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We have two purposes in this article. The first is to explore the definition of micromanagement by reviewing research papers and empirical studies. Micromanagement is a commonly used term, but there is no clear definition for the research. Second, we try to understand the concept of excessive control in micromanagement from the fourth hunger of Transactional Analysis （Meredith, 2000）. Since Transactional Analysis is effective to change relationships from the behavioral and cognitive aspects, it will be effective for suggesting strategies for coping with negative side of micromanagement.

Proper management is vital in the achievement of an organization’s vision and sustainability. Several researches have shown that one management style, micromanagement, has been receiving particular attention in the corporate world due to its notoriety. Micromanagement tends to control the employees in almost all aspects; igniting employee frustration which leads to adverse effect in the company by and large. Results of micromanagement include suppressed creativity, low morale of employees and an increase in employee turnover. However, some authors argue the significance of micromanagement in specific circumstances. Thus, this study is aimed at identifying the level of effectivity of micromanagement as it relates to teachers and middle managers in the academic sector in terms of the following: compliance, productivity, competence, and job satisfaction. The study used descriptive correlational design. The researcher employed a complete census of the respondents. These are teachers and middle managers in the Basic Education Department who are from the kindergarten, elementary, junior high school and senior high school levels, with 48 teachers and 12 middle managers respectively. Findings of the study signify that micromanagement is effective in promoting compliance and productivity, moderately effective in terms of competence, and slightly ineffective when it comes to job satisfaction. Furthermore, the study also yielded no significant difference when the respondents are grouped according to profile. Similarly, there is no significant difference between the teachers and middle managers on the level of effectivity of micromanagement on this basis, it is recommended that middle managers must reconcile the use of micromanagement to uphold compliance and productivity without neglecting the teachers’ competence and job satisfaction.

PurposeIt is well known that micromanagement — excessive control of employees — is detrimental to the employees' morale and thus, decreases their productivity. But what if the managers keep people happy — will there still be negative consequences of micromanagement? This is the problem analyzed in this paper.Design/methodology/approachTo analyze our problem, we use general — but simplified — mathematical models of how productivity depends on the working rate.FindingsWe show that even in the absence of psychological discomfort, micromanagement is still detrimental to productivity. Interestingly, the negative effect of micromanagement increases as the population becomes more diverse.Originality/valueThis is the first paper in which the purely economic consequences of micromanagement — separate from its psychological consequences — are studied in precise mathematical terms, and is the first paper that analyzes the relation between these consequences and diversity of the population.

This paper focuses on the problems in the course of small-sum procurement for higher vocational colleges as a starting point and analyzes the causes, in order to offer the construction of micromanagement price comparison system and improve standardized management of supply and equipment procurement.

Previous research on cyber workplace incivility (CWPI) is dependent and severely limited by psychological and social-psychological perspectives. This research builds on the previous studies by applying the Labor Process Theory with its core characteristics of power, control, and exploitation of labor so that further exploration of workplace incivility issues could be carried out. This research also uses Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory to explain the devastating long term negative impact of cyber workplace incivility on employees. The researchers also look at the role of technology due to increased connectivity, such as email, social media, mobile communication, blogs, and internet message boards at the workplace. This article contributes by looking at individual and institutional antecedents of CWPI and provides empirical support using a survey study.

Multi-agent reinforcement learning methods such as VDN, QMIX, and QTRAN that adopt centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE) framework have shown promising results in cooperation and competition. However, in some multi-agent scenarios, the number of agents and the size of action set actually vary over time. We call these unshaped scenarios, and the methods mentioned above fail in performing satisfyingly. In this paper, we propose a new method called Unshaped Networks for Multi-Agent Systems (UNMAS) that adapts to the number and size changes in multi-agent systems. We propose the self-weighting mixing network to factorize the joint action-value. Its adaption to the change in agent number is attributed to the nonlinear mapping from each-agent Q value to the joint action-value with individual weights. Besides, in order to address the change in action set, each agent constructs an individual action-value network that is composed of two streams to evaluate the constant environment-oriented subset and the varying unit-oriented subset. We evaluate UNMAS on various StarCraft II micro-management scenarios and compare the results with several state-of-the-art MARL algorithms. The superiority of UNMAS is demonstrated by its highest winning rates especially on the most difficult scenario 3s5z_vs_3s6z. The agents learn to perform effectively cooperative behaviors while other MARL algorithms fail in. Animated demonstrations and source code are provided in https://sites.google.com/view/unmas., Accepted by IEEE Trans. TNNLS. We update the experimental results by repeating more experiments

Among Game AI, in macromanegement level, applying of deep learning algorithms like reinforcement learning has been proven to be useful. In this paper, we researched the development of Game AI and chose Starcraft II as our testing game. We compare various deep learning algorithms to normal algorithms like boids algorithms, potential field pathfinding etc., in the micromanegment level, to see their difference in run-time performance, training time and CPU utilization level.

