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Investigating the factors that exert an influence on CO2 emissions represents a critical undertaking for the formulation of effective policies aimed at reducing such emissions. Numerous past studies have attempted to explore the potential relationships between CO2 emissions and a variety of potential influencing factors. However, many of these investigations have been constrained by the inability to fit large sample datasets, as well as by the limitations of conventional research methods in addressing non-linear relationships. The aforementioned insufficiencies have resulted in a situation wherein a restricted set of factors can be examined in tandem within a singular model. This restriction has impeded the comprehensive investigation of multiple variables and their potential interrelationships. To bridge these research gaps, this research employed machine learning models to fit voluminous datasets concerning urban CO2 emissions and socioeconomic factors. This research also incorporated explainable techniques to disentangle the intricate relationships between the factors under investigation. The results demonstrated that urban fiscal structure, urban energy consumption, urban land use, and urban capital accumulation represented the primary factors driving urban CO2 emissions. The ALE test was employed to discern the specific relationships between these factors and CO2 emissions, ultimately revealing that almost all of these factors positively impacted CO2 emissions as their values rise. In both univariate and bivariate ALE tests, Expenditures on Science and Technology had emerged as a highly influential feature in terms of its impact on urban CO2 emissions. While the interaction effects elicited by Expenditures on Science and Technology had the potential to curb urban CO2 emissions in several ways, this research identified that these effects may be constrained. The relationship identified between urban socio-economic development and CO2 emissions also indicated that achieving low-carbon development in urban areas necessitates optimal resource allocation and the transformation of energy consumption structures. Furthermore, each city needs to tailor its low-carbon development pathway to its distinct characteristics.

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), causing zoonotic diseases in humans, is a member of Orthopoxvirus under Poxviridae family. The virus was first reported in monkeys in 1959 in Denmark and in humans in 1970 in the Congo. Outside Africa, the virus first appeared in the USA in 2003 and since then occurred sporadically. The virus reemerged in 2017 and now spreading globally. African wild rodent mammals are thought to be the reservoir of MPXV. Exotic trade of animals and international travel favors the dissemination of MPXV. Genetic analysis shows two clades of the MPXV. Smallpox vaccine shows cross-protection and people who never in contact with Orthopoxvirus affected more than exposed ones. Fever, muscle pain, headache, and vesicle formation are the dominant clinical sign. Guarnieri-like inclusions and Ballooning degenerations are important pathognomic lesion of MPXV. It may produce case fatality rate up to 11%. Genetic materials alterations may favor the reemergence of the virus. The continuing occurrence over 73437 cases in 109 countries shows that MPXV can spread among humans competently and can be a serious issue of global public health concern. Here, we summarize the existing knowledge about re-emergence and insights into MPXV which will be of useful to curb its occurrence.

Last cholera epidemic has been recorded in Bangladesh between 1992–1993, while few sporadic localized outbreaks have been reported as recent as 2005. Serotype O1 of Vibrio cholera is considered as the principal causative agent which transmits through contaminated drinking water resulting that epidemic. Therefore, the objective of this research was to isolate V. cholera in 3 different water sources; River, pond and tube-well, in 5 different locations of Gazipur, Bangladesh, and to analyze their antibiogram study. A total of 45 water samples were randomly collected for the isolation and identification of Vibrio spp. Samples are then serially diluted in alkaline peptone water and streak on Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose-TCBS agar for quantification of V. spp. For V. cholera isolation water samples were first enriched in nutrient broth at 37 °C for 16 hours followed by cultivation in selective media; TCBS agar at 37 °C for 24 hours. Yellow colonies on TCBS agar were screed as V. cholera and was confirmed by analyzing their biochemical characteristics like Catalase, Oxidase, MR, VP, Indole, Sugar fermentation. Following isolation antibiotic sensitivity test was performed on each V. cholera isolates to determine their antibiotic sensitivity profile. The results showed, out of 45 samples 12 contained V. cholera. Tube-well water has significantly lower concentration (log CFU/mL) of V. spp. than river and pond water (P < 0.05). Bacterial concentration doesn't deviate (P > 0.05) significantly in 5 different location the sample was collected from. All the 12 isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (100%), while Chloramphenicol (91.67%), Sulfamethoxazole (91.67%), Azithromycin (66.67%) showed high sensitivity. Isolates showed marginal sensitivity towards Tetracycline (33.33%), and Cephalexin (16.67%) and 100% resistance against antibiotics like Vancomycin, Penicillin, Erythromycin, and Nalidixic Acid. Based on these data we recommend using tube-well water instead of river and pond water for drinking purposes. Furthermore, we suggest selective use of sensitive antimicrobials listed here for therapeutics of cholera outbreak.

