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This study investigates the determinants of the obsessive view of mukbang autonomous sensory meridian response (Mukbang ASMR) and examines the moderation role of intertemporal choice and the mediating effect of mediated voyeurism among university students in Malaysia. A quantitative survey was conducted with 408 university students in Malaysia who viewed mukbang channel(s) often on social media. PLS-SEM is adopted to examine the associated paths and effects. The results demonstrate the significant impact of alienation and novelty, vicarious satisfaction, companionship and loneliness on mukbang ASMR obsession. Mediated voyeurism intervenes the effects of alienation and novelty on mukbang ASMR and intertemporal choice positively moderates the relationship between companionship and loneliness and mukbang ASMR. This study constructs a model to estimate Mukbang ASMR obsession by identifying specific motives and relationships among key factors, highlighting loneliness as the most effective determinant of mukbang ASMR among Malaysian younger generation. Research results provide an extended understanding of the mukbang ASMR, offering valuable insights in the areas of lifestyle, social well-being, and social media consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing media literacy for language students is a matter of increasing concern for language teachers and educators. Initiatives have been attempted to integrate media literacy into the curriculum with a view to developing the ability to consume and create media content amongst students. This paper explores the possibilities of integrating media literacy in the courses of translation and interpretation for EFL students at UD-UFLS. It looks at how media literacy can be integrated in the delivery of course content and in the practice of translation and interpretation. The results show that, by engaging students in various forms of translating and interpreting practice, the teacher can direct students towards improving techniques that involve media analysis and content creation during both phases of media consumption and media production. Samples of student-produced media and their perceptions towards developing media literacy for enhancing translation and interpretation are also presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Citizens are expected to make informed voting decisions. Theoretical approaches suggest that people are most likely to acquire their political knowledge through media. As more people turn to social media as a source of news, the political knowledge gains from using these technologies are called into question. Previous research has shown that rather than increasing objective political knowledge, the use of social media for news only increases people's metacognitive sense of being knowledgeable (subjective knowledge), which in turn increases their political participation. However, it remains to be understood which particular forms of social media use, e.g., incidental or intentional news exposure, are related to which dimension of political knowledge. The present work examines (a) the extent to which different motivational forms of social media news consumption foster subjective knowledge, and (b) whether this metacognition is related not only to political participation as a broad concept, but also to specific democratic outcomes such as voting intentions. Methods and results: Results from a pre-registered, pre-election survey (N = 1,223) of social media users show that intentional news seeking, but not incidental news exposure on social media, is directly related to increased subjective knowledge. Subjective knowledge appears to explain the relationship between social media news use and voting. Discussion: By showing that incidental and intentional social media news use affect subjective knowledge differently, this study provides preliminary and nuanced insights into the ultimate role that social media technologies can play in democratic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of disinformation raises serious questions for society, affecting public trust and democratic stability. In this context, an attempt is made to configure a profile of the practices of identification and fight against disinformation, assess the incidence of social networks, and identify citizens' perceptions of media literacy in Ecuador. The methodology used is quantitative and qualitative, with a descriptive approach, using a survey, interviews with experts, and focus groups. The converging points between experts and citizens are the need to develop media literacy processes that begin in basic education and the institutionalisation of the fight against disinformation, which should be assumed through an articulation between citizens and schools. On the other hand, training to identify fake news is directly related to information verification practices. Likewise, statistical evidence shows that Ecuadorians who verify information perceive themselves as fully informed citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Even though global childhood obesity rates keep increasing, stabilization has been shown over the past decade in several countries, including Switzerland. We aimed to investigate the trends in childhood overweight and obesity over the past 21 years in Switzerland and to identify the associated risk factors. Methods: Using cluster sampling, we recruited a national sample of 6–12-year-old children in Switzerland (n = 1245). We conducted anthropometric measurements and assessed risk factors using a self-administered questionnaire. We investigated the time trend by including data from four comparable previous surveys conducted since 2002. Results: We found a prevalence of overweight, including obesity, of 16.1 (14.1–18.2)%, with a significantly higher proportion in boys (18.6 (15.5–21.6)%) compared to girls (13.7 (11.0–16.4)%). We found a small but significant reduction in the prevalence of overweight including obesity over time (p = 0.005), but not of obesity alone (p = 0.099). The most important risk factors for obesity were parental education, parental origin, media consumption, as well as several dietary factors. Conclusions: Despite a slight decreasing trend in childhood overweight in Switzerland, it remains a public health concern. Prevention programs should focus on migrant families and those with low education and emphasize the risks of sedentary behavior and the importance of a healthy diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, we have witnessed increasing knowledge production on populism at the level of individuals. However, the systematization of these studies' conclusions is still scarce. There is also little research on the relationship between populism and education. Based on a systematic literature review, this article contributes to this by first focusing on what studies have revealed about the relationship between populist attitudes and socioeconomic, political, emotional characteristics and media-related preferences. Based on predefined criteria and a double-screening process, our literature search led to the selection of 68 studies focused on populist attitudes. The analysis of these articles enables us to understand that populist attitudes (i) are influenced by socioeconomic characteristics; (ii) have a nuanced relationship with politics; (iii) are driven by emotional dimensions; and (iv) are associated with diverse views about the media and media consumption preferences. We discuss the main findings of this systematic literature review and point out possible educational responses to individual populist standpoints according to their various causes, particularly in terms of the role of political and media education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online platforms have a wealth of data, run countless experiments, and use industrial-scale algorithms to optimize user experience. Despite this, many users seem to regret the time they spend on these platforms. One possible explanation is that incentives are misaligned: platforms are not optimizing for user happiness. We suggest the problem runs deeper, transcending the specific incentives of any particular platform, and instead stems from a mistaken foundational assumption. To understand what users want, platforms look at what users do. This is a kind of revealed-preference assumption that is ubiquitous in the way user models are built. Yet research has demonstrated, and personal experience affirms, that we often make choices in the moment that are inconsistent with what we actually want. The behavioral economics and psychology literatures suggest, for example, that we can choose mindlessly or that we can be too myopic in our choices, behaviors that feel entirely familiar on online platforms. In this work, we develop a model of media consumption where users have inconsistent preferences. We consider a platform which wants to maximize user utility, but only observes behavioral data in the form of the user's engagement. We show how our model of users' preference inconsistencies produces phenomena that are familiar from everyday experience but difficult to capture in traditional user interaction models. These phenomena include users who have long sessions on a platform but derive very little utility from it, and platform changes that steadily raise user engagement before abruptly causing users to go "cold turkey" and quit. A key ingredient in our model is a formulation for how platforms determine what to show users: they optimize over a large set of potential content (the content manifold) parametrized by underlying features of the content. Whether improving engagement improves user welfare depends on the direction of movement in the content manifold: For certain directions of change, increasing engagement makes users less happy, whereas in other directions on the same manifold, increasing engagement makes users happier. We provide a characterization of the structure of content manifolds for which increasing engagement fails to increase user utility. By linking these effects to abstractions of platform design choices, our model thus creates a theoretical framework and vocabulary in which to explore interactions between design, behavioral science, and social media. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: This work was supported by the Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship and Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative [Grant W911NF-19-0217]. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.03683. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of integrating blogging practices into children’s television programs is considered as one of the factors for popularizing the latter among the younger generation. It is noted that children prefer entertaining online resources. It is shown that parents are concerned about their children’s immersion in the virtual sphere, the difficulty of controlling the information received, and the influence of popular bloggers on shaping children’s worldview. It is pointed out that resources for children under 13 are widely available on the Internet and television, while there are no such specialized resources for teenagers, particularly on central television. Meanwhile, the government has adopted a program document for the development of education for children and adolescents, in which a television channel for the latter could provide certain assistance. The author of the article proposes a working concept for a children’s television channel for teenagers, which integrates blogging practices. It is concluded that the synthesis of educational, developmental, and entertainment functions, involving child bloggers and the target audience in program development and hosting, organizing active feedback with the audience, and other factors will contribute to the channel’s success, provided there is government interest.

Parasocial relationships (PSRs), defined as one-sided relationships with media personas have grown in prevalence within the K-pop fandom in recent years, particularly for adolescents. This study utilizes an explanatory sequential mixed methods model to investigate the psychological impact of PSRs on adolescent K-pop fans. Adapting existing frameworks of PSR measurement, quantitative data was collected through an online survey sent to high school students aged 14-18, while qualitative data was collected through narrative interviews. the key findings revealed that PSRs developed by adolescent K-pop fans often lead to unhealthy emotional attachment and unre- alistic perceptions of beauty and interpersonal relationships, with social media acting as a mediator. Major psychological impacts identified include behavioral modifications, appearance insecurities, and emotional codependency, caused by extended exposure to misleading marketing techniques in K-pop. The study highlights the need for wider investigation of unhealthy standards perpetuated by the K-pop industry and the development of positive media consumption habits.

The phenomenon of disinformation raises serious questions for society, affecting public trust and democratic stability. In this context, an attempt is made to configure a profile of the practices of identification and fight against disinformation, assess the incidence of social networks, and identify citizens’ perceptions of media literacy in Ecuador. The methodology used is quantitative and qualitative, with a descriptive approach, using a survey, interviews with experts, and focus groups. The converging points between experts and citizens are the need to develop media literacy processes that begin in basic education and the institutionalisation of the fight against disinformation, which should be assumed through an articulation between citizens and schools. On the other hand, training to identify fake news is directly related to information verification practices. Likewise, statistical evidence shows that Ecuadorians who verify information perceive themselves as fully informed citizens.

The article analyses media consumption trends in Ukraine in 2022-2024, a hugely difficult time for the nation during the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine. During this time, both the consumers and the media had to adapt to new media conditions. The article analyzes the dynamics of media consumption in Ukraine during the last two years of the war in order to understand how extreme conditions in society affect the information environment, behavior, and psychological state of consumers. In the future, this will make it possible to develop effective strategies for media educational institutions and psychologists in shaping the conscious consumption of information and providing quality support to the individual in conditions of psychological crisis and emotional decline after contact with the media. The study’s results show that for the second year in a row, Ukrainians choose social networks and online media to receive news information. Telegram channels are leading. Moreover, conscious media consumption of Ukrainian and patriotic content is growing. The author emphasizes that the constant flow of news about war, shelling, misinformation, and propaganda exerts emotional pressure on consumers. Despite information overload, Ukrainians need quality and interesting content. In 2023, the consumption of entertainment programs, podcasts, and other formats that offer emotional enrichment to the consumer has increased significantly. Therefore, there is a growing need for psychological support and media programs to help consumers navigate the information space and support them with content in difficult times. Another important trend is the growing popularity of the concept of «ecological media consumption,» which involves conscious information selection, critical thinking, and minimizing the negative impact of media on the consumer’s mental health.

Background. The media environment offers not only reference images of the quality of life, but also numerous ways to achieve them. Currently, the media space is considered as a significant factor in psychological health and well-being, with body image being subject to the maximum degree of “pressure” from media ideals of appearance. This creates conditions for certain behaviour patterns of self-transformation, including the help of modern methods of aesthetic medicine. Objectives. The aim is to study the influence of the stereotype of ideal appearance, broadcast by the media, on the desire and readiness to change one’s appearance in an aesthetic medicine clinic. Methods. Methods specially developed for this study were used: “Media preferences and attitudes towards appearance” and “Choice of aesthetic medicine procedures”. Study Participants. The main group consisted of 144 women (M = 22.5; SD = 4.4, from 18 to 30 years old) who sought medical help at the Institute of Plastic Surgery and Cosmetology; control group involved 164 women (M = 21.15; SD = 3.8, from 18 to 30 years old) who did not contact the medical network with complaints about dissatisfaction with their own appearance. Results. Patients of the aesthetic medicine clinic are characterized by regular consumption of media on fashion and beauty topics, and are also prone to comparison and imitation of media ideals of appearance. Girls who spend a lot of time watching media on fashion and beauty want to devote even more time to this and note that the media influences the intensification of their needs related to changing their appearance. Conclusions. Macrosocial pressure to develop an “ideal self” evokes young women to compare themselves to and imitate ideals of appearance, which increases the desire to change their appearance. women focused on long-term consumption of media stereotypes of ideal appearance show willingness to use more and a wider range of medical interventions to correct their appearance, despite their risks and severity.

