Search

Background Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are among the major health problems in Ethiopia. This study assessed the proportion of tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBLN), HIV infection and their co-infection among TBLN presumptive individuals at the selected hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institution based cross sectional study was carried out. Data on demographic and clinical variables were collected with standardized questionnaire. Microbiological culture was done on specimen obtained by fine needle aspirates. The HIV status was determined by rapid anti-HIV antibody test. Data was entered and scrutinized using SPSS version 20 statistical packages. A stepwise logistic regression model was used. The result was considered as statistically significant at P

Just transition is currently a leading principle in discussions about transitions. But what does that mean? How do we make sure that transitions are just? We have developed an operational framework to help people in the transition process to put justice in practice, based on a review of the literature, analysis of just transition practices and dialogues between policymakers, scientists and practitioners. We have scoped our work in the context of food systems transformation and climate change. The operational framework consists out of four steps and several questions that help to raise awareness on the potential to make transitions more just. It can even be used to initiate a dialogue among people in transition process on how they jointly would put justice into the transition practices. The report concludes with a knowledge agenda that summarises pending research questions that would be useful to further complete the operational framework. Rechtvaardige transitie is een veel gebruikt principe. Maar wat bedoelen mensen ermee? En hoe realiseer je een transitie die als rechtvaardig beschouwd wordt? Op basis van wetenschappelijke bevindingen, analyse van praktijkervaringen en dialogen tussen beleidsmakers, wetenschappers en praktijk mensen is er in dit rapport een operationeel kader ontwikkeld dat ervoor zorgt dat rechtvaardigheid beter ingebed wordt in de transitieprocessen. Om dit kader te maken, is gebruik gemaakt van de context van voedselsysteemtransformatie en klimaatadaptatie/mitigatie. Het operationeel kader bestaat uit vier stappen die elk een aantal vragen omvatten. Deze vragen maken mensen in transitie processen meer bewust van de mogelijkheden om de transitie meer rechtvaardig te laten verlopen. De vragen stimuleren een diepgaande zoektocht en kunnen in sommige processen zelfs een gesprek tot stand brengen over hoe mensen rechtvaardigheid concreet willen vorm geven.Het rapport eindigt met een kennisagenda die een overzicht geeft van de huidige kennisvragen waar nog onduidelijkheid over is. Een aantal van die vragen zouden verder verkend kunnen worden om zo hetoperationele kader weer verder aan te vullen.

Additional file 1. Search strategy.

In this study we explore what roles informal midstream businesses have in food systems, and the outcomes they influence – such as food safety, food availability affordability and accessibility, various dimensions of livelihoods (including employment and labour conditions), and the environment. Informal businesses operate outside of the formal economy. They are often not officially registered, do not maintain bookkeeping, pay income taxes, or own a bank account, and do not hold official employment relations with their workers. There are multiple perceptions and theories on informality, but recent insights inform us that the informal economy can play a constructive and rational role in complementing the formal economy. Informality is not a stage in development, which will disappear with modernisation of the economy. informality is an intrinsic part of the whole economy and therefore set to stay. Most efforts by governments to formalise the informal economic sectors have failed. Governmental efforts to regulate the informal economy come with significant risks and may have an adverse effect on economic growth and its inclusivity. We conclude from this study that informal midstream businesses contribute in many ways to food system outcomes, such as access by poor consumers to affordable food. But they sometimes also constrain such outcomes by, for example, maintaining poor workers’ conditions. As they operate outside regulation policies for food safety and may lack knowledge on hygiene standards, informal food provisioning may also come with higher health risks compared to formal food suppliers, such as supermarkets. Social capital and trust have significant effects on the performance of informal businesses. This is related to the observation that informal entrepreneurs are often not only driven by economic rationale but also by social goals. Governments can support informal midstream businesses by improving infrastructure, but also including them in policy dialogue. However, the repertoire by governments of incentives that trigger informal midstream businesses to contribute to public goals is limited. Other actors in the food system, such as retailers, consumer (movements) and investors are better positioned to reach out to the informal midstream businesses. Informal midstream businesses can have both positive and negative impacts on food system outcomes. We conclude that private sector-led innovation, in which informal businesses define their priorities, co-operate in networks, take the lead, and contribute to enhanced food system outcomes, is an important yet highly unknown area. If informal businesses are to contribute to enhanced food system outcomes, we must unpack that black box allowing better understanding of their roles, processes to involve them, and what can be done to stimulate them to contribute to enhanced food system outcomes.

The article addresses critical issues of law, policy and practice related to the right to cross-border identity of individuals with Eritrean and Ethiopian ancestry. It makes a call for a holistic approach in addressing the rights of such individuals, who are believed to form a considerable proportion of the total population in both countries, if not the majority. The article’s central argument is framed in the context of the developing norm of the right to dual nationality of those who have recognised origins in more than one country. It gleans insights from international and comparative law perspectives, by looking into the practice of some states that allow dual nationality. The argument aligns with fundamental principles of equality and the right to non-discrimination based on one’s national origin, as enshrined in various instruments of International Human Rights Law (IHRL). By making an explicit call for the recognition of dual nationality of individuals with Eritrean and Ethiopian ancestry, the article also argues that attendant questions and answers surrounding the issue of cross-border identity need to be ironed out in a sustainable manner in forthcoming rounds of negotiations between the governments of the two countries. This is imperative for ending the prolonged suffering of thousands of people from both countries, fulfilling also the international obligations of both states, all of which are important for ushering in a lasting peace between the two countries.

Additional file 1: Search strategy.

Additional file 1. Search strategy

Additional file 1 Supplement 1: Search Strategy

Additional file 2. Risk of bias summary result: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for included studies, 2011–18