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1. Support for the RV144 HIV Vaccine Trial

Author

Belshe, Robert, Franchini, Genoveffa, Girard, Marc P., Gotch, Frances, Kaleebu, Pontiano, Marthas, Marta L., McChesney, Michael B., McCullough, Rose, Mhalu, Fred, Salmon-Ceron, Dominique, Sekaly, Rafick-Pierre, Van Rompay, Koen, Verrier, Bernard, Wahren, Britta, Weissenbacher, Mercedes, Burton, Dennis R., Desrosiers, Ronald C., Doms, Robert W., Feinberg, Mark B., Hahn, Beatrice H., Hoxie, James A., Hunter, Eric, Landay, Alan L., Lederman, Michael M., Lieberman, Judy, McCune, Joseph M., Moore, John P., Nathanson, Neal, Picker, Louis, Richman, Douglas D., Rinaldo, Charles R., Stevenson, Mario, Watkins, David I., Wolinsky, Steven M., Zack, Jerome A., and Gallo, Robert C.

Published
2004

3. Broad Immunogenicity of a Multigene, Multiclade HIV-1 DNA Vaccine Boosted with Heterologous HIV-1 Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara

Author

HIV Immunogenicity Study 01/02 Team, Sandström, Eric, Nilsson, Charlotta, Hejdeman, Bo, Bråve, Andreas, Bratt, Göran, Robb, Merlin, Cox, Josephine, VanCott, Thomas, Marovich, Mary, Stout, Richard, Aboud, Said, Bakari, Muhammad, Pallangyo, Kisali, Ljungberg, Karl, Moss, Bernard, Earl, Patricia, Michael, Nelson, Birx, Deborah, Mhalu, Fred, Wahren, Britta, and Biberfeld, Gunnel

Published
2008
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6. HIV-1 infection prevalence and incidence trends in areas of contrasting levels of infection in the Kagera region, Tanzania, 1987-2000

Author

Kwesigabo, Gideion, Killewo, Japhet, Urassa, Willy, Lugalla, Joe, Emmelin, Maria, Mutembei, Aldin, Mhalu, Fred, Biberfeld, Gunnel, Wall, Stig, and Sandstrom, Anita

Subjects
Tanzania -- Health aspects, HIV infection -- Development and progression, Health
Abstract

A study was conducted in Kagera region of Tanzania to assess whether the extent of HIV infection prevalence and incidence trends in areas of contrasting levels declined. It is concluded that the HIV-1 epidemic in Kagera was reduced particularly among the 15-24 years olds, and differing magnitude implies that HIV/AIDS epidemic might be arrested early without necessarily peaking to saturation levels.

Published
2005

7. Mortality during the first 24 months after delivery in relation to CD4 T-lymphocyte levels and viral load in a cohort of breast-feeding HIV-1-infected women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Author

Kilewo, Charles, Swai, Andrew, Lyamuya, Eligius, Mhalu, Fred, Biberfeld, Gunnel, Karlsson, Katarina, and Massawe, Augustine

Subjects
Immunosuppression -- Research, CD4 lymphocytes -- Research, Mothers -- Patient outcomes, Mothers -- Risk factors, Health
Abstract

The mortality during the first 24 months after delivery in relation to CD4 T-lymphocyte levels and viral load at enrollment in a cohort of HIV-1-seroptive breast-feeding women at the Dar es Salaam site of the multicenter Petra trial is analyzed. It is concluded that the mortality was high among women with severe immunosuppression or high viral load at enrollment, but not in the rest of the women.

Published
2005

9. HIV counseling and testing of pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa: experience from a study on prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Author

Kilewo, Charles, Massawe, Augustine, Lyamuya, Eligius, Semali, Innocent, Kalokola, Festus, Urassa, Ernest, Giattas, Maryrose, Temu, Florence, Karlsson, Katarina, Biberfeld, Gunnel, and Mhalu, Fred

Subjects
Sub-Saharan Africa -- Health aspects, AIDS (Disease) -- Research, HIV infection -- Research, HIV infection in pregnancy -- Diagnosis, HIV infection in children -- Prevention, Pregnant women -- Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, AIDS (Disease) in pregnancy -- Social aspects, AIDS (Disease) in women -- Social aspects, Health
Abstract

HIV counseling and testing of pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa are discussed based on a study on prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Tanzania. It was found that improvements in counseling are needed. The study sought to determine acceptability of HIV counseling and testing and participation in a mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission intervention study using antiretroviral therapy; and 76.4% of the women agreed to be tested, with prevalence of infection 13.7% and 68.1% returning for results. Only 16.7% of the enrolled women disclosed positive status to sexual partners. Other data are given, including pregnancy recurrence rate and the percentage not wanting to carry to term.

