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The present investigation seeks to put an end to the idea that the return to the throne of Ferdinand VII after 1814 totally paralysed the municipal disentailment policy implemented in Spain by the Cortes de Cádiz. The sources used in the research are the result of inquiries made by the Dirección General de Propios y Arbitrios del Reino between 1824 and 1833 to legitimize sales that took place during the Spanish War of Independence. These investigations, contrasted with the scant bibliography for Ferdinand VII’s monarchy, reveal an institution which openly defended the wholesale privatization of the council and communal wealth at the heart of the absolutist administration, as well as the execution of dozens of emphyteusis transfers, authorized by the Crown and distributed throughout the nation. The most relevant conclusion in this regard is that, during the double reign of the last absolute monarch (1814-1820 and 1823-1833), the privatization process rekindled under cover of the Napoleonic conflict was not only not suspended but, to some extent, was legitimized and even diversified with the introduction of new transfer models., La presente investigación pretende acabar con la idea de que la vuelta al trono de Fernando VII a partir de 1814 supuso la parálisis total de la política de desamortización municipal desarrollada en España por las Cortes de Cádiz. Las fuentes utilizadas para cumplir con esta pretensión proceden de las indagaciones que llevó a cabo la Dirección General de Propios y Arbitrios del Reino entre 1824 y 1833 para legitimar las ventas espontáneas producidas durante la Guerra de la Independencia. Estas averiguaciones, contrastadas con la escasa bibliografía existente para la monarquía fernandina, permiten detectar la presencia de una institu­ción abiertamente partidaria de la privatización integral de la riqueza concejil y comunal en las entrañas mismas de la administración absolu­tista, así como la realización de decenas de transferencias en enfiteusis, autorizadas por la Corona y repartidas por toda la nación. La conclu­sión más relevante al respecto es que el doble reinado del último monarca absoluto (1814-1820 y 1823-1833) no solo no dejó en suspenso el proceso enajenador, reavivado al calor del conflicto napoleónico, sino que, hasta cierto punto, contribuyó a legitimarlo e, incluso, a diver­sificarlo con nuevos modelos de traspaso.

Book reviews Dulce Freire and Pedro Lains (Eds.). An Agrarian History of Portugal, 1000-2000: Economic Development on the European Frontier. Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2017, 347 pp. Benedita Câmara Annie Antoine (Ed.). Agricultural Specialisation and Rural Patterns of Development. Turnhout, Brepols, 2016, 303 pp. Piet van Cruyningen Guido Alfani and Cormac Ó Gráda (Eds.). Famine in European History. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2017, 325 pp. Xavier Cussó Segura Marc Badia-Miró, Vicente Pinilla and Henry Willebald (Eds.). Natural Resources and Economic Growth: Learning from History. Abingdon/New York, Routledge, 2015, 374 pp. Sara Torregrosa Hetland Niccolò Mignemi. Coopératives et mondes agricoles: France et Italie (1880-1950). Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2017, 337 pp. Miguel Cabo Domingo Gallego, Luis Germán y Vicente Pinilla (Eds.). Estudios sobre el desarrollo económico español. Dedicados al profesor Eloy Fernández Clemente. Zaragoza, Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 2016, 408 pp. Santiago M. López-García Ricard Garcia Orallo. La terra a subhasta. Crisi, endeutament i despossessió al món rural català de finals del segle xix. Barcelona, Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat, 2015, 644 pp. Samuel Garrido Lluís Serrano Jiménez. Tancar la terra: Pràctiques de propietat i dinàmiques socials (Catalunya, 1850-1910). Girona, Documenta Universitaria/Associació d’Història Rural de les Comarques Gironines, 2016, 324 pp. Antonio Miguel Linares Luján Jordi Planas Maresma. Francesc Torras Sayol (1868-1936): Un propietari conservador al capdavant de l’acció cooperativa. Barcelona/Valls, Fundació Roca i Galès/Cossetània Edicions, 2016, 102 pp. Josep M. Pons-Altés Josep Joan Mateu González. Enginyers i regants: El Canal d’Aragó i Catalunya (1896-1940). Lleida, Universitat de Lleida/Patronat Josep Lladonosa, 2017, 256 pp. Carles Sanchis Ibor Gladys Karina Sánchez Juárez. Los pequeños cafeticultores de Chiapas: Organización y resistencia frente al mercado. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, CESMECA-UNICACH, 2015, 225 pp. Albert Folch David Sowell. Medicine on the Periphery: Public Health in Yucatán, Mexico, 1870-1960. Lanham, Lexington Books, 2015, 205 pp. Mikel Astrain Pablo Alonso González. El Antipatrimonio: Fetichismo y dominación en Maragatería. Madrid, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2017, 326 pp. Guadalupe Jiménez Esquinas Marcel Mazoyer y Laurence Roudart. Historia de las agriculturas del mundo: Del Neolítico a la crisis contemporánea . Oviedo, KRK, 2016, 1.073 pp. Cristóbal Gómez Benito