The results of the examination of six Russian TV channels (Channel One, Rossiya 1, NTV, STS, TNT, Friday!) are presented, the peculiarities of their work with social media VKontakte and Odnoklassniki are revealed. An attempt was made to identify the changed digital content strategies of TV channels in turbulent conditions. The effectiveness of TV accounts in social media during four weeks of 2022 and 2023 has been studied. The following parameters were analysed: number of posts, user comments, views and likes. Based on audience and channel activity, the Engagement Rate of users in the published content was determined. The most popular publications among the audience were identified, their formats and thematic focus were reviewed. The return of interest to the Odnoklassniki resource was noted. The tendency of the past years when TV channels duplicated content in their accounts of various social networks was also recorded. During the period of changes in the media landscape and social turbulence, the audience demand for news agenda, on the one hand, and entertainment, or rather “distracting” content, on the other hand, was noted.

Abstract Background There is inconclusive evidence for the effects of various leisure activities on attention performance in children. The literature reports inconsistent associations between activities such as physical activities or media use. To date, no study has thoroughly examined the various factors influencing attentional performance in a larger cohort of healthy children. This study aims to close this research gap. Methods From 2018 to 2019, the Leipzig School Nutrition Study collected data from 1215 children and their families. The children report their dietary behavior (using CoCu- Questionnaire), especially their participation in school lunch and their breakfast habits, through a paper questionnaire. Furthermore, attention performance was assessed using a validated test (FAIR-2) at school. Data on physical activity, media consumption, family eating habits and socio-economic status (SES) were collected from parents using questionnaires. Associations between attention and influencing factors were estimated using hierarchical linear regression. Analyses were adjusted for age, SES, and school type. Results Attending upper secondary schools (ßadj= 23.6, p

A relationship has been recognized between social media use and health issues. However, no studies have explored the potential link between social media use and consumption of over-the-counter (OTC) medications. We examined social media use, self-reported anxiety, depression, sleep problems, pain, and OTC medications use among Norwegian university students. The goal was to gain insights that would guide preventive health strategies for this target group. A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted with an online questionnaire distributed to university student Facebook groups in Norway. A total of 132 completed surveys were analyzed. Among the respondents, 28% experienced anxiety, 35% depression, 64% sleep problems, 71% headaches, and 78% musculoskeletal pain. Moreover, 56% reported using OTC analgesics or sleep aids, mostly purchased from community pharmacies. No statistically significant correlation was found between social media use and headache, musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, or consumption of OTC medications among university students in Norway. The findings, however, demonstrated a positive trend, highlighting the need for further research with larger, more diverse samples, and potentially employing a qualitative or longitudinal design. We propose increased awareness of the potential negative effects of social media among university students, the inclusion of social media and health topics in study curricula, and the more proactive engagement of community pharmacists with young clients concerning the consumption of OTC medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subscription to multiple subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services, known as multi-homing, is increasingly prevalent. This research explores the relationship between multi-homing and traditional media consumption and identifies the key factors that predict multi-homing tendencies among SVOD users. We analyzed data from 2019 to 2021 across the U.S., Canada, China, Japan, Germany, and France to investigate the impact of SVOD usage on legacy media viewing time, and then explored the predictors of multi-homing behaviors. Our findings indicate that multi-homing users are more inclined to consume content on legacy media platforms, such as terrestrial or cable television, compared with single-homing users. Critical differentiators between multi-homing and single-homing users include demographic profiles, lifestyle preferences, content expectations, and usage habits, particularly in terms of account sharing and primary devices for content consumption. These results are crucial for both SVOD and traditional media providers, as they offer strategic guidance for companies to effectively operate in various international markets. Such a comprehensive analysis of multi-homing behavior also offers a new perspective on the dynamics of global media consumption. Plain language summary: This study delves into the growing trend of "multi-homing" in media consumption, where individuals subscribe to multiple online streaming platforms alongside their traditional TV viewing. We sought to uncover who these multi-homers are and how their behavior impacts their engagement with conventional television. Over 3 years, we surveyed participants across six countries: the USA, Canada, China, Japan, Germany, and France. Our analysis reveals that multi-homing is not just about having more choices; it's about a shift in how people engage with media. Those who subscribe to several streaming services also tend to watch more traditional TV, suggesting that rather than replacing old with new, digital and traditional media consumption can coexist and complement each other. Demographically, younger individuals, those with higher education levels, and people with greater household incomes are more inclined to be multi-homers. This group values diversity in their content and expects a high-quality viewing experience. Lifestyle choices, content expectations, and viewing habits also play significant roles in their propensity to subscribe to multiple services. Our findings offer valuable insights for streaming service providers and traditional TV broadcasters, highlighting the importance of understanding viewer preferences and consumption patterns in the evolving media landscape. For academia, this research contributes to the broader discourse on digital media's impact on traditional media consumption, offering a nuanced understanding of viewer behavior in the age of streaming services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A body of experimental research has aimed to investigate processes underlying dream formation by examining the effects of a range of pre-sleep stimuli and events on subsequent dream content. Given its ever-growing presence and salience in people's everyday lives, pre-sleep media consumption stands out as a key variable that could influence people's dreams. We conducted a scoping review to evaluate the experimental evidence of the effects of pre-sleep exposure to visual media on dream content. A systematic search on PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science using terms related to moving visual media and dreams yielded 29 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Overall, we found modest yet varied effects of pre-sleep exposure to visual media on dream content, with rates of stimulus-related incorporation ranging from 3% to 43% for REM dream reports, 4% to 30% for NREM sleep mentation reports, and between 11% and 35% for home dream reports. Our review highlights the large methodological heterogeneity and gaps across studies, the general difficulty in influencing dream content using pre-sleep exposure to visual media, and suggests promising venues for