Published
2001

10. Frequent and Durable Anti-HIV Envelope VIV2 IgG Responses Induced by HIV-1 DNA Priming and HIV-MVA Boosting in Healthy Tanzanian Volunteers

Author

Joachim, Agricola, primary, Msafiri, Frank, additional, Onkar, Sayali, additional, Munseri, Patricia, additional, Aboud, Said, additional, Lyamuya, Eligius F., additional, Bakari, Muhammad, additional, Billings, Erik, additional, Robb, Merlin L., additional, Wahren, Britta, additional, Mhalu, Fred S., additional, Sandström, Eric, additional, Rao, Mangala, additional, Nilsson, Charlotta, additional, and Biberfeld, Gunnel, additional

Published
2020
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11. Broad immunogenicity of a multigene, multiclade HIV-1 DNA vaccine boosted with heterologous HIV-1 recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara

Author

Sandstrom, Eric, Nilsson, Charlotta, Hejdeman, Bo, Brave, Andreas, Bratt, Goran, Robb, Merlin, Cox, Josephine, VanCott, Thomas, Marovich, Mary, Stout, Richard, Aboud, Said, Bakari, Muhammad, Pallangyo, Kisali, Ljungberg, Karl, Moss, Bernard, Earl, Patricia, Michael, Nelson, Birx, Deborah, Mhalu, Fred, Wahren, Britta, and Biberfeld, Gunnel

Subjects
AIDS vaccines -- Dosage and administration, AIDS vaccines -- Genetic aspects, AIDS vaccines -- Research, Human immunogenetics -- Research, Vaccinia -- Genetic aspects, Vaccinia -- Research, Health
Published
2008

12. Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990–2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis

Author

Hemelaar, Joris, Elangovan, Ramyiadarsini, Yun, Jason, Dickson-Tetteh, Leslie, Fleminger, Isabella, Kirtley, Shona, Williams, Brian, Gouws-Williams, Eleanor, Ghys, Peter D, Abimiku, Alash'le G, Agwale, Simon, Archibald, Chris, Avidor, Boaz, Barbás, María Gabriela, Barre-Sinoussi, Francoise, Barugahare, Banson, Belabbes, El Hadj, Bertagnolio, Silvia, Birx, Deborah, Bobkov, Aleksei F, Brandful, James, Bredell, Helba, Brennan, Catherine A, Brooks, James, Bruckova, Marie, Buonaguro, Luigi, Buonaguro, Franco, Buttò, Stefano, Buve, Anne, Campbell, Mary, Carr, Jean, Carrera, Alex, Carrillo, Manuel Gómez, Celum, Connie, Chaplin, Beth, Charles, Macarthur, Chatzidimitriou, Dimitrios, Chen, Zhiwei, Chijiwa, Katsumi, Cooper, David, Cunningham, Philip, Dagnra, Anoumou, de Gascun, Cillian F, Del Amo, Julia, Delgado, Elena, Dietrich, Ursula, Dwyer, Dominic, Ellenberger, Dennis, Ensoli, Barbara, Essex, Max, Gao, Feng, Fleury, Herve, Fonjungo, Peter N, Foulongne, Vincent, Gadkari, Deepak A, García, Federico, Garsia, Roger, Gershy-Damet, Guy Michel, Glynn, Judith R, Goodall, Ruth, Grossman, Zehava, Lindenmeyer-Guimarães, Monick, Hahn, Beatrice, Hamers, Raph L, Hamouda, Osamah, Handema, Ray, He, Xiang, Herbeck, Joshua, Ho, David D, Holguin, Africa, Hosseinipour, Mina, Hunt, Gillian, Ito, Masahiko, Bel Hadj Kacem, Mohamed Ali, Kahle, Erin, Kaleebu, Pontiano Kaleebu, Kalish, Marcia, Kamarulzaman, Adeeba, Kang, Chun, Kanki, Phyllis, Karamov, Edward, Karasi, Jean-Claude, Kayitenkore, Kayitesi, Kelleher, Tony, Kitayaporn, Dwip, Kostrikis, Leondios G, Kucherer, Claudia, Lara, Claudia, Leitner, Thomas, Liitsola, Kirsi, Lingappa, Jai, Linka, Marek, Lorenzana de Rivera, Ivette, Lukashov, Vladimir, Maayan, Shlomo, Mayr, Luzia, McCutchan, Francine, Meda, Nicolas, Menu, Elisabeth, Mhalu, Fred, Mloka, Doreen, Mokili, John L, Montes, Brigitte, Mor, Orna, Morgado, Mariza, Mosha, Fausta, Moussi, Awatef, Mullins, James, Najera, Rafael, Nasr, Mejda, Ndembi, Nicaise, Neilson, Joel R, Nerurkar, Vivek R, Neuhann, Florian, Nolte, Claudine, Novitsky, Vlad, Nyambi, Philippe, Ofner, Marianna, Paladin, Fem J, Papa, Anna, Pape, Jean, Parkin, Neil, Parry, Chris, Peeters, Martine, Pelletier, Alexandra, Pérez-Álvarez, Lucía, Pillay, Deenan, Pinto, Angie, Quang, Trinh Duy, Rademeyer, Cecilia, Raikanikoda, Filimone, Rayfield, Mark A, Reynes, Jean-Marc, Rinke de Wit, Tobias, Robbins, Kenneth E, Rolland, Morgane, Rousseau, Christine, Salazar-Gonzales, Jesus, Salem, Hanan, Salminen, Mika, Salomon, Horacio, Sandstrom, Paul, Santiago, Mario L, Sarr, Abdoulaye D, Schroeder, Bryan, Segondy, Michel, Selhorst, Philippe, Sempala, Sylvester, Servais, Jean, Shaik, Ansari, Shao, Yiming, Slim, Amine, Soares, Marcelo A, Songok, Elijah, Stewart, Debbie, Stokes, Julie, Subbarao, Shambavi, Sutthent, Ruengpung, Takehisa, Jun, Tanuri, Amilcar, Tee, Kok Keng, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Michael, Tran, Tyna, Urassa, Willy, Ushijima, Hiroshi, van de Perre, Philippe, van der Groen, Guido, van Laethem, Kristel, van Oosterhout, Joep, van Sighem, Ard, van Wijngaerden, Eric, Vandamme, Anne-Mieke, Vercauteren, Jurgen, Vidal, Nicole, Wallace, Lesley, Williamson, Carolyn, Wolday, Dawit, Xu, Jianqing, Yang, Chunfu, Zhang, Linqi, Zhang, Rong, John Radcliffe Hospital [Oxford University Hospital], Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford [Oxford], Stellenbosch University, UNAIDS [Genève, Suisse] (ONUSIDA), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research [Accra, Ghana] (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Institute of Tropical Medicine [Antwerp] (ITM), State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Georg-Speyer-Haus, The University of Sydney, National AIDS Centre, Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Harvard School of Public Health, Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI-NUIG), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Microbiologie cellulaire et moléculaire et pathogénicité (MCMP), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), Robert Koch Institute [Berlin] (RKI), Beihang University (BUAA), Statens Serum Institut [Copenhagen], Immuno-Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), SANTE/SIDA [Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso], Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Thessaly [Volos] (UTH), Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques er émergentes (TransVIHMI), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN)-Medical Research Council of South Africa, Lab-STICC_UBO_CID_IHSEV, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory of Virology, CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Departements of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama [Tuscaloosa] (UA), Stichting HIV Monitoring [Amsterdam], Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Département Génétique Internal Médecine, Hôpital Universitaire Leuven, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chatzidimitriou, Dimitrios [0000-0001-9656-5898], University of Oxford, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), University of KwaZulu-Natal [Durban, Afrique du Sud] (UKZN)-Medical Research Council of South Africa, Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UNAIDS, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Beihang University, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses (TransVIHMI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Universtié Yaoundé 1 [Cameroun]-Université de Montpellier (UM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [Rio de Janeiro] (UFRJ), Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health (NDWRH), University of Oxford- John Radcliffe Hospital [Oxford University Hospital], South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, JH is supported by the Oxford University Clinical Academic Graduate School (Oxford, UK) and Linacre College, Oxford University (Oxford, UK)., WHO–UNAIDS Network for HIV Isolation Characterisation : Alash'le G Abimiku, Simon Agwale, Chris Archibald, Boaz Avidor, María Gabriela Barbás, Francoise Barre-Sinoussi, Banson Barugahare, El Hadj Belabbes, Silvia Bertagnolio, Deborah Birx, Aleksei F Bobkov, James Brandful, Helba Bredell, Catherine A Brennan, James Brooks, Marie Bruckova, Luigi Buonaguro, Franco Buonaguro, Stefano Buttò, Anne Buve, Mary Campbell, Jean Carr, Alex Carrera, Manuel Gómez Carrillo, Connie Celum, Beth Chaplin, Macarthur Charles, Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou, Zhiwei Chen, Katsumi Chijiwa, David Cooper, Philip Cunningham, Anoumou Dagnra, Cillian F de Gascun, Julia Del Amo, Elena Delgado, Ursula Dietrich, Dominic Dwyer, Dennis Ellenberger, Barbara Ensoli, Max Essex, Feng Gao, Herve Fleury, Peter N Fonjungo, Vincent Foulongne, Deepak A Gadkari, Federico García, Roger Garsia, Guy Michel Gershy-Damet, Judith R Glynn, Ruth Goodall, Zehava Grossman, Monick Lindenmeyer-Guimarães, Beatrice Hahn, Raph L Hamers, Osamah Hamouda, Ray Handema, Xiang He, Joshua Herbeck, David D Ho, Africa Holguin, Mina Hosseinipour, Gillian Hunt, Masahiko Ito, Mohamed Ali Bel Hadj Kacem, Erin Kahle, Pontiano Kaleebu Kaleebu, Marcia Kalish, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Chun Kang, Phyllis Kanki, Edward Karamov, Jean-Claude Karasi, Kayitesi Kayitenkore, Tony Kelleher, Dwip Kitayaporn, Leondios G Kostrikis, Claudia Kucherer, Claudia Lara, Thomas Leitner, Kirsi Liitsola, Jai Lingappa, Marek Linka, Ivette Lorenzana de Rivera, Vladimir Lukashov, Shlomo Maayan, Luzia Mayr, Francine McCutchan, Nicolas Meda, Elisabeth Menu, Fred Mhalu, Doreen Mloka, John L Mokili, Brigitte Montes, Orna Mor, Mariza Morgado, Fausta Mosha, Awatef Moussi, James Mullins, Rafael Najera, Mejda Nasr, Nicaise Ndembi, Joel R Neilson, Vivek R Nerurkar, Florian Neuhann, Claudine Nolte, Vlad Novitsky, Philippe Nyambi, Marianna Ofner, Fem J Paladin, Anna Papa, Jean Pape, Neil Parkin, Chris Parry, Martine Peeters, Alexandra Pelletier, Lucía Pérez-Álvarez, Deenan Pillay, Angie Pinto, Trinh Duy Quang, Cecilia Rademeyer, Filimone Raikanikoda, Mark A Rayfield, Jean-Marc Reynes, Tobias Rinke de Wit, Kenneth E Robbins, Morgane Rolland, Christine Rousseau, Jesus Salazar-Gonzales, Hanan Salem, Mika Salminen, Horacio Salomon, Paul Sandstrom, Mario L Santiago, Abdoulaye D Sarr, Bryan Schroeder, Michel Segondy, Philippe Selhorst, Sylvester Sempala, Jean Servais, Ansari Shaik, Yiming Shao, Amine Slim, Marcelo A Soares, Elijah Songok, Debbie Stewart, Julie Stokes, Shambavi Subbarao, Ruengpung Sutthent, Jun Takehisa, Amilcar Tanuri, Kok Keng Tee, Kiran Thapa, Michael Thomson, Tyna Tran, Willy Urassa, Hiroshi Ushijima, Philippevan de Perre, Guidovan der Groen, Kristel van Laethem, Joep van Oosterhout, Ard van Sighem, Eric van Wijngaerden, Anne-Mieke Vandamme, Jurgen Vercauteren, Nicole Vidal, Lesley Wallace, Carolyn Williamson, Dawit Wolday, Jianqing Xu, Chunfu Yang, Linqi Zhang, and Rong Zhang