The article offers a deep prospect to our life whether the coronavirus pandemic eventually dies out or not.

The article offers a deep prospect to our life whether the coronavirus pandemic eventually dies out or not.

Stone, MH, Hornsby, WG, Haff, GG, Fry, AC, Suarez, DG, Liu, J, Gonzalez-Rave, JM, and Pierce, KC. Periodization and block periodization in sports: emphasis on strength-power training-a provocative and challenging narrative. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2351-2371, 2021-Periodization can be defined as a logical sequential, phasic method of manipulating fitness and recovery phases to increase the potential for achieving specific performance goals while minimizing the potential for nonfunctional over-reaching, overtraining, and injury. Periodization deals with the micromanagement of timelines and fitness phases and is cyclic in nature. On the other hand, programming deals with the micromanagement of the training process and deals with exercise selection, volume, intensity, etc. Evidence indicates that a periodized training process coupled with appropriate programming can produce superior athletic enhancement compared with nonperiodized process. There are 2 models of periodization, traditional and block. Traditional can take different forms (i.e., reverse). Block periodization has 2 subtypes, single goal or factor (individual sports) and multiple goals or factors (team sports). Both models have strengths and weaknesses but can be "tailored" through creative programming to produce excellent results for specific sports.

Last week I was working on a new timetable for our surgery, thinking about how and when we might switch back to letting patients book directly into face-to-face appointments. We’d like to be able to offer a choice of telephone, video, or in-person consultations, with the option of written questions too. Despite a recent NHS England document suggesting that GPs should aim to embed total triage we’re concerned about its effect on our more vulnerable patients, so it didn’t feature in our planning. This turned out to be just as well, as the next bit of …

The forty-fifth US president, unlike most of his predecessors, has no experience in political decision-making. Nevertheless, Trump?s behavior from the big business can help find patterns of his decision making. The two-and-a-half-year presidential term, however, provides convincing insights into how he makes decisions. Although he likes to make decisions and thinks he does it well, President Donald Trump actually spends very little time preparing for the most difficult decisions. In most cases, the president decides beforehand on instinct, and then actually just seeks justification and support for the decision already made. On the other hand, over-reliance on the closest circle of associates and not delving into the details and several aspects of the problem provides a too big opportunity for miscalculations and wrong decisions. In this mix of micromanagement and macromanagement, Trump?s model is most reminiscent of a competitive decision-making model, while in terms of control and involvement in the political process, his management style can be characterized by a Magistrate/Delegator combination; while when it comes to leader sensitivity to the context, we see Trump as the ?Maverick?.

Due to historical traditions, isolationist tendencies are strong in Russia. The main risks of isolated systems in the context of their scientific and technical development are formulated in the article. They are: stertorious scientific mobility, instability of institutions, lack of competition, inefficiency of conventional market mechanisms for the development of the scientific sphere. We simulate the effect of complex constraints, i. e. “overlay” sudden sanctions on chronic isolation of the Russian scientific and technical sphere. The historical experience of management of scientific and technical development in conditions of restrictions is discussed. Proposals are made to optimize the management of the scientific and technical complex in the current situation.

In my last years in academia, I have experienced the intimidating impact of pettybureaucracy and top-down micromanagement that typify managerialism in higher education today. In this paper I use my own experiences to reflect on why this is happening, attempting to gain understanding that can support others still working in the sector to survive and ultimately thrive. I argue that neoliberalism operates as an ideology, shaping the way we perceive and act in the world. In higher education, it is enacted through managerialism, together creating a social imaginary that defines what is expected of managers and what is expected of workers. Women are particularly vulnerable in this social imaginary given that the challenges they face in the workforce are attributed to their own shortcomings rather than any systemic barriers. Women face choices as to how to operate in this social imaginary, but all choices have consequences that need to be understood and managed. Ultimately, systemic disadvantage will not change without significant action taken by collectives of women who have a clear vision of better alternatives.

