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This study investigates the optimization of cutting conditions for machining titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with the goal of minimizing tool-chip interface temperature and surface roughness. The research focuses on key cutting parameters to investigate the most effective combinations for enhancing surface finish and reducing thermal impact during machining. The present study deals with the dry turning of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with carbide alloy inserts in a way to utilize the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to develop predictive models for minimum surface roughness and optimum temperature. The findings reveal that both cutting speed and depth of cut are critical in determining machining outcomes. Specifically, a low cutting speed of 88 m/min coupled with a high depth of cut of 0.20 mm was found to elevate the cutting temperature to approximately 835 °C, resulting a surface roughness of 0.59 μm. Conversely, increasing the cutting speed to 120 m/min while reducing the depth of cut to 0.10 mm significantly lowered the temperature to around 607 °C, resulting a surface roughness of 0.19 μm; thus, thereby improving surface finish and reducing thermal stress on the tool. Additionally, a 27 % reduction in cutting temperature and a minimum surface roughness of 0.19 μm were achieved with optimal settings of 120 m/min cutting speed, 0.08 mm/rev feed rate, and 0.10 mm depth of cut. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of RSM in optimizing machining parameters for optimum temperature and better surface finish in the titanium alloy machining.

Abstract Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the predominant mycotoxin that originated toxicity in broilers through oxidative damage, intestinal barrier dysfunction, reduced immune system and dysfunction of microorganisms and enzymes in target organs. The intestine is the first AFB1 target organ destroyed after the bird's body is induced. This review summarises the current knowledge of the negative results of AFB1‐induced intestinal damage on broiler production. It was conducted in accordance with the relevant studies in the cited literatures being retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Web of Science. First, AFB1 can change the intestinal barrier function by destroying the intestinal architecture, tissue and cell integrity of the gut epithelium. Second, AFB1 can damage the immune barrier function of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Third, the microbiota of birds interacts closely with the ingested aflatoxin. Finally, because broilers are tremendously sensitive to AFB1 contamination, the poisonous and noxious effects of this mycotoxin in the broiler industry cause millions of dollars in losses every year. This review briefly discussed that the AFB1, which affects the intestines of broiler chickens, was reduced the immune apparatus, antioxidant protection system, gastric system, and broiler production status and its impact on human health. Therefore, this review will improve our perception of the important intestine in a bird's health and the adverse effect of AFB1.

Digital twin is often viewed as a technology that can assist engineers and researchers make data-driven system and network-level decisions. Across the scientific literature, digital twins have been consistently theorized as a strong solution to facilitate proactive discovery of system failures, system and network efficiency improvement, system and network operation optimization, among others. With their strong affinity to the industrial metaverse concept, digital twins have the potential to offer high-value propositions that are unique to the energy sector stakeholders to realize the true potential of physical and digital convergence and pertinent sustainability goals. Although the technology has been known for a long time in theory, its practical real-world applications have been so far limited, nevertheless with tremendous growth projections. In the energy sector, there have been theoretical and lab-level experimental analysis of digital twins but few of those experiments resulted in real-world deployments. There may be many contributing factors to any friction associated with real-world scalable deployment in the energy sector such as cost, regulatory, and compliance requirements, and measurable and comparable methods to evaluate performance and return on investment. Those factors can be potentially addressed if the digital twin applications are built on the foundations of a scalable and interoperable framework that can drive a digital twin application across the project lifecycle: from ideation to theoretical deep dive to proof of concept to large-scale experiment to real-world deployment at scale. This paper is an attempt to define a digital twin open architecture framework that comprises a digital twin technology stack (D-Arc) coupled with information flow, sequence, and object diagrams. Those artifacts can be used by energy sector engineers and researchers to use any digital twin platform to drive research and engineering. This paper also provides critical details related to cybersecurity aspects, data management processes, and relevant energy sector use cases.

