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Dolomite is a valuable mineral commodity with numerous industrial applications. Dolostones are mineral resources with significant growth potential. The study area encompasses south and central Montenegro. Mineralogical, petrographic, geochemical, and technological properties were investigated. Upper Cretaceous dolostones are compact and contain organic matter, whereas Triassic dolostones are weathered dolomites without organic matter. Both of formations displayed varying dolostone quality, prompting the geological and technological classification of Montenegrin dolostones. Upper Cretaceous dolostones are utilized in the building industry as aggregate, dimension stone, and filler, whereas Triassic dolomites are not suitable as dimension stone and have limited potential as aggregate. Both dolostones can be utilized in the steel industry and agriculture, but not as high-quality fillers when whiteness is a limitation, or for lime production where chemical composition and grain size are regulated. This is the first comprehensive study of geochemical evaluations of dolostone deposits in the Balkans and their potential industrial use.

Background/Aim. Fluoride has beneficial effect on dental caries prevention and enables high hardness of enamel. However, fluoride intake above optimal levels can have adverse effects on teeth and bones, especially in young children during the period of intense growth and teeth development. The aim of this study was to assess fluoride intake from water and toothpaste among 3-year-old children in Belgrade, Serbia, in the municipalities of Vračar and Novi Beograd. Methods. A questionnaire for the parents (n = 40) was used to provide information on the water consumption (tap and/or bottled water) and the brand of toothpaste used by children as well as the frequency of tooth brushing and the amount of toothpaste during brushing. Fluoride concentrations in water and toothpaste samples were determined electrochemically by using fluoride-selective electrode. Fluoride intake was estimated through a mathematical model commonly used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Results. The obtained results indicate no significant difference in daily fluoride intake through drinking water and toothpaste in 3-year-old children in Vračar (n = 19) compared to Novi Beograd (n = 21) (p > 0.05). However, all estimated fluoride levels (0.089-0.625 mg/day) are significantly lower than the optimal daily intake level for caries protection (0.7 mg/day for children up to 4 years, FNB-USA National Institute of Medicine) and two to six times lower than tolerable upper fluoride level for the children of same age (1.3 mg/day, FNB-USA National Institute of Medicine). Furthermore, calculated daily fluoride intake per kilogram body weight confirm very low fluoride intake by water and toothpaste in children of investigated municipalities in Belgrade, being significantly below the recommended an adequate intake (0.05 mg/kg/day, EFSA). Conclusion. This preliminary study has shown that daily fluoride intake in 3-year-olds is lower than tolerable upper fluoride level, even not sufficient for the preve, Uvod/Cilj. Fluoridi imaju pozitivan efekat na prevenciju karijesa zuba kao i povećanje čvrstine zubnog emajla. Međutim, njihov unos iznad optimalnog može imati štetne efekte na zube i kosti, posebno kod male dece tokom intenzivnog rasta i razvoja zuba. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se proceni unos fluorida putem vode za piće i paste za zube kod dece uzrasta od tri godine u Beogradu, na teritoriji dve opštine, Vračar i Novi Beograd. Metode. Anketnim upitnicima (n = 40) za roditelje dobijeni su podaci o vrsti vode koju deca piju (česmenska i/ili flaširana), proizvodima koje koriste za čišćenje i negu zuba, učestalosti pranja zuba kao i količini paste za zube koja se koristi po jednom pranju. Sadržaj fluorida u vodi za piće i pastama za zube određen je elektrohemijski sa fluoridnom jonselektivnom elektrodom. Unos fluorida procenjen je korišćenjem matematičkog modela datog od strane Američke agencije za zaštitu životne sredine. Rezultati. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da nema statistički značajne razlike u dnevnom unosu fluorida putem vode za piće i paste za zube između dece uzrasta od tri godine na Vračaru i Novom Beogradu (p > 0,05). Međutim, sve procenjene vrednosti unosa fluorida (0,089-0,625 mg/dan) značajno su niže od optimalnog dnevnog unosa za prevenciju karijesa (0,7 mg/dan za decu uzrasta do 4 godine, FNB-Nacionalnog instituta medicine, SAD) i dva do šest puta niže od tolerišućeg gornjeg nivoa unosa fluorida za decu istog uzrasta (1,3 mg/dan, FNBNacionalnog instituta medicine, SAD). Štaviše, izračunati dnevni unosi fluorida izraženi po kilogramu telesne mase potvrđuju veoma nizak unos fluorida kod dece ispitivanih opština u Beogradu, čak značajno niže od preporučenog optimalnog unosa (0,05 mg/kg/dan, EFSA). Zaključak. Ovim preliminarnim istraživanjem pokazano je da je dnevni unos fluorida kod trogodišnjaka u Beogradu značajno niži od tolerišućeg gornjeg nivoa unosa fluorida, čak niži od optimalnog unosa za prevenciju karijesa.