Background Malaria control system (MCS), an Information technology (IT)-driven surveillance and monitoring intervention is being adopted for elimination of malaria in Mangaluru city, Karnataka, India since October 2015. This has facilitated ‘smart surveillance’ followed by required field response within a timeline. The system facilitated data collection of individual case, data driven mapping and strategies for malaria elimination programme. This paper aims to present the analysis of post-digitization data of 5 years, discuss the current operational functionalities of MCS and its impact on the malaria incidence. Methods IT system developed for robust malaria surveillance and field response is being continued in the sixth year. Protocol for surveillance control was followed as per the national programme guidelines mentioned in an earlier publication. Secondary data from the malaria control system was collated and analysed. Incidence of malaria, active surveillance, malariogenic conditions and its management, malariometric indices, shrinking malaria maps were also analysed. Results Smart surveillance and subsequent response for control was sustained and performance improved in five years with participation of all stakeholders. Overall malaria incidence significantly reduced by 83% at the end of 5 years when compared with year of digitization (DY) (p Conclusion MCS helped to micromanage control activities, such as robust reporting, incidence-centric active surveillance, early and complete treatment, documentation of full treatment of each malaria patient, targeted mosquito control measures in houses surrounding reported cases. The learnings and analytical output from the data helped to modify strategies for control of both disease and the vector, heralding the city into the elimination stage.

Nursing and nursing education face a paradox whereby the world's most trusted profession seems not to trust its own students and practitioners. Much of nursing education has adopted what has been memorably described as the ‘cop shit’ approach. This is the panoply of surveillance, anti‐plagiarism and proctoring technologies that appear to be used more for policing and punishment of an inherently dishonest student body than to develop ethical and scholarly writing among future peers and colleagues. Nurses in practice may experience similar levels of distrust as they face growing micromanagement and control of both their appearance and nursing practice. We propose that these practices of distrust emerge, not from malice, but rather from the omnipresent neoliberalism and managerialism that engulf almost every aspect of health and university life. Neoliberalism's success has been to reformat academia and practice to the point where such ingrained mistrust has become merely a neutral recognition of ‘the real world’. Dismantling nursing and education's ‘cop shit’ culture and replacing it with the trust and respect that the world's most trusted profession is accorded by wider society will not be easy, but it is vital for the future of nursing.

BackgroundMalaria control system (MCS), an Information technology (IT)-driven surveillance and monitoring intervention is being adopted for elimination of malaria in Mangaluru city, Karnataka, India since October 2015. This facilitated ‘smart surveillance’ followed by required field response within a timeline. The system facilitated data collection of individual case and data driven mapping and strategies for malaria elimination programme. This paper aims to present the analysis of post-digitization data of 5 years, discuss the current operational functionalities of MCS and its impact on the malaria incidence.MethodsIT system developed for robust malaria surveillance and field response is being continued in the 6th year. Protocol for surveillance control was followed as per the national programme guidilines mentioned earlier. Secondary data from the malaria control system is collated and analysed. Incidence of malaria, active surveillance, malariogenic conditions and its management, malariometric indices, shrinking malaria map were also analysed.ResultsSmart surveillance and subsequent response for control was sustained and performance improved in five years with participation of all stakeholders. Overall malaria incidence significantly reduced by 83% at the end of 5 years when compared with year of digitizarion (DY) (pConclusionIT System helped to micromanage control activities such as robust reporting, incidence-centric active surveillance, early and complete treatment, documentation of full treatment of each malaria patient, targeted mosquito control measures in houses surrounding reported cases. The learnings and analytical output from the data helped to modify strategies for control of both disease and the vector, heralding the city into the elimination stage.