Background Grade and histotype of ovarian carcinomas are often used as surrogates of molecular subtypes. We examined factors affecting pathologists' reproducibility in two prospective studies. Methods Two pathologists independently reviewed slides from 459 incident ovarian cancers in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. We described agreement on tumor characteristics using percent agreement and Cohen's standard kappa (κ) coefficients. We used logistic regression, with disagreement as the outcome, to evaluate the contribution of case and tumor characteristics to agreement. Results Inter-rater agreement was 95% (κ = 0.81) for carcinoma versus borderline, 89% (κ = 0.58) for grade and 85% (κ = 0.71) for histotype. Inter-rater grading disagreement was higher for non-serous histotypes (OR = 4.66, 95% CI 2.09–10.36) and lower for cancers with bizarre atypia (OR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.04–0.38). Agreement with original pathology reports was 94% (κ = 0.73) for carcinoma versus borderline, 78% (κ = 0.60) for histotype, and 79% (κ = 0.24) for grade. Grading disagreement was significantly lower for tumors with ‘solid, pseudoendometrioid or transitional’ (SET) architecture (OR = 0.08, 95%CI 0.01–0.84). Date of original diagnosis, hospital type, number of slides available for review, tumor stage, and slide quality were not related to agreement. Conclusion Overall, inter-rater agreement for tumor type and grade for archival tissue specimens was good. Agreement between the consensus review and original pathology reports was lower. Factors contributing to grading disagreement included non-serous histotype, absence of bizarre atypia, and absence of SET architecture.

CRÍTICA DE LIBROS / BOOK REVIEWS Francisco García González, Gérard Béaur, Fabrice Boudjaaba (eds.): La Historia rural en España y en Francia (siglos XVI-XIX). Contribuciones para una historia comparada y renovada Jean Pierre Dedieu Paolo Pirillo: Forme e strutture del popolamento nel contado fiorentino. III. Gli insediamenti al tempo del primo catasto (1427- 1429) Giulio Ongaro Evi Karouzou: Les jardins de la Méditerranée. Agriculture et société dans la Grèce du Sud, 1860-1910 Sakis Dimitriadis Javier Martínez Sastre: El paraíso en venta. Desarrollo, etnicidad y ambientalismo en la frontera sur del Yasuní (Amazonía ecuatoriana) María José Vilalta Antoni Gavalda: Fam de pa i de terra. La col•lectivització agraria a Catalunya Guillem Puig Vallverdú Folker Hansen: La economía del cáñamo en la España suroriental. El cultivo, manipulación y transformación del cáñamo en su significado para la estructura social de las vegas. Antonio Miguel Linares Luján Richard Jones y Christopher Dyer: Farmers, Consumers, Innovators. The world of Joan Thirsk Luis Almenar Fernández Vicente Pérez Moreda, David-Sven Reher y Alberto Sanz Gimeno: La conquista de la salud. Mortalidad y modernización en la España contemporánea José Miguel Martínez Carrión