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Serotype, Genotype, Genotyping Techniques, 030106 microbiology, DIVERSITY, MULTICENTER, VACCINE, HIV Infections, Genome, Viral, Biology, Global Health, Serogroup, SUBTYPES, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Surveys and Questionnaires, INFECTION, Genetic variation, Global health, Humans, HIV vaccine, Serotyping, AIDS Vaccines, Science & Technology, Molecular epidemiology, Genetic Variation, Subtyping, 3. Good health, Trend analysis, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, 13. Climate action, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, HIV-1, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Demography
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Global genetic diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge to the development of HIV vaccines. We aimed to estimate the regional and global distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants during 1990-2015. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), CINAHL (Ebscohost), and Global Health (Ovid) for HIV-1 subtyping studies published between Jan 1, 1990, and Dec 31, 2015. We collected additional unpublished HIV-1 subtyping data through a global survey. We included prevalence studies with HIV-1 subtyping data collected during 1990-2015. We grouped countries into 14 regions and analysed data for four time periods (1990-99, 2000-04, 2005-09, and 2010-15). The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), and unique recombinant forms (URFs) in individual countries was weighted according to the UNAIDS estimates of the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in each country to generate regional and global estimates of HIV-1 diversity in each time period. The primary outcome was the number of samples designated as HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, CRFs, and URFs. The systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42017067164. FINDINGS: This systematic review and global survey yielded 2203 datasets with 383 519 samples from 116 countries in 1990-2015. Globally, subtype C accounted for 46·6% (16 280 897/34 921 639 of PLHIV) of all HIV-1 infections in 2010-15. Subtype B was responsible for 12·1% (4 235 299/34 921 639) of infections, followed by subtype A (10·3%; 3 587 003/34 921 639), CRF02_AG (7·7%; 2 705 110/34 921 639), CRF01_AE (5·3%; 1 840 982/34 921 639), subtype G (4·6%; 1 591 276/34 921 639), and subtype D (2·7%; 926 255/34 921 639). Subtypes F, H, J, and K combined accounted for 0·9% (311 332/34 921 639) of infections. Other CRFs accounted for 3·7% (1 309 082/34 921 639), bringing the proportion of all CRFs to 16·7% (5 844 113/34 921 639). URFs constituted 6·1% (2 134 405/34 921 639), resulting in recombinants accounting for 22·8% (7 978 517/34 921 639) of all global HIV-1 infections. The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants changed over time in countries, regions, and globally. At a global level during 2005-15, subtype B increased, subtypes A and D were stable, and subtypes C and G and CRF02_AG decreased. CRF01_AE, other CRFs, and URFs increased, leading to a consistent increase in the global proportion of recombinants over time. INTERPRETATION: Global and regional HIV diversity is complex and evolving, and is a major challenge to HIV vaccine development. Surveillance of the global molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 remains crucial for the design, testing, and implementation of HIV vaccines. FUNDING: None. ispartof: LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES vol:19 issue:2 pages:143-155 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Published
2018
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13. A qualitative evaluation of volunteers' experiences in a phase I/II HIV vaccine trial in Tanzania

