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In recent years, outbreaks of equine influenza are reported in several countries in the world particulary in Africa. This study is designed to assess the potential risk factors associated with equine influenza virus infection in donkeys in Senegal. The study consists in comparing, depending on the exposure to risk factors, a batch of donkeys infected with the equine influenza virus to another batch of donkeys not infected with the virus during the epizootic of March 2019 which affected the department of Foundiougne. The study reveals that the spread of the equine influenza virus in Foundiougne is associated with the lack of access to veterinary care and infected donkeys were exposed in a ratio of 2 times (95% CI: 1.38; 4.71) more than donkeys unharmed. The wandering of donkeys is also linked with the disease. The indicator reflecting the strength of the relationship, the Odds Ratio is 2.06 (95% CI: 1.10; 3.87). However, the results indicate that attendance at rural markets (Odds Ratio = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.44; 1.82), young age (Odds Ratio = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.52, 1.55) and female sex (Odds Ratio = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.57; 1, 66) do not appear to be related to the spread of the disease. At present, in Senegal, control focused on sensitizing and informing donkey owners on the sanitary management and rational use of donkeys is essential for their well-being.

Purpose: Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based testing remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to the high diagnosis demand of SARS-CoV-2 and the limited resources for RT-PCR testing, especially in Low-Income Countries (LICs), antigen-based methods are being considered as an option. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of LumiraDx SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay for large population screening compared to RT-PCR. Methods: This evaluation was conducted on 4146 participants including travelers and participants under household survey and vaccine evaluation studies before injection of the first dose. Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swaps were collected from each participant into 2 mL of viral transport medium (VTM) and 400 μl of VTM were used to assess the performance of LumiraDx SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay, compared to RT-PCR. Results: The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 of the cohort was 4.5% with RT-PCR and 4.1% with LumiraDx antigen test. Compared to the RT-PCR, the sensitivity and specificity of the LumiraDx antigen SARS-CoV-2 test were 82,7% [95% CI 74.1-89,7] and 99.9% [95% CI 99.6-99.9] respectively. Given the RT-PCR threshold cycle (Ct) range, the sensitivity was 92.1% [95% CI 84.6-96.3] when the Ct value was below or equal 33 cycles, and 38.1% [95% CI 18.9-61.3] when it was above 33 cycles. The inter-rater reliability showed a kappa coefficient of 0.88 when considering all the patients and 0.94 for Ct values below 33 cycles. Conclusion: Our data have shown that the LumiraDx platform can be considered for large-scale testing of SARS-CoV-2.

Plasmodium resistance to Artemisinin Combination-based Therapies (ACT) in Southeast Asia is a major public health concern that is sporadically appearing in Africa. Senegal has shifted from malaria control to elimination plans. Given notable progresses obtained through robust strategic plans,it is still crucial to assess genetic variability of the Plasmodium falciparumartemisinin resistance gene marker Kelch13 (PfKelch13)in circulating field isolates.We herereportan analysis of PfKelch13-propeller polymorphism in clinical isolates collected nine years after ACT introduction in five Senegalese regions with different malaria transmission settings. Sequencing of PfKelch13-propeller domainfrom 280 clinicalisolates reveals that 16% (45/280) of the parasite population harboredvariants. Dynamics of PfKelch13 variants reveals emerging, persistent but also disappearing mutations over time. In addition to the malaria epidemiology, our survey also shows the dynamics of PfKelch13 variants in different malaria transmission settings in Senegal. Despite the absence of PfKelch13associatedartemisinin resistance mutations, a shift from 86% to 68% of PfKelch13WTwas observed when comparing parasites collected prior vs. post ACT intensive usage in Dakar a low malaria transmission area. All together,our data confirms the need to closely monitor PfKelch13 polymorphism to anticipate and or preventemergence ofP. falciparum resistancein Senegal.

Founder mutations have been reported inBRCA1andBCRA2in different ethnic groups with inherited breast cancer. Testing of targeted mutations in specific populations is important for cancer prevention in mutation carriers. In Sub-Saharan Africa, only a few studies have reported specific founder mutations in inherited breast cancer. The pathogenic variant c.815_824dup ofBRCA1has been reported as the most frequent among African American populations with inherited breast cancer and was supposed to have a West African origin. Recent report from Senegal identified this variant in women with inherited breast cancer at the highest frequency ever reported. The variant was linked to a common haplotype confirming its founder effect in West Africa. In this article, we review the mutation history of c.815_824dup and discuss how it spread out of Africa through the transatlantic slave trade.