The Asn118Asn (rs11615) variant in the ERCC1 gene, and the Lys751Gln (rs13181) and Asp312Asn (rs1799793) variants in the ERCC2 gene have been associated with the development of varied types of cancer. The aim of the present study was to test for any association between the ERCC1 and ERCC2 gene variants and three different types of cancer in Mexican-mestizo patients. Patients and their respective controls were formed into three groups: The osteosarcoma group, with 28 patients and 97 controls; the colorectal group, with 108 patients and 119 controls; and the breast cancer group, with 71 patients and 74 controls. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan probes and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared using a χ2 test. Only one SNP (rs1799793) was found to be associated with breast cancer. This is the first study analyzing the SNPs in ERCC1 and ERCC2 genes and the susceptibility to cancer in Mexican-mestizo patients with osteosarcoma, and colorectal and breast cancer.

During the last decades the strategy to define the optimal Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) electrical operational parameters has been constantly evolving. Foaming slag practice is currently used to allow high power factors that ensures higher energy efficiency. However, this performance depends on strict electric arc stability control. Control strategies for these are normally defined for alternating current furnaces (AC EAF) and are based on intrusive and highly expensive systems. In this work we analyze the variation of the magnetic field vector around the direct current EAF (DC EAF) and its relationship with arc stability. We propose a cheap stability control system with no installation or integration requirements and thus, easily implementable to both AC and DC EAFs. To this end we have built a non-intrusive and low-cost 3-axis Hall-effect sensor that can be mounted neighboring the furnace’s electrical bars. The sensor allows acquiring the magnetic field magnitude and orientation that provides a newly defined arc stability factor metric. This proposed Arc Stability Index has been compared with three different alternative well established and more expensive measurement methodologies obtaining with similar results. The proposed index serves as a closed loop signal to the electrical regulation for controlling the arc voltage, ensuring the most convenient arc length that guaranties non-instabilities. The new system was developed and industrially validated at two different DC EAF’s in ArcelorMittal demonstrating an improvement of 6.7 kWh per Liquid steel ton during the evaluated period and a time reduction of 1.1 min per heat over the current standard procedure. Additional validation tests were also carried out also in ArcelorMittal AC EAF proving the capability of this technology for both AC and DC of furnaces. Partial financial support of this work by the Basque Govern-ment (Hazitek AURRERAB ZE-2017/00009 and FASIN ZE-2016/0016 Projects) is gratefully acknowledged.

Fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) is an infrequent benign proliferation of the soft tissues. Ninety one percent of cases occur during the first year of life. FHI is characterized as a subcutaneous lesion with characteristic morphology with a triphasic organoid growth pattern.We present the case of a 6-month-old male infant with a tumor in the medial plantar region of the left foot, which was completely withered. Histopathological study reported a fibrous hamartoma of infancy.Fibrous hamartoma of infancy most frequently affects males. It may be localized at any anatomic site, although 5-10% of cases affect the lower limbs. Few cases are reported in the foot. This is a lesion with a characteristic morphological pattern; however, in small biopsies, its differential diagnosis is important with other fibroadipose lesions for appropriate treatment. Ample surgical resection with lesion-free borders confers a good prognosis for these patients.

(99m)Tc-tetrofosmin is an efficient agent as a tumor marker. Several studies have proven its efficiency in detection and localization of tumors of the breast, larynx, thyroid, parathyroid glands, lung, brain, skin, lymphatic and musculoskeletal tissues with a sensitivity and specificity of 95% to 100%. It is used as a predictor of therapy efficacy and to localize remaining and recurrent tissue as well as local and distant extension.To determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the three-phase 99mTc-Tetrofosmin scan in detection of malignant lesions of the musculoskeletal tissue.Seventy-three patients of both genders with suspected malignant musculoskeletal lesions were studied by three-phase (vascular, tissue and delayed images) 99mTc-tectrofosmin scans.One-hundred-percent sensitivity, 67.3% specificity, 55% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value.Three-phase 99mTc-tectrofosmin scan is useful in detection of malignant lesions of the musculoskeletal system due to its high sensitivity and positive predictive value. Nevertheless, benign pathology such as active inflammation is a source of false positives and the attending physician must consider the aid of complementary studies such as histopathology.

