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Countries in the Middle East region are classified as arid and semi-arid regions in the world. Because of its geographical location, it is characterized by fluctuating rainfall, which is exposed to frequent floods and causes human and material losses, on the other hand there is a lack of short-duration interval rainfall data. Therefore, to achieve hydrological studies of floods and planning for flood mitigation structure, it is necessary to derive the Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curve, as there is a traditional method for calculating IDF curves, which is based only on two statistical distributions and only one statist ical test. In this research, Soil conservation service (SCS) Type II for 24-hour rainfall distribution suitable for the arid and semi-arid regions was adopted to derive the IDF curve for maximum daily rainfall data in Erbil city. The method used has few computational steps than the traditional methods, the number of parameters is less, the number of used statistical distributions is 6, and the number of statistical tests is 4, which increases reliability. The optimal distribution was chosen for Erbil city, and the IDF curves were derived. The maximum daily rainfall was used during a specified return period from 2 to 200 years. The results showed that the maximum difference between the IDF curves obtained from the SCS theory and the traditional method is about 11%. Also, empirical relationships for representation IDF Talbot, Bernard and Ishiguro were applied, and through the test, Bernard was found to be the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erbil Basin is one of the most important groundwater resources in the Middle East, it is located between both Greater Zab and Lesser Zab Rivers. Due to the importance of the basin locations and its major source for water supply, various researchers studied the hydrological, hydrogeological characteristics of the Erbil basin. It also divided into three sub-basins that are (Kapran, Central, and Bash-tepa). This paper struggle to present the actual conditions of the selected basin and determine the development process of the groundwater management in the area. Thus, the article evaluates and compare different hydrological and hydrogeological studies related to the Erbil basin, and shows different measurements of the basin boundary by used the researchers. As well as, summarized the characteristics and properties of the aquifer system. In addition, the paper estimated change in head using different catchment area for each basin. At the end of this study, it is concluded that the Erbil basin require more investigations and need to be managed by authorities in order to keep this vital source for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the worst and most frequent natural disasters is flooding. Due to changes in precipitation patterns brought on by global climate change, flash floods are a threat to most cities. When it rains heavily, infrastructure capacity could be insufficient, and flash floods occur at weak points. This study evaluates the drainage system network capacity of the worst flood risk area using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The study area is around the Council of Ministers, which is divided into 23 subcatchments, and maximum daily rainfall data was collected from the Erbil Directorate of Meteorology and Seismology. This study analyzed three maximum daily rainfall events in three different decades of rainfall data from 1992-2022 to estimate the likelihood of flooding. The three events associated with maximum daily precipitation were 103.9 mm, 79.0 mm, and 71.8 mm on February 3, 2006, November 21, 1992, and January 28, 2013, respectively, using the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) method to convert daily rainfall data to hourly rainfall. The dynamic wave routing method is used for flow routing, and the Horton equation is used to measure infiltration. The flood rate amount in the nodes is classified into three stages: moderate flood (0.001 - 0.1 m³/s), high flood (0.1 - 0.5 m³/s), and very high flood (more than 0.5 m³/s). The results showed that the number of flood nodes is (14, 10, and 10) for each of the three events, with (4, 3, and 3) nodes experiencing moderate floods, (5, 6, and 6) nodes experiencing high flood rates, and (5, 1, and 1) nodes experiencing very high flood rates. It is indicated that the drainage system networks in the study area are unable to handle the amount of runoff and are poorly constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]