Although profoundly studied, etiology of pancreatic cancer (PC) is still rather scarce. Some of established risk factors of PC are connected to an increased cadmium (Cd) body burden. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of this environmental pollutant in PC development by conducting human observational, experimental and in vitro studies. The case-control study included 31 patients with a histologically based diagnosis of exocrine PC subjected to radical surgical intervention as cases and 29 accidental fatalities or subjects who died of a nonmalignant illness as controls. Animal study included two treated groups of Wistar rats (15 and 30 mg Cd/kg b.w) and untreated control group, sacrificed 24 h after single oral exposure. In in vitro study pancreas hTERT-HPNE and AsPC-1 cells were exposed to different Cd concentrations corresponding to levels measured in human cancerous pancreatic tissue. Cd content in cancer tissue significantly differed from the content in healthy controls. Odds ratio levels for PC development were 2.79 (95% CI 0.91-8.50) and 3.44 (95% CI 1.19-9.95) in the third and fourth quartiles of Cd distribution, respectively. Animal study confirmed Cd deposition in pancreatic tissue. In vitro studies revealed that Cd produces disturbances in intrinsic pathway of apoptotic activity and the elevation in oxidative stress in pancreatic cells. This study presents three different lines of evidence pointing towards Cd as an agent responsible for the development of PC.

There are about 240 geothermal occurrences with 60 commercial spas included in, which are spread throughout the territory of Serbia. The majority of springs and other surface manifestations are located along the southeastern edge of the country. Three spas Lukovska, Prolom and Kursumlijska are with the highest geothermal potential and balneology utilization. They are situated in the vicinity of Kursumlija, one of the largest municipalities in Serbia, but with poor economic development. Although the presence of these three spas and more than 23 thermal mineral springs with the temperature of water between 26.4 degrees and 68 degrees C reveal it among the great geothermal resources in Serbia, the extent and potential of these resources are poorly understood. The estimated capacity of geothermal energy in three spas and 20 springs is 620.36 (TJ/year) or 19.6 MWt. In spite of a vast quantity of this clean, renewable energy resource only a small percentage of it is used in balneology and extremely rarely for greenhouse heating. In Serbia the kind of energy mostly used belongs to dirty energy resources, such as timber, coal, oil, gas, natural gas, etc. The use of geothermal renewable energy for the heating of public institutions is highly recommendable and agrees with today's growing awareness of the environment protection and improvement of the quality of life. The additional use of it for heating in householders would reduce the import of natural gas and oil and would support the municipality and its inhabitants to escape from poverty.

Humans are exposed to a significant number of chemicals that are suspected to produce disturbances in hormone homeostasis. Hence, in recent decades, there has been a growing interest in endocrine disruptive chemicals. One of the alleged thyroid disrupting substances is cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous toxic metal shown to act as a thyroid disruptor and carcinogen in both animals and humans. Multiple PubMed searches with core keywords were performed to identify and evaluate appropriate studies which revealed literature suggesting evidence for the link between exposure to Cd and histological and metabolic changes in the thyroid gland. Furthermore, Cd influence on thyroid homeostasis at the peripheral level has also been hypothesized. Both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that a Cd exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations results in biphasic Cd dose-thyroid response relationships. Development of thyroid tumors following exposure to Cd has been studied mainly using in vitro methodologies. In the thyroid, Cd has been shown to activate or stimulate the activity of various factors, leading to increased cell proliferation and a reduction in normal apoptotic activity. Evidence establishing the association between Cd and thyroid disruption remains ambiguous, with further studies needed to elucidate the issue and improve our understanding of Cd-mediated effects on the thyroid gland.