This work presents clinical evolution and functional outcome of patients with histologic diagnosis of Muscle-aponeurotic aggressive fibromatosis in 10 years of follow up in the National Rehabilitation Institute.We performed a descriptive, retrospective, cross sectioned clinical trial in the Bone Tumour Department. We reviewed the clinical and radiological files from 1996 to 2006.both genres, any age, clinical and histological diagnosis.incomplete file, lost to follow up, other diagnosis. Elimination criteria: Death during trial period. Analyzed variables. Age, genre, occupation, birth place, school degree, anatomic situation, signs and symptoms, time of follow up, treatment, relapses. We used statistical computed system Excel 2007, with central trend descriptive variables.Eleven patients (mean age 24.36; SD 18.32, 1-61 years), 9 female (81.8%) 2 male; birth place: Mexico City 7 (63.63%), Puebla 1, Toluca 1, South Baja California 1 and Chiapas 1. Anatomic situation: Pelvis 6 (54.54%), thoracic and gluteus 3. Pain and presence of a mass 10 (90.9%), range of motion limitation 5, edema and erithema 1. Relapses 6 (55%).broad resection 3 patients, marginal resection 6 patients, radical resection 2 patients.If clinical suspicion of Muscle-aponeurotic fibromatosis appears, one should start protocol work up: laboratory, radiographic assessment, nuclear medicine, biopsy and histologic and immune-histochemistry. One should perform broad resections aiming to preserve the most possible extremity tissue disease free.

The purpose of this paper is to present the orthopedic-oncologic and functional outcomes of internal partial hemipelvectomy for a secondary giant pelvic chondrosarcoma in a patient with multiple hereditary osteochondromatosis.

Report of cases.Review of the cases in a period of 10 years with bone and soft tumors in foot and ankle, to knowing epidemilogical, clinic and patologic anatomy parameters to describe the behavior.Review of 166 cases from 1991 to 2000 and been analyze with descriptive statistic, association measurment for inside stratum, with odds ratio, hipótesis test with chi square for qualitative date and t to Student for quantitative date.166 patients within 2 years to 78 years old, 81 with bone tumors and 79 with soft tumors, mostly benign, the most frequent was in the soft tissue ganglion and oseal benign exostosis in bone, 6 different malignant tumors, the principal affected zone were the toes, as a difference to literature, the most affected age group was 10 to 20 years followed to the 30 to 40 years old, we report 42 different patological diagnostics results to soft tissue and osseous tissue.clinical features is not a useful parameter to differentiate between malign or benign tumors and does not allow to establish the biological behavior, we propose the diagnostic algorithm that includes the intentional clinical probe, comparative X-ray in three projections with soft technique, in suspicion to malignant lesion may require CT scan, MRI, osseous scan and finally biopsy which will improve the final outcome.

Intraoperative consultation is an integral part of surgical pathology. However, there are few reports concerning intraoperative pathology consultation exclusively for bone tumors.Our hospital is an orthopedic institution that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of bone tumors, and we retrospectively reviewed the intraoperative consultations for bone tumors on our service from January 2002 to February 2006. The objectives of this work were to: (1) evaluate the clinical reasons for intraoperative consultation on bone tumors; (2) identify discordant diagnoses between the intraoperative consultation diagnosis and the definitive diagnosis; (3) determine in how many cases it was possible to establish a specific diagnosis; and (4) analyze the accuracy of the intraoperative consultation diagnosis on the bone tumors.The two most common reasons for an intraoperative consultation were to rule out malignancy and to determine the adequacy of the resection margins. The third most common reason was to establish a diagnosis. In the latter cases, it was possible to establish a specific diagnosis in 86.3% of the cases; and we had only one discordant case.Intraoperative consultation on bone tumors has problems and limitations. They are due mainly to the characteristics of the material that comprise the specimen from this type of lesion. It is important that similar assays be carried out at medical institutions that specialized in bone tumors to determine the effectiveness rates of intraoperative consultation in this field throughout the world. This is the first series that has analyzed the accuracy of intraoperative consultation on bone tumors with respect to the clinical reasons for the consultation.