Plasmodium resistance to Artemisinin Combination-based Therapies (ACT) in Southeast Asia is a major public health concern that is sporadically appearing in Africa. Senegal has shifted from malaria control to elimination plans. Given notable progresses obtained through robust strategic plans,it is still crucial to assess genetic variability of thePlasmodium falciparumartemisinin resistance gene marker Kelch13 (PfKelch13)in circulating field isolates.We herereportan analysis of PfKelch13-propeller polymorphism in clinical isolates collected nine years after ACT introduction in five Senegalese regions with different malaria transmission settings. Sequencing ofPfKelch13-propeller domainfrom 280 clinicalisolates reveals that 16% (45/280) of the parasite population harboredvariants. Dynamics ofPfKelch13variants reveals emerging, persistent but also disappearing mutations over time. In addition to the malaria epidemiology, our survey also shows the dynamics ofPfKelch13variants in different malaria transmission settings in Senegal. Despite the absence ofPfKelch13associatedartemisinin resistance mutations, a shift from 86% to 68% of PfKelch13WTwas observed when comparing parasites collected prior vs. post ACT intensive usage in Dakar a low malaria transmission area. All together,our data confirms the need to closely monitor PfKelch13 polymorphism to anticipate and or preventemergence ofP. falciparumresistancein Senegal. &nbsp

The objective of this paper is to study the link between the distribution of income and the economic growth using the data of sub-Saharan Africa during the period 1980-2015. The study was carried out by using a model of Quasi-maximum of likelihood for the estimations. This method is particularly adequate for estimates in panel where temporal dimension is small. The results, which rise from this study and start from the estimated models of Solow, show that inequalities have a positive effect on the economic growth. This effect varies from 0.70 point with 0.79 point. The mean number of years of schooling affects the growth of the GDP negatively. These results are stable even if we distinguish the human capital of male from the female one. It is also observed that in the model of Solow without human capital, the inequalities of incomes are not significant and can explain anymore in the economic growth., L'objectif de cet article est d'étudier le lien entre la distribution des revenus et la croissance économique à l'aide des données de l'Afrique subsaharienne au cours de la période 1980-2015. L'étude a été réalisée en utilisant une méthode de Quasi-maximum de vraisemblance pour effectuer les estimations. Cette méthode est particulièrement adéquate pour des estimations en panel où la dimension temporelle est petite. Les résultats qui découlent de cette étude montrent qu'à partir des modèles de Solow estimés que les inégalités ont un effet positif sur la croissance économique. Cet effet varie de 0,70 à 0,79 point. Le nombre moyen d'années de scolarisation affecte négativement la croissance du PIB. Ces résultats sont stables même si on distingue le capital humain des hommes de celui des femmes. On observe aussi que dans le modèle de Solow sans capital humain, les inégalités de revenus ne sont plus significatives dans l'explication de la croissance économique.

Many works of researchers are about human capital accounting. They especially studied its relevance in an accounting way. In accounting, it's indeed difficult to estimate the human capital. To mitigate these limits, we propose a model of accounting evaluation built on the triptych payroll, knowledge, and skills., La comptabilisation du capital humain a fait l'objet de nombreux travaux de chercheurs qui se sont interrogés sur sa pertinence dans une vision comptable stricto-sensu. En effet, la comptabilité dans une approche prudente compte tenu des difficultés d'évaluer le capital humain ne le prend en compte que de façon restrictive. Afin d'élargir cette vision, nous proposons un modèle d'évaluation comptable basé sur le triptyque masse salariale, indice de connaissances, indice de compétences.

analysis of Ab responses in cerebral malaria using basic tools as Ags. IgM Ab responses are of interest.; International audience; Background: Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the major causes of death in African populations infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Only 1% of infected subjects develop CM. The reasons for these differences are not fully understood, but it is likely that the host humoral response against blood-stage antigens plays a role in protection from malaria, although the precise targets and mechanisms mediating immunity remain unclear. Objective: The purpose of this study was to distinguish between defined P. falciparum-specific Ab response patterns in patients presenting with mild malaria (MM) vs. CM. Methods: We used a panel of P. falciparum conserved antigens including crude blood-stage extracts schizont, merozoite and parasitised erythrocyte membranes and MSP-1p19, PfEB200, R23 and GST-5 recombinant antigens in a retrospective case-control study of symptomatic adults, one group presenting confirmed CM without fatal outcome and another group with MM. We further matched P. falciparum-specific Ab responses with those from individuals living in an endemic setting known to have protective immunity and considered them as "immune control" subjects (IC). Total IgG, IgM and IgG subclass Ab responses were determined using ELISA method. Results: Substantial Ab responses were found in symptomatic patients, significantly lower than the "immune control" subjects, and with a limited quantitative difference between MM versus CM. Interestingly, asynchronous IgM response was evidenced in CM contrary to MM. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the contribution of an efficient IgG response against parasite multiplication is of importance in the evolution towards CM manifestation without fatal outcome and deserves further analysis for vaccine candidates.