future research to advance our understanding of how and why digital media may impact people's dreams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, the widespread adoption of social media has fundamentally transformed our media consumption habits. This study examines the role of the latest influential network, TikTok, in this transformation. In recent years, TikTok has become a trendsetter in the social media market, which means that the platform significantly influences the direction of development in this sector. Therefore, it is worthwhile to study the platform’s operation in detail to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the future trajectory of social networks. The text discusses four key aspects: the new forms of social media sites and the operational principles of the For You algorithm; the widespread adoption of the short video format; the use of social media platforms as search engines; and the changes observed in news consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is inconclusive evidence for the effects of various leisure activities on attention performance in children. The literature reports inconsistent associations between activities such as physical activities or media use. To date, no study has thoroughly examined the various factors influencing attentional performance in a larger cohort of healthy children. This study aims to close this research gap. Methods: From 2018 to 2019, the Leipzig School Nutrition Study collected data from 1215 children and their families. The children report their dietary behavior (using CoCu- Questionnaire), especially their participation in school lunch and their breakfast habits, through a paper questionnaire. Furthermore, attention performance was assessed using a validated test (FAIR-2) at school. Data on physical activity, media consumption, family eating habits and socio-economic status (SES) were collected from parents using questionnaires. Associations between attention and influencing factors were estimated using hierarchical linear regression. Analyses were adjusted for age, SES, and school type. Results: Attending upper secondary schools (ßadj= 23.6, p < 0.001) and having a higher SES (ß= 1.28, p < 0.001) was associated with higher attention performance. Children doing leisure-time sports (ßadj= 4.18, p = 0.046) or reading books for at least one hour/weekday showed better attention performance (ßadj= 3.8, p = 0.040). Attention performance was also better in children having no electronic devices in the bedroom (ßadj= 13.0, p = 0.005) and in children whose parents limited their children's Internet access (ßadj= 5.2, p = 0.012). We did not find any association between nutritional habits and attention performance. Conclusions: We found that fostering modifiable habits such as reading and physical activity could enhance attention performance. These findings have substantial implications for the development of prevention and intervention programs that aim to improve attention in schoolchildren. It is important to note, however, that social status as a hardly modifiable factor also impacts attention performance. Therefore, interventions should address personal habits in a systemic approach considering the child's social status. Trial registration: The study is retrospectively registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00017317, registration: 05-29-2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research has been conducted on the regulation of light quality on heterotrophy in in vitro-grown potato plantlets. Here, we investigated the effect of light quality on photosynthetic and heterotrophic abilities as well as microtuber formation and growth of potato plantlets (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Shepody). Potato plantlets pre-cultivated under white light for 30 days were then transferred to grow under blue (B), green (G), red (R), yellow (Y), and white (W) lights, and parameters including dry weight, photosynthetic pigment, medium solute consumption, δ13C value, root activity, and sucrose transport (SUT) gene expression of these plantlets were measured. The results showed that B, G, and W were conducive to the rapid induction of microtubers, while R, and especially Y, delayed microtuber formation. Higher photosynthetic ability was observed in the W treatment, whereas the opposite effect was seen in the monochromatic light treatments. Microtuber growth was primarily dependent on heterotrophy, and B was conducive to microtuber growth. The delay in microtuber formation was related to the high expression of StSUT4 in the root, and better microtuber growth was associated with higher root activity, more medium solute consumption, and a higher expression level of StSUT1 in the roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media has become a central aspect of everyday life, providing information and entertainment, and serving as a basis for citizen consumption. The content that appears on the internet today is the result of numerous experiences accumulated throughout the history of media, particularly in the last four decades of technological and social development. The following text analyses how the hybridisation of analogue and digital technologies affects audience consumption patterns and expectations, leading to a more flexible relationship with the media. This study employed a theoretical examination of documentary sources, including texts, articles, and digital materials. The findings indicate a shift from simple, vertical, and linear communication systems to networks that enable horizontal and personalised consumption. The conclusion drawn is that technology has redefined structures and concepts, with the smartphone serving as the focal point of media consumption. Living culture is shaped by technology, because the message, more than the specific content, is the meaning, recognition, and exchange of a world that needs to be re-thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

YouTube, one of the prominent online video-sharing platforms, plays a pivotal role in modern media consumption, making it crucial to understand and predict the view-count dynamics of its videos. The viewership of YouTube videos can be influenced by three distinct sources: subscribers, word-of-mouth, and recommendation systems. This paper presents a comprehensive modelling framework that takes into account the view-count obtained through these three sources, assuming that a single view-count can only be attributed to one of these sources at any given time. We investigate the interplay among these sources in shaping YouTube video view-count dynamics, proposing a novel approach to model and analyse their impact on video popularity. Additionally, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method is employed to validate and rank our proposed models. This study's findings deepen our understanding of the intricate mechanisms within the YouTube ecosystem, offering insights for predicting and managing video viewership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTRecent attempts have been made by Network Rail and the British Transport Police to discourage young people from committing ‘railway trespass’ – the dangerous act of illegally gaining access to live railway tracks. Whilst public safety campaigns have a long history in the UK and beyond, little research has been dedicated to a better understanding of how young people engage with this media. This article reflects on Evaluating Trespass Prevention (2021), a project which involved a small group of Further Education (FE) Media Students as co-researchers exploring railway trespass prevention. The young co-researchers co-produced a new evaluation toolkit, as well as creatively exploring themes of railway trespass through documentary interviewing and filmmaking. Presenting our critical reflections on the process of working with young co-researchers on this project, we argue for the broader adoption of an adaptable and iterative approach to meaningful engagement with young people in relation to contemporary social issues.