Author

Sandstrom Eric, Bakari Muhammad, Kohi Thecla W, Thorson Anna, Tarimo Edith AM, Mhalu Fred, and Kulane Asli

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Evaluating experiences of volunteers in an HIV vaccine trial will be useful for the conduct of future trials. The purpose of this study among volunteers who participated in a phase I/II HIV vaccine trial in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania was to assess what characterized their experiences during the trial. Methods We conducted four focus group discussions with 35 out of the 60 individuals (women and men) after the five scheduled vaccinations. An interpretive description approach was applied to data analysis. Results As a result of the trial interventions, both men and women gained confidence in their own abilities to have safer, less risky sexual behaviour. The participants experienced the trial as a way of accessing free [insured] medical services. Most of the men said they had gone from self-medication to professional medical consultation. Despite these benefits, the participants faced various challenges during the trial. Such challenges included mistrust of the trial shown by health care providers who were not connected to the trial and discouragement from friends, colleagues and family members who questioned the safety of the trial. However, they managed to cope with these doubts by using both personal and trial related interventions. Conclusion We found that during the phase I/II HIV vaccine trial, participants had both the opportunities and the ability to cope with the doubts from the surrounding community. Follow up visits enhanced the opportunities and individuals' abilities to cope with the doubts during the trial. Understanding this discourse may be useful for the trial implementers when designing future trials. Trials Registration ISRCTN: ISRCTN90053831 Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR): ATMR2009040001075080

