeneity of disease phenotype evident within these patients. The co-existence of known oncogenic mutations within each of these patients may play a role in acquired EGFR-TKIs resistance, suggesting the need for alternative treatment strategies, with PCR-based NGS playing an important role in disease diagnosis.

静岡県富士宮市麓の針葉樹植林地において,ノネズミ類の捕獲率に林内微気候が及ぼす影響を調べるために232台のワナを設置し,2007年5-11月の42夜に1夜につき4回の見回り調査を行った。ヒメネズミApodemus argenteusは延べ699回,アカネズミA. speciosusは66回捕獲された。降雨時と非降雨時の捕獲率には有意な違いは見られなかったが,降雨量20mm/h以上の時には捕獲されなかった。夜間の時間帯別捕獲率は,夜明け前後を除いて違いが見られなかった。夜間の気温や湿度は捕獲率に影響していなかった。捕獲率に最も大きく影響する要因は繁殖に伴う個体数変動であり,捕獲率は両種ともに5-6月に高く,その後漸減した。, The influence of in-canopy microclimates on capture rates of small rodents was investigated at a coniferous plantation in Fujinomiya city, Japan. We installed 232traps and inspected them 4times per night for 42 nights from May to November 2007. A total of 699 captures were recorded for Apodemus argenteus and 66 for A. speciosus. Capture rates were not significantly different between rainy nights and non-rainy nights, except for heavy rainfall (>20mm/h) occasions. Capture rates of three time zones of a night (after sunset, before midnight, and after midnight) were not significantly different, but the rate around dawn became low. Ambient temperature and humidity were not influential factors for capture rates. Population fluctuation caused by breeding was the major factor that affected capture rates.

Background Granulosa cell tumours (GCTs) are frequently seen in menopausal women and are relatively indolent. Although the physiological properties of normal granulosa cells have been studied extensively, little is known about the molecular mechanism of GCT progression. Here, we characterise the unique behavioural properties of a granulosa tumour cell line, KGN cells, for the molecular analysis of GCT progression. Methods Population doubling was carried out to examine the proliferation capacity of KGN cells. Moreover, the invasive capacity of these cells was determined using the in vitro invasion assay. The expression level of tumour markers in KGN cells at different passages was then determined by Western blot analysis. Finally, the growth and metastasis of KGN cells injected subcutaneously (s.c.) into nude mice was observed 3 months after injection. Results During in vitro culture, the advanced passage KGN cells grew 2-fold faster than the early passage cells, as determined by the population doubling assay. Moreover, we found that the advanced passage cells were 2-fold more invasive than the early passage cells. The expression pattern of tumour markers, such as p53, osteopontin, BAX and BAG-1, supported the notion that with passage, KGN cells became more aggressive. Strikingly, KGN cells at both early and advanced passages metastasized to the bowel when injected s.c. into nude mice. In addition, more tumour nodules were formed when the advanced passage cells were implanted. Conclusion KGN cells cultured in vitro acquire an aggressive phenotype, which was confirmed by the analysis of cellular activities and the expression of biomarkers. Interestingly, KGN cells injected s.c. are metastatic with nodule formation occurring mostly in the bowel. Thus, this cell line is a good model for analysing GCT progression and the mechanism of metastasis in vivo.