This article, stemming from two doctoral theses, aims to comprehend the influence of the family, work, and religion institutions in the identification of preferential meanings--frames that readers employ to connect with a message--in the reception of journalistic narratives. Drawing from biographical fragments--memories triggered during in-depth interviews--gathered through a common life history question in both theses, the relevance of these three institutions in the daily lives of 34 participants is discussed. The results indicate that these reference communities are identified in life stories through: a) spontaneous association; b) stimulated association; c) spontaneous dissociation; and d) stimulated dissociation. Through these analytical categories, it possible to identify the foundations of cultural mediations, dimensions in which meanings originate and are shaped through media consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Throughout the COVID-19 crisis, scientists around the globe have engaged in science communication to an unprecedented degree to convey first-hand epidemiological knowledge and information on preventive measures. The present work is aimed at empirically investigating the impact of direct exposure to scientists as compared to general COVID-19-related media consumption (N = 698) on central cognitive, affective, and behavioral variables, based on the extended parallel process model (EPPM) and its adaptations. A segment of the sample comprises individuals recruited independently, while others were sourced from an online panel. Importantly, this study sample was conducted at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed that direct exposure to scientists positively affected recipients' knowledge and self-efficacy. General media consumption, by contrast, positively affected perceived threat as well as fear and uncertainty. Both sources positively affected the adherence to protective measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread dissemination of misinformation on social media is a serious threat to global health. To a large extent, it is still unclear who actually shares health-related misinformation deliberately and accidentally. We conducted a large-scale online survey among 5,307 Facebook users in six sub-Saharan African countries, in which we collected information on sharing of fake news and truth discernment. We estimate the magnitude and determinants of deliberate and accidental sharing of misinformation related to three vaccines (HPV, polio, and COVID-19). In an OLS framework we relate the actual sharing of fake news to several socioeconomic characteristics (age, gender, employment status, education), social media consumption, personality factors and vaccine-related characteristics while controlling for country and vaccine-specific effects. We first show that actual sharing rates of fake news articles are substantially higher than those reported from developed countries and that most of the sharing occurs accidentally. Second, we reveal that the determinants of deliberate vs. accidental sharing differ. While deliberate sharing is related to being older and risk-loving, accidental sharing is associated with being older, male, and high levels of trust in institutions. Lastly, we demonstrate that the determinants of sharing differ by the adopted measure (intentions vs. actual sharing) which underscores the limitations of commonly used intention-based measures to derive insights about actual fake news sharing behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aimed to explore the role of media consumption, governmental distrust, and psychological vulnerability in predicting the practical well-being of university students and healthcare professionals during COVID-19. Two correlational studies were conducted. Study 1 was conducted with 411 university students (206 Women; 205 men), and it was conducted during the first lockdown in Pakistan. Study 2 was conducted during the thigh-intensity phase he COVID-19, and the sample comprised 375 healthcare professionals (198 women; 177 men). Both studies showed that higher levels of media consumption, governmental distrust, and psychological vulnerability were associated with lower levels of well-being. Our path models in both studies (with students and healthcare professionals) indicate that during the pandemic, participants' level of media consumption, trust in the government, and their personal vulnerability were negatively associated with their affective well-being. These findings have implications for individuals' affective well-being during healthcare crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the selective exposure hypothesis, media consumption is determined by the ideological predispositions of individuals, who aim to confirm their opinions through media content. This research explores the role of the public state-owned radio and television corporation, Radio Televisión Española (RTVE), as a facilitator of transversal exposure, that is, consumption that is not aligned with individuals’ prior convictions. Through a quantitative methodology based on contingency tables and the calculation of corrected typed residuals, and through the CIS post-electoral studies, we analyse the relevance of ideology, partisan identification and interest in public issues as predictors of public television and radio consumption over a period of 11 years (2008-2019) in Spain. The results indicate that being a voter of the party in government and sharing its ideology are related to a higher likelihood of consuming RTVE television channels. In addition, the results show a higher transversal exposure of public radio, compared to television, which is more strongly influenced by the ideology and partisanship of the audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By exploring users' engagement in communication and their social media literacy (SML), this study examines who shares fake news on Facebook intentionally and unintentionally. A two-phase online survey has been conducted among 1,000 active Facebook users in Poland. We found that users engaged in communication on multiple social media platforms tend to share fake news intentionally. There is a negative relationship between SML score and intentional sharing. However, those with higher functional consumption scores (the dimension of SML) tend to share fake news intentionally. Men are less likely to share fake news unintentionally. The crosstabulation of classes and variables related to social media use revealed that users with lower level of salary, education and occupational status are most likely to share fake news both intentionally and unintentionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wildlife trade is a worldwide threat to biodiversity. It is a complex problem, and to deal with it, one must analyse its constituting factors, some of which are specific to certain geographic areas. Although Mexican laws have prohibited selling wild products, Mexico is still both a source and consumer of exotic wildlife; however, there is limited data on why people participate in this type of trade.This paper aims to understand people's motivations for participating in the wildlife trade. 192 surveys on a population segment unrelated to it and 30 in‐depth interviews were performed to determine the patterns of wildlife trade in Mexico. Finally, we performed two in‐person interviews with collectors of large‐scale animals.The outcomes demonstrated that Facebook was the social media showing more wildlife content. Most participants were aware of the diverse impacts of the animal trade, as well as, that offering, buying and having certain animals was a crime but were assuaged due to common knowledge that authorities do not investigate social media. Finally, based on the findings from the in‐person interviews, it was observed that the individuals engaged in heavy trafficking believed that their actions were altruistic in nature.We concluded that the primary motivations for wildlife trade in Mexico were economic status and prestige within their social groups. In that order, our study is a pioneering attempt to determine motivations in Mexico, which could be a basis for future regional studies. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the media practices of Peruvian internet users based on their self- perceived educational level. The purpose is to provide an original theoretical perspective on the formation of media assemblages, shaped by the uses and interactions of specific social groups with media outlets. Utilizing a custom questionnaire, grounded in an updated version of the Uses and Gratifications Theory, administered to a sample (n=465) of users from various age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds, we examine the similarities and differences in these media assemblages and their impact on users' agency as critical media consumers. The results reveal that the national context, characterized by technological disparities and the COVID-19 pandemic, has influenced consumption practices. The smartphone stands out as the most widely used device, valued for its immediacy and diverse content. Both less educated and highly educated groups resort to it for information, education, and entertainment. Television also plays a significant role, serving as entertainment for older generations and a source of information for higher socioeconomic levels. The choice of streaming services among different income groups reflects the influence of connectivity and bandwidth. Information consumption is driven by curiosity, while entertainment is used for learning and following trends. Furthermore, there is little planning involved in entertainment and information consumption, although educational content is more planned among the highly educated group. This difference may be linked to access opportunities for educational materials, suggesting avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The birth and following growth of social media platforms has influenced a lot. In addition to beneficial features, it has long-been noticed that heavy consumption of social media can have negative effects beyond a simple lack of time for other things. Of particular interest is the idea that consuming short videos lasting only fractions of a minute and watched one after another can lead to deficits in concentration and attention. Completing the existing literature that already reports evidence for attention deficits related to heavy social media use, the present study aims to contribute to this acute topic by adding neurophysiological data to it. In particular, this study made use of a well-known experimental paradigm, which is able to detect attention-related changes on a neurophysiological level. The so-called oddball paradigm was applied and the hypothesis that heavy social media users mainly consuming short videos show a reduced P300 event-related potential (ERP) component was tested, which has been found to reflect attention-related brain functions. For this, we invited twenty-nine participants and designed a visual oddball experiment including a white circle on black background as the low-frequency target stimulus and a white triangle on black background as the high-frequency non-target stimulus. On the basis of their self-reported short-video-based social media usage habits, all participants were grouped into heavy (more than 4 h daily usage) and regular (below 3 h daily usage) users, and finally data from 14 heavy and 15 regular users were further analyzed. It was found that only regular users show a clear P300 ERP component, while this particular brain potential amplitude reflecting attentional processes was significantly reduced in heavy users. This result provides empirical brain imaging evidence that heavy short-video-based social media use indeed affects attentional brain processes in a negative way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital era, information consumption is predominantly channeled through online news media and disseminated on social media platforms. Understanding the complex dynamics of the news media environment and users' habits within the digital ecosystem is a challenging task that requires, at the same time, large databases and accurate methodological approaches. This study contributes to this expanding research landscape by employing network science methodologies and entropic measures to analyze the behavioral patterns of social media users sharing news pieces and dig into the diverse news consumption habits within different online social media user groups. Our analyses reveal that users are more inclined to share news classified as fake when they have previously posted conspiracy or junk science content and vice versa, creating a series of "misinformation hot streaks". To better understand these dynamics, we used three different measures of entropy to gain insights into the news media habits of each user, finding that the patterns of news consumption significantly differ among users when focusing on disinformation spreaders as opposed to accounts sharing reliable or low-risk content. Thanks to these entropic measures, we quantify the variety and the regularity of the news media diet, finding that those disseminating unreliable content exhibit a more varied and, at the same time, a more regular choice of web-domains. This quantitative insight into the nuances of news consumption behaviors exhibited by disinformation spreaders holds the potential to significantly inform the strategic formulation of more robust and adaptive social media moderation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, Israel’s Act Limiting Weight in the Modelling Industry first came into effect, requiring advertisers to disclose when images of commercial models have been digitally altered. The Act, which was the first of its kind, has come to be known as Israel’s “Photoshop Law” and was designed to help models maintain healthy weights and to ensure transparency in fashion advertising. Now, in response to growing concerns over body image issues linked with youth social media consumption, several nations around the world, including Norway and the United Kingdom, have proposed or enacted regulations that require social media influencers to add disclaimer labels to retouched images of their body in promotional posts. The prevalence of social media among youth has been heavily associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, as adolescents are constantly exposed to unrealistic body standards. As government entities intend to address these issues through greater transparency by influencers online, it is unlikely that such laws will be practical or enforceable in the broad landscape of social media, thus ultimately failing to improve body image issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing data from a survey of U.S. adults (N = 509), our study examines the role of partisan media in (a) shaping people's perceptions of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement, (b) producing an echo-chamber effect, influencing users to believe that other people have an opinion similar to their own, and (c) creating a polarized public opinion environment, where people hold more extreme perspectives on BLM. Left-wing media consumption was positively correlated with favorable perceptions of BLM, while right-wing media consumption had a negative correlation, suggesting that partisan media could influence users' own perceptions of BLM. Also, left-wing media consumption was positively correlated with the belief that others held favorable views of BLM, while right-wing media consumption was negatively correlated with such a belief, suggesting that partisan media could affect one's beliefs about others' perceptions. Supporting its role in producing an echo-chamber effect, frequent right-wing media usage was associated with a smaller difference between one's own views and their assessment of others' views regarding BLM. Finally, there was a positive correlation between left-wing media consumption and having extreme perceptions of BLM, suggesting that the use of left-wing media could play a role in creating a polarized public opinion climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinformation generates political polarization and affects the quality of democracy, so understanding attitudes towards the regulation of disinformation will help society and its leaders to develop effective and inclusive approaches to combat this phenomenon. The purpose of the research is to determine the perceptions and propensities of Andean Community citizens regarding the regulation of disinformation. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru have formed a political and economic bloc since 1969, and are subscribers to the Inter-American legal framework. The methodology is quantitative and qualitative, with exploratory and descriptive approaches. The instruments used are a survey, focus groups and expert interviews with experts, which were applied between July 2022 and May 2024, to establish trends and to avoid biases. It was found that 80% of respondents and participants in the focus groups agreed that misinformation alienates people from democratic representation and there was evidence of distrust in elections. A vision of regulation by states persists, through laws, rather than self- or co-regulation. The discussion revolves around the need for a multifaceted approach to combat disinformation, between regulation, media literacy and the responsibility of digital platforms, without compromising freedom of expression.