Bangladesh is a developing country with huge population. As the country has excessive population, we have shortage of land for accommodation and transportation. We don’t have sufficient roadway for several vehicles and the existing roads are quite narrow to maintain a huge amount of vehicles. The government has planned to build new flyovers with an aim to increase mobility and facilitate the city habitants with a reliable transport network free from the perennial traffic congestion in Dhaka as well as others busiest cities of the country. The transportation specialist think that flyovers are able to save the cities from several transport problems. Seven flyovers have been constructed in the capital of Bangladesh. The three major flyovers in Dhaka city are- Mohakhali, Khilgaon and Jatrabari-Gulistan flyover. After constructing these three flyovers, the habitants of the city are facing less transportation problems as compared to past days. Several surveys and analysis were performed to achieve the temporal variation (weekday-day; weekday-night ; weekend-day and weekend-night ) to access how far the objectives have been met through the construction of these flyovers. From the assessment of traffic flow Mohakhali Flyover is the most useful flyover as compared to Khilgaon and Jatrabari flyover. In this flyover almost 36.396 % of vehicles passing above grade among all vehicles at grade and above grade on weekdays and 62.67% of vehicles passing above grade among at grade and above grade on weekend. Jatrabari Flyover performed too much close which almost 28.269 % of vehicles passed above grade among all vehicles at grade and above grade at weekdays and 50.64% of vehicles passing above grade among at grade and above grade at weekend. However, Khilgaon flyover performed very poorly and it is used by small amount of vehicles. Overall analysis has revelated the traffic volume in the above of these Flyover and determined the temporal variation of different types of vehicles. In Mohakhali flyover the highest flow of Vehicles are for microbus/car/jeep which is around (62 to 50) % both weekdays and weekends. In khilgaon flyover highest flow of vehicles are for motorcycle which is around (48 to 30) % both weekdays and weekend. Jatrabari flyover shows in weekend highest flow of Vehicles are for Motorcycle which is around 32% but in weekdays car\jeep are dominating. According to study, firstly the amount of private transports (car, bicycle) are much higher than public transport. Secondly, it has been shown that there are some discrepancies in performances between the flyovers and the roads. The factors are low maintenance service, footpaths are controlled by hawker on road and illegal car parking, sound pollution etc. are most abusive problems in the access road of this flyover. We believe the result from this research will be helpful in understand the traffic volume in those flyover location and it can be helpful for further studies in relevant topic., {"references":["https://civilmint.com/flyover","A case study of Mohakhali flyover. Department of URP, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh","Moslem Uddin, M. (2006). \"Assessment of Khilgaon flyover under seismic load\", Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh","https://dailyasianage.com/news/23063/khilgaon-flyover-extension-opens-today","https://www.thedailystar.net/news/jatrabari-flyover-opens-today","Chandra, S., Kumar, V., & Sikdar, P. K. (1995). Dynamic PCU and estimation of capacity of urban roads. Indian Highways, 23(4).","Sikdar, S. C. P. (2000). Factors affecting PCU in mixed traffic Situations. Road & Transport Research, 9(3), 40.","Central Road Research Institute, (1988), \"Capacity of Roads in Urban Areas\", Project sponsored by Ministry Surface Transport, September, 1988.","Chandra, S., & Prasad, N. V. (2004). Capacity of multilane urban roads under mixed traffic conditions. In Highway Research Bulletin, Indian Roads Congress (Vol. 75, pp. 97-103).","Arkatkar, S. S. (2011). Effect of intercity road geometry on capacity under heterogeneous traffic conditions using microscopic simulation technique. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 4(6), 375-380."]}