This study aims to assess the perceived disaster vulnerability, mitigation of humanitarian issues, and the existing knowledge gaps of humanitarian activities in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Indicators based semi-structured questionnaire was developed to collect data through an extensive literature review followed by several workshops among the authors and relevant stakeholders, and data were analyzed quantitatively. Results indicate that the study area is still highly vulnerable to natural disasters and these vulnerability indices vary significantly (p value

The development of smart grid technologies has resulted in increased interdependence between power and communication systems. Many of the operations in the existing power system rely on a stable and secured communication system. For electrically weak systems and time-critical applications, this reliance can be even greater, where a small degradation in communication performance can degrade system stability. However, despite inter-dependencies between power and communication systems, only a few studies have investigated the impacts of communication system performance on power system dynamics. This study investigates the dependencies of power system dynamics operations on a communication system performance. First, a detailed, dynamic networked microgrid model is developed in the GridLAB-D simulation environment, along with a representative multi-traffic, multi-channel, multi-protocol communication system model, developed in the network simulator (ns-3). Second, a hierarchical engine for large-scale infrastructure co-simulation framework is developed to co-simulate microgrid dynamics, its communication system, and a microgrid control system. The impact of communication system delays on the dynamic stability of networked microgrids is evaluated for the loss of generation using three use-cases. While the example use-cases examine microgrid applications and the impact to resiliency, the framework can be applied to all levels of power system operations.

The present study aims to evaluate the effects of lycopene (LYC) supplementation on the intestinal immune function, barrier function, and antioxidant capacity of broilers fed with aflatoxinB1 (AFB1) contaminated diet. A total of 144 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into three dietary treatment groups; each group consisted of six replicates (eight birds in each cage). Treatments were: (1) a basal diet containing neither AFB1 nor LYC (Control), (2) basal diet containing 100 µg/kg AFB1, and (3) basal diets with 100 µg/kg AFB1 and 200 mg/kg LYC (AFB1 and LYC). The results showed that dietary LYC supplementation ameliorated the AFB1 induced broiler intestinal changes by decreasing the inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), and increasing mRNA abundances of cludin-1 (CLDN-1) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the jejunum mucosa. On the other hand, AFB1-induced increases in serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activities, D-lactate concentration, mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations were reversed by dietary LYC supplementation (p < 0.05). Additionally, LYC supplementation ameliorated the redox balance through increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities and their related mRNA expression abundances compared to AFB1 exposed broilers. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with LYC could alleviate AFB1 induced broiler intestinal immune function and barrier function damage and improve antioxidants status.