Background The unpredictable, and sometimes dangerous, nature of the occupation exposes officers to both acute and chronic stress over law enforcement officers’ (LEO) tenure. The purpose of this study is two-fold: 1) Describe multi-level characteristics that define high-stress calls for service for LEO; and 2) Characterize factors that impact cumulative stress over the course of a LEO’s shift. Methods Qualitative data were collected from 28 LEOs at three law enforcement agencies in the Dallas-Fort Worth areas from April 2019 to February 2020. Focus group data were iteratively coded by four coders using inductive and deductive thematic identification. Results Five multi-level factors influenced officer stress: 1) officer characteristics (e.g. military experience; gender); 2) civilian behavior (e.g. resistance, displaying a weapon); 3) supervisor factors (micromanagement); 4) environmental factors (e.g. time of year); and, 5) situational factors (e.g. audience present; complexity of calls). Four themes that characterized cumulative stress: 1) cyclical risk; 2) accelerators; 3) decelerators; and 4) experience of an adverse event. Conclusions LEOs become susceptible to adverse events (e.g. injury, excessive use of force) after repeated exposure to high-stress calls for service. Ongoing exposures to stress continue to occur throughout the shift. Our long-term goal is to interrupt this repetitive, cumulative process by restricting the number of consecutive high-risk, high-intensity calls an officer is permitted to respond to.

Durante este seminario de investigación, se realizó un estudio de la microgerencia en la dirección de proyectos de la cultura organizacional con el fin de evaluar factores como liderazgo, motivación, gerencia de proyectos y cultura organizacional como tal. Esto con el objetivo de realizar un perfil de competencias y características propias de un microgestor y permitir el diagnóstico del mismo dentro del sector financiero, ya que esta investigación se basó en una población dirigida a este sector, en este caso el Banco AV Villas. A lo largo de esta investigación, se observó que existe una falta de información o quizás no se conoce de manera apropiada o conveniente la forma de gerenciar y liderar un equipo de trabajo, de ello nace el objetivo principal de este proyecto. During this research seminar, a study of micromanagement in project management of organizational culture was carried out in order to evaluate factors such as leadership, motivation, project management, and organizational culture as such. This with the aim of making a profile of the competencies and characteristics of a micromanager and allowing its diagnosis within the financial sector, since this research was based on a population aimed at this sector, in this case Banco AV Villas. Throughout this research, it was observed that there is a lack of information or perhaps the way to manage and lead a work team is not known in an appropriate or convenient way, from which the main objective of this project arises. Especialista en Gerencia de Proyectos

The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to measure the level of school principals’ micromanagement behavior. After a comprehensive literature review, a candidate item pool with 52 items was created. While writing the items, micro-manager behaviors defined in the literature were adapted to school principals. The items were submitted to the expert opinion and necessary corrections were made in the items in line with the feedback from the experts. Candidate items were applied to two different samples to carry out validity and reliability analysis. Data obtained from the first sample of 304 teachers were used for exploratory factor analysis. The second sample group consisted of 353 teachers and the data obtained from this group was used for confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis. The findings support the four-dimensional structure of the scale with 27 items. The first dimension was named as “unable to subordinate self (15 items)”, the second dimension was “time manipulation (5 items)”, the third dimension was “excessive control over methodology (4 items)” and the fourth dimension was “excessive reporting (3 items)”. Findings from reliability analyses were also satisfactory. To determine the reliability of the scale Cronbach’s Alpha internal consistency coefficients were calculated. It was .958 for the first factor, .831 for the second, .776 for the third and .743 for the fourth and .959 for the total scale. In this context, it can be stated that the scale is valid and reliable. It can be used to determine the level of school principals’ micromanagement behavior and to associate this behavior with different organizational variables.

Accurate player skill modelling is an important but challenging task in Real-Time Strategy Games. Previous efforts have relied strongly on micromanagement features, such as Actions Per Minute, producing limited results. In this paper, we present an improved player skill classifier for StarCraft II that predicts, from a replay, a player’s exact league at 61.7% accuracy, or within one league at 94.5%, outperforming the previous state of the art of 47.3%. Unlike previous classifiers, our classifier makes use of a macro-level measure of economic performance, called Spending Quotient, which we demonstrate to be an important part of accurately predicting player skill levels.

Effective person-centred care requires recognition of the personhood not only of patients but of practitioners. This chapter explores the consequences of this recognition for major debates in medical epistemology, regarding clinical reasoning and the relationship between research and practice. For too long these debates have been dominated by false dichotomies - subjectivity versus objectivity, judgement versus evidence, reason versus emotion. Based on flawed understandings of such core concepts as “objectivity” and “engagement”, this distorted dissection of the subject-object relationship has served to depersonalise practice. The costs of this depersonalisation include over-regulation and micromanagement of healthcare processes by administrators and payers at the same time that information from clinical research remains under-utilized and the personhood of patients’ risks being ignored.Science is a human practice, founded in a broader conception of human reasoning, ontologically dependent on human beings living and engaging with the world in social, emotional and ethical contexts. After looking at different conceptions of epistemic hierarchies and their uses in the analysis and evaluation of reasoning in a range of practice contexts, we propose a “nested hierarchy” that effectively turns upside-down the flawed evidence hierarchies that have helped to depersonalise care. T.S. Eliot’s “wisdom, knowledge, information” scheme (to which we add “data” below “information”) provides a model for a person-centred epistemic hierarchy. This crucial, person-centred inversion represents levels of awareness that characterize more or less developed thinking and judgment on the part of the particular practitioner.