A three dimensional numerical study has been conducted on finned-tube heat exchanger with multiple rows of tubes using ANSYS (Fluent). The objective of this study is to numerically investigate finned tube heat exchanger with different type of tubes such as circular, elliptical and rectangular tubes. As circular tubes has much pressure drop so elliptical and rectangular tubes has been introduced in order to reduce pressure drop. As well as heat transfer has also been examined. The finite volume based CFD code ANSYS Fluent 16.2 is used to calculate the flow and temperature fields and by applying SIMPLEC algorithm. At low velocity of air and water, nothing significant occurred for the combination of tubes. At high velocity in maximum tube combination there was heat transfer (HT) enhancement and pressure drop reduction when compared with circular tubes only in case of air. When the combinations of circular, elliptical and rectangular tubes has been compared with circular tube heat exchanger (CTHX) heat transfer reduces as well as pressure drop (PD) also reduces for air. In case of water vapor HT and PD behaves the same. When those combinations has been compared with elliptical tube HX, for air in some cases heat transfer remains same and on other case it increases. For pressure drop in case of air, in some cases it reduces and on other cases it reduces. For elliptical tube HX for the fluid water vapor HT and PD both remains same or reduces. This work has not been with conducted any numerical simulation on rectangular Heat exchanger reason behind it there isn’t any existence of this kind of heat exchanger. However, it could be numerically conducted to examine the results between those combination and rectangular heat exchanger.

Today, the world faces an enormous increase in plastic waste pollution caused by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Plastic pollution has been already one of the greatest threats to our planet before the Coronavirus outbreak. The disposal of millions of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the form of face masks has significantly contributed to the generation of plastic waste and has exacerbated plastic pollution. In an attempt to mitigate pollution caused by the excess PPE waste, an innovative way was developed in this research to reduce pandemic-generated wastes by using the shredded face mask (SFM) fibers as an additive to hot mix asphalt (HMA) to enhance rutting resistance. Rutting or permanent deformation is one of the major distresses of asphalt pavement. Since the SFM behaves as a semi-liquid between 115.5 and 160 °C, which is in the range of HMA mixing and paving temperature, it can function as a binding agent to glue the aggregates. When the pavement is cooled down to ambient temperature, the hardened SFM can provide stability and stiffness to HMA. Based on the results of this study, the modified mixes exhibited excellent resistance to permanent deformation under the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA), as rutting depth values were reduced from 3.0 mm to 0.93 mm by increasing the SFM content from 0% to 1.5%. From the rutting test results and premature distress mechanism study, the appropriate addition of SFM modifiers could improve the high-temperature properties of HMA that can be used to strengthen high-compression and shearing zones in the pavement structure.

Heritage management is important to conserve the identity of history and culture, which can generate economic activity, enhance aesthetics, increase surrounding land value, and transfer knowledge from generation to generation. Bangladesh is a land that belongs to various forms of heritage, and Rajshahi city is not an exception with different cultural and natural heritage. Overpopulation growth, unplanned urbanization, poor infrastructure, and weak urban management are imposing risks on deteriorating heritage in current days. This study was conducted to rummage the involvement of community people in imperishability and management of heritage in the Rajshahi City Corporation of Bangladesh. To fulfill the objectives, 205 individual surveys, 3 Focus Group Discussions, and 10 Key Informant Interviews were conducted to ascertain public engagement and their visualization in respect to predicament of heritage, conservation, and the way for the future. Findings reveal that 95% of respondents thought that all the heritages express the identity of Rajshahi, where around 30% of people identified some heritages as directly or indirectly related to their family. Besides, 56.67% of people strongly expressed their views that they want to conserve their heritage through the development process, while 34.17% usually accept this argument. This research also shows a Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) matrix regarding heritage management, where a priority and decision matrix have been carried out to a certain internal and external factors for heritage conservation. This research thus expected to help different people from government, non-government and local people take action regarding different forms of heritage conservation in Bangladesh.