In this study, the authors introduce ARCADES (Analysis of Risk from Cyberattack against DEfensive Strategy), a technique to systematically explore the cybersecurity defence strategies based on contingency rankings in power systems. While cybersecurity defensive standards exist, these approaches are primarily based on expert opinions, rather than systematic studies of risk. ARCADES presents an approach to identify improved cybersecurity defensive strategies based on a graph-based cyber-physical security model that is evaluated by resistance-distance metrics and then prioritised based on contingency analysis studies of the system. This study also proposed a technique that identifies the most critical cybersecurity mechanisms to protect the power grid. Planning and operation: those two applications for cybersecurity on power grid mainly explored in this study. For planning, a systematic method is developed to verify the effectiveness of security strategies and for operation, prioritised the security mechanism for auditing and monitoring purpose. As a case study, they analyse the IEEE-14 bus, IEEE-30 bus, and IEEE-118 bus systems, observe the defensive strategies, and calculate substation criticality ranking by using the authors’ proposed method.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the predominant mycotoxin that originated toxicity in broilers through oxidative damage, intestinal barrier dysfunction, reduced immune system and dysfunction of microorganisms and enzymes in target organs. The intestine is the first AFB1 target organ destroyed after the bird's body is induced. This review summarises the current knowledge of the negative results of AFB1‐induced intestinal damage on broiler production. It was conducted in accordance with the relevant studies in the cited literatures being retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Web of Science. First, AFB1 can change the intestinal barrier function by destroying the intestinal architecture, tissue and cell integrity of the gut epithelium. Second, AFB1 can damage the immune barrier function of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Third, the microbiota of birds interacts closely with the ingested aflatoxin. Finally, because broilers are tremendously sensitive to AFB1 contamination, the poisonous and noxious effects of this mycotoxin in the broiler industry cause millions of dollars in losses every year. This review briefly discussed that the AFB1, which affects the intestines of broiler chickens, was reduced the immune apparatus, antioxidant protection system, gastric system, and broiler production status and its impact on human health. Therefore, this review will improve our perception of the important intestine in a bird's health and the adverse effect of AFB1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted to investigate the protective efficiency of dietary lycopene (LYC) supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities aflatoxinB1 (AFB1) challenged broilers. A total of 240 days old Arber across male broiler chicks were randomly allocated in five treatments and six replicates (eight birds per replicate); feed and water were provided ad libitum during the 42 days experiment. The treatment diets were as follows: (i) Basal diet (control), (ii) Basal diet + 100 µg/kg AFB1 contaminated diet, (iii) Basal diet + 100 µg/kg AFB1 + 100 mg/kg LYC1, (iv) Basal diet + 100 µg/kg AFB1 + 200 mg/kg LYC2, and (v) Basal diet + 100 µg/kg AFB1 + 400 mg/kg LYC3. The results showed that the addition of LYC to AFB1 contaminated broiler diets significantly increased (p < .05) average daily gain (ADG) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the AFB1 diet. AFB1 diet decreased the intestinal villus height (VH) and crypt depth ratio (VCR) while increasing the crypt depth (CD). However, dietary LYC supplemented diets relieved the intestinal morphological alterations. Dietary LYC supplementation (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly improved (p < .05) intestinal digestive enzyme amylase and lipase activities with AFB1 contaminated diet. These findings suggested that LYC is a promising feed supplement in the broiler industry, alleviating the harmful effects of AFB1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common and devastating food-borne fungal toxic in the broiler industry. AFB1 has adverse effects on the world poultry industry as it impairs the health, performance, intestinal integrity, and immunity of broilers. There has been a great economic concern in the global poultry production, leading to billions of dollars loss every year due to AFB1. Antibiotic-free broiler production relies on feed supplementation as an alternative to antibiotic usage. We previously reported that dietary supplementation with lycopene (LYC) has shown a promising effect on performance and intestinal integrity in the broilers infected with AFB1. However, there are few reports on the effects of LYC on the intestinal development and antioxidant capacity in the broiler against AFB1. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of LYC supplementation on the intestinal immune function, barrier function, and antioxidant capacity of broilers fed with an AFB1 contaminated diet. The findings of this research highlighted that the diet supplemented with LYC has a potential effect to improve intestinal health and reduce AFB1 related oxidative and inflammatory status. Hence, this study suggested that addition of LYC in broiler poultry production alleviates the AFB1 toxicity. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of lycopene (LYC) supplementation on the intestinal immune function, barrier function, and antioxidant capacity of broilers fed with aflatoxinB1 (AFB1) contaminated diet. A total of 144 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into three dietary treatment groups; each group consisted of six replicates (eight birds in each cage). Treatments were: (1) a basal diet containing neither AFB1 nor LYC (Control), (2) basal diet containing 100 µg/kg AFB1, and (3) basal diets with 100 µg/kg AFB1 and 200 mg/kg LYC (AFB1 and LYC). The results showed that dietary LYC supplementation ameliorated the AFB1 induced broiler intestinal changes by decreasing the inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), and increasing mRNA abundances of cludin-1 (CLDN-1) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the jejunum mucosa. On the other hand, AFB1-induced increases in serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activities, D-lactate concentration, mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations were reversed by dietary LYC supplementation (p < 0.05). Additionally, LYC supplementation ameliorated the redox balance through increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities and their related mRNA expression abundances compared to AFB1 exposed broilers. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with LYC could alleviate AFB1 induced broiler intestinal immune function and barrier function damage and improve antioxidants status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) has gained significant attention for its potential application in the energy sector. Utilizing blockchain and DLT has demonstrated the ability to enhance the resilience of the electric infrastructure, which will support a more flexible infrastructure and advance grid modernization. However, the deployment of these technologies increases the overall attack surface. The MITRE ATT&CK® matrices have been developed to document an adversary’s tactics and techniques based on real-world observations. The MITRE ATT&CK® matrices provide a common taxonomy for offense and defense and have become a valuable conceptual tool across multiple cybersecurity disciplines for conveying threat intelligence, performing testing through red teaming or adversary emulation, and enhancing network and system defenses against intrusions. The MITRE ATT&CK® for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) matrix was created to provide knowledge about adversary behavior in the ICS technology domain. This study analyzes the relevance of various tactics and techniques across a seven-layer DLT engineering and cybersecurity stack, known as the DLT stack, designed by the Cybersecurity Taskforce under IEEE P2418.5 - Standard for Blockchain in Energy working group sponsored by Power and Energy Systems - Smart Buildings, Loads and Customer Systems (PES/SBLC) Technical Committee. Additionally, this paper identifies specific mitigation strategies tailored to the energy ICS environment.