Published
2011
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14. Decline in the prevalence of HIV-1 infection in young women in the Kagera region of Tanzania

Author

Kwesigabo, Gideon, Killewo, Japhet, Godoy, Carina, Urassa, Willy, Mbena, Ephraim, Mhalu, Fred, Biberfeld, Gunnel, Wall, Stig, and Sandstrom, Anita

Subjects
Tanzania -- Health aspects, HIV infection -- Statistics, Africans -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

The number of people infected with HIV in the Kagera region of Tanzania has dropped significantly since 1987. This may be due to extensive interventions promoting behavioral change since the first cases were reported in 1983. In the town of Bukoba, the percentage of HIV-infected residents dropped from 24% in 1987 to 18% in 1993. The decline was greatest in women, dropping over 10 percentage points overall. The rate in women between 15 and 24 years old dropped the most, from 28% to 11%. Among rural residents, the rates in these young women dropped from 10% to 3%.

Published
1998

15. Patterns of sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and youth in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Author

Swai Andrew, Majigo Mtebe, Mmari Eunice, Mhalu Fred, Mbwana Judica, Chalamilla Guerino, Urassa Willy, and Sandstrom Eric

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Syndromic management of STIs has been advocated as simplified and cheap approach. Youth have been reported to be at increased risk of acquiring STIs which can facilitate HIV transmission. We have investigated the relationship between the syndromic management and specific aetiology diagnosis and its relationship with HIV infection and health seeking behaviour among youth attending a reproductive health clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods Between September 1998 and February 1999 among 1895 adolescents and youth below 25 years seen in the clinic 199 (10.5%) were randomly selected and consented to participate in the study. A standard questionnaire was administered. Blood and vaginal or urethral specimens were taken and investigated for STI causative agents. Results Among a total of 199 studied adolescents and youth 22.6 % were teenagers, with fewer females 17.8% than males; 27.5% (p < 0.018). 20.8% of the females compared to 11.5% in males were HIV infected. Genital discharge was the most common complaint which was reported in 54.1% of male and 63.4 % of female patients. All males with gonorrhoea and four out of five with Chlamydia were given appropriate treatment with syndromic management, while 28% women with gonorrhoea or Chlamydia received appropriate treatment by syndromic management. All patients found with active syphilis by serology had not complained of genital ulcers and would not have been assigned to syndromic treatment for syphilis at the initial visit. Conclusion The burden of STIs in this youth population is large indicating that youth are at increased risk of STIs and will certainly require youth friendly clinics. There is a need to refine the current syndromic management guidelines.

Published
2006
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16. Alternative confirmatory strategies in HIV-1 antibody testing

Author

Urassa, Willy K., Bredberg-Raden, Ulla, Mbena, Ephraim, Palsson, Katinka, Minja, E., Lema, R.A., Pallangyo, Kisali, Mhalu, Fred S., and Biberfeld, Gunnel

Subjects
HIV antibodies -- Testing, Serodiagnosis -- Methods, HIV testing -- Methods, Health
Published
1992

17. A cross-sectional study of a program for HIV infection control among public house workers

Author

Mhalu, Fred, Hirji, Karim, Ijumba, Petrida, Shao, John, Mbena, Ephraim, Mwakagile, Davis, Akim, Caroline, Senge, Paul, Mponezya, Hussein, Bredberg-Raden, Ulla, and Biberfeld, Gunnel

Subjects
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (City) -- Social policy, HIV infection -- Demographic aspects, Prostitutes -- Diseases, Sexually transmitted diseases -- Demographic aspects, Health
Abstract