Before liberal reform, rustic property was the main source of income of Extremadura’s local finance. Thanks to it, the town hall of this region defrayed the own expenses of municipal administration and part of the taxes which might be paid by means of neighbouring apportionment. The municipalisation of the apportionments did not imply equality in the fiscal discharge, but, at least, mitigated the Royal Finance’s pressure over the common run of population. The crusade which was started in Spain against the rustic municipal patrimony from the middle of the 18th century, concreted in the civil disentitlement since 1855, obliged to repair the accounts of Extremadura’s local finance by way of other financing methods more burdensome to the community. These methods, characterised by the extra load over the State duty from 1845, ended up by imposing a new budget structure of fiscal nature which, besides hindering the development of the services linked to local finance, reinforced the taxation discrimination of the most unfortunate layer of Extremadura’s society. KEY Classification-JEL: H71, H72, N93, N94

"La rodilla (50%) es el sitio más afectado por tumores óseos. Se desarrollóun espaciador cuyo empleo reporta resultados satisfactorios. En un casose fracturó el implante a consecuencia de una caída, en el barrenodistal del fémur. El perno correspondiente no fue colocado. El espaciadorhabía sido implantado después de eliminar un histiocitoma fibrosomaligno en una paciente de 85 años. Se desarrolló un modelo de elementosfinitos del conjunto fémur-tibia-espaciador, con cargas que simulanla marcha. Los desplazamientos obtenidos no mostraron diferenciaapreciable. En el caso sin el perno distal del fémur, barreno a 0.5 cmdel espaciador, los esfuerzos fueron 95% mayores que cuando se insertóel perno, y 83% mayor sin perno y sin barrenar el hueso. La ubicación delperno distal 1-5 cm no mostró diferencia apreciable respecto a 0.5 cm.Se analizó una carga que simula una caída lateral, encontrando que losesfuerzos en el barreno distal son superiores a la resistencia del aceroinoxidable (1,100 MPa), para el caso sin perno (2,638 MPa), como conperno (1,388 MPa). Por lo anterior es claro que el implante se rompió porla ausencia del perno, cuando se presentó la caída de la paciente."

Estudio cualitativo basado en la descripción etnográfica de un programa de educación maternal desarrollado en el centro de salud de las Fuentezuelas de Jaén. Material y método: Se trata de un estudio de caso único, seleccionando el programa de educación maternal objeto de estudio por una mayor facilidad de acceso al campo. Se utilizaron como técnicas de recogida de datos la observación participante y la entrevista en grupo. Resultados principales: El programa de educación maternal objeto de estudio rompe con el sistema tradicional de educación maternal, está desarrollado sobre la base de sesiones teóricas y prácticas gimnásticas terrestres y acuáticas. Conclusiones principales: Las sesiones teóricas del programa de educación maternal le dan oportunidad a las embarazadas para intercambiar experiencias y potenciar la solidaridad y cohesión del grupo. Study qualitative based on the description ethnographic of a program of maternal education developed in the center of health of the Fuentezuelas of Jaén. Material and method: it is a study of unique case, selecting the program of education maternal study object for a bigger access easiness to the field. were used as technical of collection data the participant observation and the interview in group. Main results: The program of education maternal study object breaks up with the traditional system of maternal education, it is developed on the base of theoretical sessions and terrestrial and aquatic gymnastic practices. The pregnant ones manifest the improvement of the corporal functionality and the reduction of fears like the most outstanding consequences in the activities of maternal education. Main conclusions: The theoretical sessions of the program of maternal education give opportunity to the pregnant ones to exchange experiences and increase the solidarity and cohesion of the group.