This book examines how the British computer industry has been adversely affected by the inability to promote and attract female programmers. In the 1960s and 1970s the British government sought to rebuild its wartime dominance in the computing sector to restore its position as a global power. This plan necessitated a gender power shift in computing, from viewing computing as low-wage, unskilled secretarial. or “machine grade” work performed by women, to seeing it as high pay and prestigious work performed by men. In Britain’s effort to rebrand computing as “high value men’s work” they booted out their qualified and experienced workforce of women and tried to replace them with inexperienced and largely uninterested men. The fact that the government’s efforts here were a flop necessitated increasing government micromanagement of the private British computing industry. Their inability to attract a sufficiently large male computing workforce (and, of course, now that computing was important work, women could no longer be allowed to engage in it) meant that Britain’s enormous Civil Service sector needed powerful supercomputers that could be “controlled” by a small number of high level, trained male executives. Note that this obsession with supercomputers took place while the rest of the world was focused on the emergence of the personal computer or PC. But the British government insisted on dictating the future direction of the U.K.’s computing industries, shoring them up with government funds and eventually forcing a merger into a single computing company capable of designing and building the colossal supercomputers to run the country. The author meticulously details the story of Britain’s intertwined desire for world power status in computing with its economic woes as well as its stubborn adherence to a strongly gendered workplace. She also demonstrates why this approach caused Britain to fail, sealing the demise of both its reemergence as a world power and its dominance of worldwide computing. Instead of being a fix for Britain’s economic and political power woes, computing and the changes it ushered in simply exacerbated the inherent problems embedded in both systems.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between bank ownership (foreign vs. domestic) and bank profitability in three South-Eastern European countries, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Serbia using individual bank data. There are a lot empirical evidences that banks with foreign ownership have better performance. This is due on the better corporate governance in those banks that is manifest with better risk management system. In micromanagement, better risk management system is depicted in better granting criteria, more strict and unbiased process, better monitoring system and more proactive strategy. This leads to better quality of the credit portfolio and better performance indicators. This paper will explore this hypothesis on basis of a sample of 24 banks from the three sample countries through a data series of ROE for the period 2008-2016.

Coordinated control of multi-agent teams is an important task in many real-time strategy (RTS) games. In most prior work, micromanagement is the commonly used strategy whereby individual agents operate independently and make their own combat decisions. On the other extreme, some employ a macromanagement strategy whereby all agents are controlled by a single decision model. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical command and control architecture, consisting of a single high-level and multiple low-level reinforcement learning agents operating in a dynamic environment. This hierarchical model enables the low-level unit agents to make individual decisions while taking commands from the high-level commander agent. Compared with prior approaches, the proposed model provides the benefits of both flexibility and coordinated control. The performance of such hierarchical control model is demonstrated through empirical experiments in a real-time strategy game known as StarCraft: Brood War (SCBW).

Introduction : the press has acquired a relevant role in health education, knowledge and expectations in society. Objective : to carry out a descriptive analysis of the issues related to public health and health management published in the newspaper El Pais during 2001-2016. Methods : A documentary study was carried out, with a quantitative approach, selecting documents related to public health and health management, contained in the body of journalistic texts on Medicine and Health of the CONPRE-Oviedo collection. Results : 265 journalistic texts on public health and 365 on health management were identified. Public health was linked to disease prevention and health promotion (30.9%), epidemiology (25.3%), illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco (25.3%). The texts on health management focused on macro-management (61.3%), meso-management (27.9%) and micromanagement (10.7%). The articles were preferably informative, from an institutional source, and mostly included in the Society section. Texts on disease prevention and health promotion were based on scientific publications. Society is the section where they are most frequently published. Conclusion : the newspaper El Pais has frequently covered topics related to public health and health management, so journalistic texts could contribute to population education and to the generation of a critical attitude towards health.