Fully brominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a flame retardant widely used in plastics and textiles. Because of its high persistence, humans are exposed to it continuously, mainly via dust ingestion. We investigated effects of BDE-209 on renal function and oxidative stress development in the kidney after subacute exposure in rats. Five groups of animals were given by oral gavage 31.25-500 mg BDE-209/kg b.w./day for 28 days, and relative kidney weight, serum urea and creatinine, and oxidative stress parameters in the kidney were determined. Benchmark-dose approach was used for dose response modeling. Serum creatinine was increased, while results obtained for serum urea were inconclusive. Relative kidney weight was not affected by BDE-209. Kidney reduced glutathione was elevated, while superoxide dismutase activity was not changed after BDE-209 treatment. Also, levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were increased and total -SH groups were decreased, which indicated oxidative imbalance. The critical effect dose (CED)/CEDL ratios for the effects on TBARS and total -SH groups indicated estimated CEDs for these markers can be used in risk assessment of BDE-209. Our study results have shown that a relatively low dose of BDE-209 affects kidney function and that oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms of its nephrotoxicity.

Друга серија часописа "Дело" (1902-1915) представља књижевнонаучну појаву чији значај у српској култури на почетку 20. века превасходно лежи у домену друштвених и хуманистичких наука. Ипак, и поред чињенице да све време остаје у сенци Српског књижевног гласника, Дело је у погледу књижевних прилога садржало занимљив корпус књижевних прилога из ког смо за потребе овог истраживања издвојили лирску поезију домаћих аутора и ауторки. На оваквом узорку грађе (преко четири стотине песама) може се с једне стране испитати да ли Дело рефлектује основне поетичке тенденције српске поезије на почетку 20. века а са друге истражити у којој мери те тенденције одговарају категоријама традиционалног, популарног и модерног у српској култури..., The second series of the literary magazine Delo (1902-1915) represents an artifact whose significance in Serbian culture at the turn of the 20th century lies primarily within the domain of social science and humanities. However, although this magazine was always overshadowed by the more impactful Srpski knjizevni glasnik, with regards to literary contributions Delo contained an intriguing corpus of literary pieces from which poetry contributed by domestic authors has been selected as primary material for this dissertation. Such a sampling of material (over 400 poems) allowed on the one hand the exploration into the issue of whether Delo reflected the main poetic tendencies of Serbian poetry at the beginning of the 20th century, and on the other to what extent those tendencies corresponded with the categories of the traditional, popular and modern within Serbian culture...

Ovo istraživanje posvećeno je specifičnom doprinosu nadrealizma poetici antiromana, u kontekstu evropske teorije proze i na primeru dva antiromaneskna ostvarenja srpskog nadrealizma (Koren vida Aleksandra Vuča, Bez mere Marka Ristića). Da bi se pristupilo određivanju fenomena antiromana, kao relacionog žanra definisanog strukturom negacije, bilo je neophodno dati opštiji pregled teorije i istorije romana. Pri tome su od središnjeg značaja dve dominante u viđenju romana – shvatanje romana kao nenormativnog antižanra, i poistovećenje romana sa modernim građanskorealističkim romanom (novel). Vezivanje romana za proces konsolidacije modernog građanskog društva, koje je ujedno i vreme konsolidacije građanske institucije umetnosti, usloviće reaktiviranje žanra antiromana u epohi istorijskih avangardi. Antiroman se tu potvrđuje kao optimalna forma za avangardnu kritiku institucije estetske autonomije i fikcije. U tom kontekstu, nadrealistička kritika realističkog i afirmacija gotskog romana vidi se kao povratak ključnoj poetičkoj bifurkaciji žanra u osamnaestom veku i reaktiviranje dublje dinamike tradicija romance i novel..., This research is dedicated to a specific contribution of surrealism to the poetics of antinovel, based on the example of two antinovelistic works of Serbian surrealism (Aleksandar Vučo’s The Root of Sight, Marko Ristić’s Without Measure) and situated in the context of European theory of prose. In order to define the phenomenon of antinovel, as a relational genre defined by its structure of negation, it was necessary to give a more general overview of the theory and history of the novel. Thereto, two theoretical and poetical features are dominant – understanding of the novel as non-normative antigenre and its identification with modern bourgeois realist novel. Linking of the novel with the process of consolidation of modern bourgeois society, which is also the period marked by the bourgeois institution of art, will determine the forms of reactivation of the genre of antinovel in the epoch of historical avant-gardes. Antinovel is there confirmed as an optimal form for the avant-garde criticism of the institution of aesthetic autonomy and fiction. In that context, surrealist critique of realist novel and affirmation of gothic romance is seen as a return to the key poetic bifurcation of the genre in the 18th century and reactivation of deeper dynamics of the traditions of romance and novel...