The oversaturation of information flows and the competition among diverse viewpoints underscore the significance of every message that captures the audience’s attention and provokes discussion. Thus, exploring new formats and methods for attracting attention to news agendas, analyzing innovative persuasion techniques, and scrutinizing gaps and overlooked aspects in discussion platforms become particularly crucial in cutting-edge media studies. One such innovative format for news perception and discussion can be found in virtual pseudo-historical public pages on VK. These pages engage with the real socio-political news agenda, stylized as events from different eras such as ancient Rome and 19th-century France. The aim of our research is to identify techniques for attracting attention, encouraging discussion, and persuading audiences in these selected public forums. We analyzed the characteristics of recontextualized news presentations, including the transposition of time and place, renaming key figures and technologies, and the nuances of internal humor on these public pages. A primary focus of these pages is political news, particularly the Russian-Ukrainian crisis, which is metaphorically represented through the lens of the Punic or Napoleonic wars. This juxtaposition of historical and contemporary perspectives enables users to interpret the political agenda differently. This pseudo-historical linguistic play and unique humor bypass critical perception filters, and once readers accept the internal logic of the public pages, they also tend to accept the narratives presented. The ability to comment on posts allows users to engage in the same narrative style, broaden the scope of news discussions, and involve their friends by reposting to their own pages.

The health status (HS) of children is influenced by a variety of factors, including physical fitness (PF) or social and environmental characteristics. We present a 4-year longitudinal study carried out with 263 primary school children. PF was assessed yearly using the German Motor Performance Test 6–18. Demographic data, leisure time behavior and socioeconomic factors were collected using questionnaires for children and parents. Based on parents' ratings in year 4, children were categorized as either “very good health status” (VGHS) or “good health status or below” (GHSB). Children with VGHS (73%) showed a larger improvement of global PF (p < 0.001), a significantly higher proportion of being/playing outside (p < 0.001), significantly lower proportions of overweight (p < 0.001), of media availability in the bedroom (p = 0.011) and of daily media consumption > 2 h (p = 0.033) compared to children with GHSB. Regarding socio-economic factors, children with VGHS revealed significantly fewer parents with lower education (p = 0.002), lower physical activity levels (p = 0.030) and lower migration background (p < 0.001). Physical fitness (p = 0.019) and outdoors exercising (p = 0.050) were the only variables to provide significantly higher chances of perceiving one's own health as very good when tested within a complex model including all the variables studied in this work. Considering the little focus on PF in the current Austrian physical education curriculum and the favorable environmental features of the Tyrolean region, more emphasis should be given to promoting didactical and pedagogical approaches that allow schoolers to be active in the nature.

Abstract Background Students’ positive perceptions of scientists or engineers have been reported to be positively related to their science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) career aspirations. However, other research indicates that positive perceptions of experts in these fields might not necessarily lead to students’ pursuit of STEM careers. Self-concept, defined as one’s perceived abilities in specific academic domains, likely plays a moderating role in the relationship between perceptions and career aspirations according to the motivational theory of role modelling. Moreover, students’ perceptions of STEM professionals might be sourced from STEM-related media and school experiences. Therefore, through running a moderated mediation model, this study examined whether and how the influences of media consumption and school STEM learning opportunities on career aspirations would be mediated by perceptions of STEM professionals, and whether the mediation effect would be conditional on students’ self-concept. Methods Data were collected through an online survey of 608 primary and secondary school students from Hong Kong, and were analysed using structural equation modelling. Results Results revealed that the students’ positive perceptions of STEM professionals were positively associated with their career aspirations, and mediated the links from media consumption and school opportunities to career aspirations. In addition, this mediated pathway depended on STEM self-concept, such that perceptions of STEM professionals were only linked with STEM career aspirations for adolescents with average or high levels of self-concept. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest the need to pay attention to the STEM perceptions and self-concept interaction while designing and implementing learning activities to connect a diversity of students with STEM careers. It is not only important to foster students’ self-concept, but also to enrich their knowledge of diverse occupations, so as to help diversify their perceptions that being professionals in these fields is desirable and attainable, and to eventually inspire more student engagement and participation in STEM.

Forward body biasing (FBB) has often been exploited in the literature for improving the performance of both analog and digital building blocks. Recent works have explored the application of FBB variants to mixed-signal electronics and in particular to dynamic comparators, where these techniques can help to relax the trade-off between speed and power consumption at medium and low supply voltages. However, the literature lacks a structured analysis of the solutions that have been developed and of the trade-offs that affect them. This work attempts to fill the gap by providing a survey of the application of FBB techniques to dynamic comparators. The analysis focuses on the two most popular dynamic comparator topologies, the Strong Arm latch and Elzakker's comparator. Several FBB variants are examined from a theoretical point of view. Moreover, the benefits and the limitations of the different approaches are assessed in terms of the main figures of merit through a systematic campaign of simulations in a 55 nm CMOS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Compulsive social media use has the potential to reduce well-being. In this study, the authors propose that there are two main paths to compulsive social media consumption. One is behavioral and based on habit; the other is motivational and rooted in the fear of missing out. This study aims to test the antecedents of these two drivers as well as their consequences for the tendency to engage in compulsive social media consumption. Design/methodology/approach: The authors applied a quantitative research design and collected data through a survey of 600 respondents from a representative sample. The authors used structural equation modeling to test their conceptual model and hypotheses. Gender and age were included as moderators to investigate the model's boundary conditions. Findings: The authors found support for all the suggested relationships in the conceptual model. The findings indicate two main manifestations of compulsive social media use – always being logged in (i.e. the frequency of social media consumption) and excessive use (the intensity of consumption) – that in turn spurred a reinforcer of compulsivity: disconnection anxiety. The findings also indicate two main paths to compulsive social media consumption. One path is behavioral, based on habit, and the other is motivational, based on fear of missing out. Moreover, the authors identified the key antecedents of both paths. Habit formation was observed to be a function of situational cues (technological nudges in the online sphere) and consumer engagement. Fear of missing out was shaped by both injunctive norms (a consumer norm to be online) and descriptive norms (social proof). Research limitations/implications: Although the antecedents of compulsive social media consumption suggested in this study have a strong and significant effect, the explained variance in the dependent variables being always logged in and excessive social media use indicates that there might be other drivers as well. These should be explored along with moderators other than gender and age to identify the potential boundary conditions of the model. Practical implications: The main implications of the present work point to the "ease" with which typical or normal social media use may spiral out of control and become compulsive, with adverse implications for consumer health and well-being. Originality/value: The behavioral and motivational paths to compulsive social