Last cholera epidemic has been recorded in Bangladesh between 1992–1993, while few sporadic localized outbreaks have been reported as recent as 2005. Serotype O1 of Vibrio cholera is considered as the principal causative agent which transmits through contaminated drinking water resulting that epidemic. Therefore, the objective of this research was to isolate V. cholera in 3 different water sources; River, pond and tube-well, in 5 different locations of Gazipur, Bangladesh, and to analyze their antibiogram study. A total of 45 water samples were randomly collected for the isolation and identification of Vibrio spp. Samples are then serially diluted in alkaline peptone water and streak on Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose-TCBS agar for quantification of V. spp. For V. cholera isolation water samples were first enriched in nutrient broth at 37 °C for 16 hours followed by cultivation in selective media; TCBS agar at 37 °C for 24 hours. Yellow colonies on TCBS agar were screed as V. cholera and was confirmed by analyzing their biochemical characteristics like Catalase, Oxidase, MR, VP, Indole, Sugar fermentation. Following isolation antibiotic sensitivity test was performed on each V. cholera isolates to determine their antibiotic sensitivity profile. The results showed, out of 45 samples 12 contained V. cholera. Tube-well water has significantly lower concentration (log CFU/mL) of V. spp. than river and pond water (P < 0.05). Bacterial concentration doesn't deviate (P > 0.05) significantly in 5 different location the sample was collected from. All the 12 isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (100%), while Chloramphenicol (91.67%), Sulfamethoxazole (91.67%), Azithromycin (66.67%) showed high sensitivity. Isolates showed marginal sensitivity towards Tetracycline (33.33%), and Cephalexin (16.67%) and 100% resistance against antibiotics like Vancomycin, Penicillin, Erythromycin, and Nalidixic Acid. Based on these data we recommend using tube-well water instead of river and pond water for drinking purposes. Furthermore, we suggest selective use of sensitive antimicrobials listed here for therapeutics of cholera outbreak.

Background Diabetic is one of the fundamental persuasive of diabetic nephropathy and significantly sparks off kidney diseases and end stage renal failure globally. Method The current research was carried out to evaluate hypoglycemic potential and nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Mikania scandens leaves by using alloxan-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) mice. The mice were intraperitoneally treated with (200 mg/kg) Mikania scandens leaves extract and standard (120 mg/kg) metformin HCL solution up to 22 days. During this treatment period, we collected blood for evaluation of different types of parameters such as blood glucose level body weight at 0, 15, 22th days, serum creatinine, uric acid, total protein were estimated at the end of the experiment (day 22). Result Mikania scandens leaves extract significantly (p 50. The plant has high LC50 dose thus cytotoxicity has ensued at massive amount and safe to administer. Conclusion Lowering of serum creatinine, uric acid and total protein recommend that the ethanolic extract of Mikania scandens possess potent nephroprotective activity and assure the traditional avail of this plant in the management of diabetes nephropathy.

Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beam (RCB) for enhancing its flexural performance is a very popular technique to increase the structural life span. Optimization of the construction and strengthening cost without compromising the target strength and service life of a structure is now a matter of challenge for researchers. The wire mesh and geotextile materials possesses some good properties, such as cost-effectiveness, high strength-to-weight ratio, significant flexural performance, and compatibility with concrete, thus can be used as strengthening material. This experimental study aimed to investigate wire mesh and geotextile as strengthening materials for RCBs to enhance their flexural capacity. Three different types of strengthening configuration were used for each type of strengthening material. In order to examine the effectiveness of the wire mesh and geotextile as strengthening material, three point bending tests were done. This experimental results showed that the beams wrapped using wire mesh could enhance the flexural performance and reduce the deflection of RCBs without damage up to the reliable limit. Moreover, wire mesh layer in the tension face and U-wrapping system were proven as the effective configuration in the strengthening technique. The nonwoven geotextile strengthened-beams also had a moderate strength compared with wire mesh strengthened-beams. Nevertheless, the RCBs were found to be more flexible in nature, having a grip on concrete after failure occurred in concrete crushing when wrapped with geotextile layer. Therefore, RCB strengthening by incorporating wire mesh and geotextile materials is sustainable in terms of structural integrity and economic aspect.