Koeficijent poliranja kamena (Polished Stone Value - PSV) jedan je od glavnih faktora u proceni kvaliteta agregata koji se koristi za izradu habajućeg sloja na putevima. Ovaj koeficijent odražava mikrohrapavost agregata koja utiče na ukupnu otpornost prema klizanju puta i bezbedost vožnje. Prethodne studije pokazale su da postoje veze između petrografije, polirnosti i drugih tehničkih svojstava kamena i agregata, ali njihovi međusobni odnosi unutar homogene grupe stena do sada nisu ispitivani. Cilj ove disertacije bio je da se uspostavi jasna veza između mineralnog sastava, mikrosklopa, alteracionih produkata izabranih bazičnih magmatskih stena i PSV-a sa jedne strane, i posledično PSV-a i drugih tehničkih svojstava kamena i agregata, sa druge strane. Mineraloško-petrografska analiza ispitivanih bazičnih magmatskih stena pokazala je da njihove karakteristike poput mineralnog sastava, stepena alteracije i strukture značajno i sinhronizovano utiču na mikrohrapavost. Tako, najniže PSV vrednosti imaju bazične stene sa finozrnastom do finoofitskom strukturom u kojima su prisutni samo minerali sa relativnom tvrdinom većom od 5. Mikrohrapavost se povećava ukoliko stena: a) ima porfirsku strukturu, b) sadrži mineralne vrste koje pokazuju uznapredovali stepen alteracije, c) ima elemente porfiroidne strukture, d) ima povećan sadržaj određenih sporednih minerala, e) sadrži homogeno raspoređene mandole zapunjene sekundarnim mineralima različite tvrdine, f) ima krupnoofitsku, odnosno krupnozrniju strukturu, g) sadrži više od 15% minerala sa niskom relativnom tvrdinom, h) sadrži mineralne vrste koje imaju mrežu mikroprslina i šupljina. Posledično, najviše PSV vrednosti imaju bazične stene sa krupnoofitskom strukturom, značajnim stepenom alteracije primarnih minerala i gustom mrežom mikropukotina i šupljina pojedinih minerala (na primer plagioklasa i/ili klinopiroksena). Pojedinačne mineraloško-petrografske karakteristike utiču, ali ne daju značajnu zavisnost u odnosu na PSV vredn, Polished Stone Value (PSV) is one of the main factor in estimating the quality of aggregates used for wearing courses. This coefficient reflects the aggregate microroughness, which is important for skid resistance and safe driving. Previous studies have shown that there are relationships between petrography, Polished Stone Value and other technical characteristics of stone and aggregates, but their relationships within the homogeneous groups of rocks have not been investigated. The objective of this dissertation was to establish a clear link between mineral composition, microfabric, alteration products of basic rocks and PSV at one side, and consenquently PSV and other technical characteristics of stone and aggregates, at the other. Mineralogical and petrographic analysis of examined basic igneous rocks showed that their characteristics such as mineral composition, degree of alteration and fabric have significant and synchronized influence on microroughness. Thus, the lowest PSV value have basic rocks with fine-grained to fine-ophitic texture that have minerals with relative hardness higher than 5. Microroughness successively increases if stone: a) has porphyry texture, b) contains minerals that show advanced degree of alteration, c) has elements of porphyric texture, d) has a higher content of minor minerals, e) contains homogeneously distributed mandola filled with a different hardness secondary minerals, f) has a largeophitic, or coarse grained structure, g) contains more than 15% of minerals with low relative hardness, h) contains minerals which have a network of microcracks and voids. Consequently, the highest PSV values have basic rocks with coarseophitic texture, a significant degree of alteration of primary minerals and with a network of microcracks and voids on certain minerals (such as plagioclase and/or clinopyroxene). Single mineralogical and petrographic characteristics influence, but does not give a significant dependence with PSV values...