media consumption have been less explored and have not yet been studied in conjunction, nor have their antecedents and consequences. Thus, this is a novel approach to understanding how social media use can potentially lead to reduced control and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Research emphasizes the motivations underlying and potential harmful consequences of social media use, but there is little understanding of stigmas faced by individual social media users, particularly as they pertain to gender. The purpose of this study is to examine a unique stereotype related to men's social media use. Design/methodology/approach: Four experiments examine judgments of men based on how often they post on social media (frequently vs infrequently). Findings: The authors find that posting frequently (vs infrequently) affects the perceived gender of men but not women. This frequent-posting femininity stereotype is explained by perceived neediness and holds regardless of whether posts are about others (vs the self) or whether posts are shared by influencers (vs ordinary users). Research limitations/implications: Future research should examine other stereotypes of social media users – including those pertaining to gender – and ways to mitigate such negative attributions. Researchers should examine how the frequent-posting femininity stereotype and other social media use stereotypes affect social media consumption and consumer well-being. Practical implications: Managers should adjust consumer engagement strategies and restructure platforms to address the unique stigmas facing different consumer groups. Originality/value: Providing insights into the dark side of social media, the authors investigate a unique domain – stereotypes about individual social media users. The findings of this study uncover an emasculating stigma against men who post often on social media, which may discourage men from online participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing body of scholarly evidence that media convergence blurs the boundary between media production and media consumption and obscures the lines between institutions and individuals. Media convergence in the context of China has garnered attention in communication studies and in cultural studies. However, there is a scarcity of research on convergence culture from a linguistic perspective. Recent research has generated initial evidence that state media appropriates a pop-cultural social address for clickbait and information management in China's digital media space. However, the patterns and perceptual reality of linguistic convergence remain unexplored. This study investigates popular and party uses of xiaojiejie 'little older sister', a familiar expression of fictive kinship reborn as a viral personal reference and social address in China's convergence culture. Analysis of the Target Group Index in the Baidu search engine suggests xiaojiejie is gaining ground over its predecessor among young Chinese. Trends analysis of its usage in WeChat public accounts showed that the term has spread from popular media to state media, which employs the viral address to drive clickbait and disguise propaganda. An online survey of young Chinese WeChat users (N=330) on their perception of xiaojiejie headlines from WeChat public accounts showed that respondents could not tell state media uses from popular uses, providing perceptual evidence of the blurry boundaries between popular and state media uses of the viral address. The findings demonstrate the reality of linguistic convergence driven by participatory performance and its perceptual consequences in China's convergence culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Students' positive perceptions of scientists or engineers have been reported to be positively related to their science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) career aspirations. However, other research indicates that positive perceptions of experts in these fields might not necessarily lead to students' pursuit of STEM careers. Self-concept, defined as one's perceived abilities in specific academic domains, likely plays a moderating role in the relationship between perceptions and career aspirations according to the motivational theory of role modelling. Moreover, students' perceptions of STEM professionals might be sourced from STEM-related media and school experiences. Therefore, through running a moderated mediation model, this study examined whether and how the influences of media consumption and school STEM learning opportunities on career aspirations would be mediated by perceptions of STEM professionals, and whether the mediation effect would be conditional on students' self-concept. Methods: Data were collected through an online survey of 608 primary and secondary school students from Hong Kong, and were analysed using structural equation modelling. Results: Results revealed that the students' positive perceptions of STEM professionals were positively associated with their career aspirations, and mediated the links from media consumption and school opportunities to career aspirations. In addition, this mediated pathway depended on STEM self-concept, such that perceptions of STEM professionals were only linked with STEM career aspirations for adolescents with average or high levels of self-concept. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest the need to pay attention to the STEM perceptions and self-concept interaction while designing and implementing learning activities to connect a diversity of students with STEM careers. It is not only important to foster students' self-concept, but also to enrich their knowledge of diverse occupations, so as to help diversify their perceptions that being professionals in these fields is desirable and attainable, and to eventually inspire more student engagement and participation in STEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, media have always been a lens through which society witnesses and deciphers the countless events that make up the world. Today, disinformation is one of the scourges of society, and the elderly are regarded as being an age group most susceptible to its effects. However, it is almost commonplace to consider that, despite the persistence of a historical distance, the older generations are not exempt from the incessant dynamics that the imposition of technological development represents in our society. Gone are the days of "laggards" (Rogers, 1995), a term used to characterize the technological gap that occurred among the elderly. As digital media perform numerous ritualistic and instrumental functions in this age group, they are currently "digital immigrants" (Prensky, 2001). In this case, the ability to produce, create, and broadcast content stands out as a characteristic of a society that is increasingly participatory. By underlining the importance that video, television, and television information has traditionally for seniors, the Senior TV project is being developed at the College of Education of Leiria of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, in which, through a team of senior students (from the 60+ program of this school), television content of an informative nature is being produced (interviews and reports), and these students are responsible for all the inherent phases and processes (carried out outdoors and in studio) to the creation of these programs from the preproduction moment to the final one when the content is broadcasted. The results of this study allow us to suggest that, through the administration of skills and methodologies for the production of media content, in this case regarding television production, media literacy is increased in this age group. To this extent, it also allows us to consider that more informed television and media consumption about their production conditions could help combat misinformation, particularly in this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil is one of the largest consumers of podcasts in the world according to several media consumption surveys, including the Reuters Institute's Digital News Report. This growth in consumption in recent years demands studies on the specificities of the podcasting phenomenon to understand the characterizations and specificities that affect this medium. The objective of this work is to analyze the characteristics and language structures most used by the 50 most listened to podcasts on platforms such as Spotify, Google Podcasts and Apple Podcasts. To this end, we carried out a systematic observation based on proposals from previous classifications, radio studies and podcasts, to look for predominances that allow us to discuss what has become characteristic of the Brazilian podcast grammar. The results present a preliminary proposal for categorizing eight most used structural axes that can be replicated in other podcast consumption markets around the world: I) Reporting; II) Debate; III) Narratives of reality; IV) Interview; V) Instructive; VI) Fictional Narratives; VII) News; VIII) Remedied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]