In some African cities, including Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, bar-maids and waitresses in public houses (bars, public lodgings, and restaurants) are often prostitutes. A survey conducted in 1986 revealed that a high percentage of female public workers in Dar es Salaam were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1, which causes AIDS), as indicated by antibodies to the virus in their blood. A program that included behavioral counseling and the distribution of condoms was started in 1988 to control the spread of HIV-1 among 605 public house workers in Dar es Salaam. One year later the participants were assessed for condom use, behavioral changes, and prevalence of antibodies to HIV-1 and Treponema pallidum (which causes syphilis). Both HIV-1 and Treponema pallidum are sexually transmitted diseases. The data from the participants were compared with similar information obtained from new workers and workers from other establishments; the two latter groups served as controls. Only 40 percent of the original workers were available for re-evaluation. Those who participated in the program used condoms more frequently than the controls and their behavior, including not engaging in prostitution and not having sex with strangers or others besides those with whom they had a stable relationship, was modified. Female barmaids who participated in the program used condoms more frequently, but did not change their sexual behavior. The authors speculate that the poor economy in this area is a significant factor in this outcome. However, the study indicates that programs aimed at controlling the spread of HIV-1 can be effective. Additional prevention programs are needed, as well as programs aimed at social and economic change. To provide opportunities for alternative employment for prostitutes, education and technical training, job development and job placement assistance are especially important. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1991

19. Priming with a Simplified Intradermal HIV-1 DNA Vaccine Regimen followed by Boosting with Recombinant HIV-1 MVA Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic: A Phase IIa Randomized Clinical Trial

Author

Munseri, Patricia. J., primary, Kroidl, Arne, additional, Nilsson, Charlotta, additional, Joachim, Agricola, additional, Geldmacher, Christof, additional, Mann, Philipp, additional, Moshiro, Candida, additional, Aboud, Said, additional, Lyamuya, Eligius, additional, Maboko, Leonard, additional, Missanga, Marco, additional, Kaluwa, Bahati, additional, Mfinanga, Sayoki, additional, Podola, Lilly, additional, Bauer, Asli, additional, Godoy-Ramirez, Karina, additional, Marovich, Mary, additional, Moss, Bernard, additional, Hoelscher, Michael, additional, Gotch, Frances, additional, Stöhr, Wolfgang, additional, Stout, Richard, additional, McCormack, Sheena, additional, Wahren, Britta, additional, Mhalu, Fred, additional, Robb, Merlin L., additional, Biberfeld, Gunnel, additional, Sandström, Eric, additional, and Bakari, Muhammad, additional

Published
2015
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20. Potent Functional Antibody Responses Elicited by HIV-I DNA Priming and Boosting with Heterologous HIV-1 Recombinant MVA in Healthy Tanzanian Adults

Author

Joachim, Agricola, primary, Nilsson, Charlotta, additional, Aboud, Said, additional, Bakari, Muhammad, additional, Lyamuya, Eligius F., additional, Robb, Merlin L., additional, Marovich, Mary A., additional, Earl, Patricia, additional, Moss, Bernard, additional, Ochsenbauer, Christina, additional, Wahren, Britta, additional, Mhalu, Fred, additional, Sandström, Eric, additional, Biberfeld, Gunnel, additional, Ferrari, Guido, additional, and Polonis, Victoria R., additional

Published
2015
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22. Experiences on recruitment and retention of volunteers in the first HIV vaccine trial in Dar es Salam, Tanzania - the phase I/II HIVIS 03 trial

Author

Bakari, Muhammad, primary, Munseri, Patricia, additional, Francis, Joel, additional, Aris, Eric, additional, Moshiro, Candida, additional, Siyame, David, additional, Janabi, Mohamed, additional, Ngatoluwa, Mary, additional, Aboud, Said, additional, Lyamuya, Eligius, additional, Sandström, Eric, additional, and Mhalu, Fred, additional

Published
2013
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29. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding by treating infants or mothers prophylactically with antiretrovirals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: the MITRA and MITRA PLUS studies

Author

Kilewo, Charles, primary, Karlsson, Katarina, additional, Ngarina, Matilda, additional, Massawe, Augustine, additional, Lyamuya, Eligius, additional, Lipyoga, Rosina, additional, Msemo, Georgina, additional, Bakari, Muhamad, additional, Swai, Andrew, additional, Mhalu, Fred, additional, and Biberfeld, Gunnel, additional

Published
2008
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