Editada en la Fundación Empresa Pública Este trabajo pretende evaluar el alcance de la intervención estatal en el proceso de redefinición de los derechos de propiedad. El objetivo fundamental es analizar, a través del estudio de los montes municipales extremeños, el grado de aplicación de los dos mecanisnios de actuación previstos por la legislación liberal en el ámbito de los patrimonios de titularidad pública: la enajenación definitiva de la propiedad y la inspección técnica de la producción. Aun matizando el protagonismo de la ley, la investigación confirma plenamente el éxito de la fórmula privatizadora en el suroeste peninsular. Menos evidente resulta, sin embargo, el triunfo de la vía interventora. Es aquí, precisamente, donde quedan reflejadas las dificultades del Estado para lograr una aplicación homogénea de la norma en todo el territorio nacional. This work aims to evaluate the extent of State intervention in the process of the redefinition of property rights. By studying the evolution of municipal woodlands in Extremadura, my main objective is to analyse the two mechanisms of intervention in the área of publicly held property: the definitive privatisation of property and the technical inspection of production. Even if we play down the effect of legislation, the present investigation confirms the full success of the privatisation formula employed in the Sapnish Southwest. State control over production, however, was far less efficient. Precisely in this área we can see how difficult it is for the State to enforce a comprehensively policy throghout its territory. Publicado

Pese a los progresos habidos en la literatura especializada durante las últimas décadas, la constatada existencia de un intenso proceso de privatización municipal en España previo a la ley de Desamortización General de 1855 no parece haber calado suficientemente en el tratamiento historiográfico de la reforma agraria liberal. Partiendo de esta idea y de la hipótesis de que el discurso privatizador que asumió el liberalismo español fue fruto de un largo proceso de cambios emanados del mundo rural, este trabajo pretende rescatar del olvido dicho fenómeno, analizando el tortuoso camino por el que transcurrieron los tres episodios que acabaron desembocando en los procesos de redención de censos a los que, junto a la venta en pública subasta, dio lugar la ley de 1 de mayo de 1855: los repartimientos iniciados durante el reinado de Carlos III, los repartos a censo de los años veinte, treinta y cuarenta del siglo xix y los rompimientos arbitrarios producidos desde la guerra de la Independencia. Nuestro objetivo es doble. Pretendemos, por un lado, precisar conceptos que no siempre han sido bien entendidos y, por otro, enriquecer el debate sobre el proceso desamortizador, haciendo especial hincapié en las propuestas de privatización que, dentro del liberalismo, intentaron, con mayor o menor éxito, utilizar la riqueza rústica municipal para modificar la estructura de la propiedad de la tierra. The existence of an intense process of municipal privatization in Spain prior to the General Disentailment Act of 1855 has still not entered fully into historiographical treatment of the liberal agrarian reform, despite contr ibutions by specialized literature in recent decades. This article aims to reexamine the phenomenon based on the hypothesis that the pr ivatizing discourse of Spanish liberalism was the result of a long process of transformation in the rural world. To this end, the article analyzes the complex and tortuous path of the three episodes that led to the processes of census redemption resulting from the Act of 1 May 1855: the division of land initiated during the reign of Charles III, census-based land distr ibution between the 1820s and 1840s, and illegal land cultivation since the Spanish War of Independence. Our goal is twofold: on the one hand we aim to define concepts that have not been fully understood and, secondly, to enrich the debate regarding the privatization process with a specific emphasis on proposals that within liberalism sought to use municipal r ustic wealth to modify the str ucture of land ownership, with var ying degrees of success.