The study was designed to investigate the influence of zinc (Zn) supplementation on cadmium-induced alterations in zinc, copper (Cu), and magnesium (Mg) status in rabbits. For this purpose, the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), Zn, Cu, and Mg were estimated in the blood, liver, kidney, and bone. The rabbits were divided in a control group, a Cd group-animals intoxicated orally with Cd (10mg kg(-1) bw, as aqueous solution of Cd-chloride), and a Cd+ Zn group-animals intoxicated with the same dose of Cd and co-treated with Zn (20 mg kg(-1) bw, as aqueous solution of Zn-sulphate). Solutions were administered orally, every day for 28 days. Sample mineralisation was performed with concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and perchloric acid (HClO4) (4: 1) and metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Zinc supplementation improved some of Cd-induced disturbances in bioelement levels in the investigated tissues. Beneficial effects of Zn on Zn and Cu levels were observed in blood, as well as on the Cu kidney level. The calculated values for Cu/Zn,Mg/Zn, and Mg/Cu ratios in blood suggest that Zn co-treatment reduces Cd-induced changes in bioelement ratios in blood.

Although profoundly studied, etiology of pancreatic cancer (PC) is still rather scant. Exposure to cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous metal associated with well-established toxic and carcinogenic properties, has been hypothesized to one putative cause of PC. Hence, we analyzed recently published observational studies, meta-analyses, and experimental animal and in vitro studies with the aim of summarizing the evidence of Cd involvement in PC development and describing the possible mechanisms. Consolidation of epidemiological data on PC and exposure to Cd indicated a significant association with an elevated risk of PC among general population exposed to Cd. Cadmium exposure of laboratory animals was showed to cause PC supporting the findings suggested by human studies. The concordance with human and animal studies is buttressed by in vitro studies, although in vitro data interpretation is problematic. In most instances, only significant effects are reported, and the concentrations of Cd are excessive, which would skew interpretation. Previous reports suggest that oxidative stress, apoptotic changes, and DNA cross-linking and hypermethylation are involved in Cd-mediated carcinogenesis. Undoubtedly, a significant amount of work is still needed to achieve a better understanding of the Cd involvement in pancreatic cancer which could facilitate prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of this fatal disease.

Cadmium (Cd) has proved to be associated with numerous toxic effects in aquatic organisms via waterbome exposure. With a view to investigate Cd toxicity along a broad spectrum of exposures reaching from environmental to toxic, we employed adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) for an in vivo study. A number of 10 fish per tank were placed in 40 L tanks and were exposed for 30 days to 0.0, 5.0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 1000 mu g Cd per liter. There were 2 tanks for each Cd exposure (duplicate experiment). Mortality was recorded daily, dead fish were collected and tissue samples were obtained for histologic observation, whereas remaining tissues were stored for Cd burden determination. Surviving fish were collected at the end of the experiment. Median overall survival (OS) in days was found to be 9.0, 11.0, 8.0 and 7.0 for 25 mu g/L, 50 mu g/L, 75 mu g/L and 100 mu g/L respectively, with all of them showing mortality greater than 50%. Remarkably, fish exposed to the highest Cd concentration (1000 mu g/L) survived the longest exhibiting a mean OS of 29.2 days. Cd determination in fish tissue was conducted with an in house ICP-MS method and levels ranged from 3.1 to 29.1 ng/mg. Log Cd tissue levels were significantly correlated with the log Cd exposure levels (r = 0.535, p lt 0.001). The highest Cd burden was determined for fish exposed to 1000 mu g Cd /L (mean = 12.2 ng/mg). Histopathology supported these results. Our findings disclose a deviation in toxic responses through the range of Cd concentrations, leading to nonlinear responses. These differentiated responses, could be linked to hormesis phenomena.

The objective of this study was to assess toxicity of Cd and BDE-209 mixture on haematological parameters in subacutely exposed rats and to determine the presence and type of interactions between these two chemicals using multiple factorial regression analysis. Furthermore, for the assessment of interaction type, an isobologram based methodology was applied and compared with multiple factorial regression analysis. Chemicals were given by oral gavage to the male Wistar rats weighing 200-240g for 28 days. Animals were divided in 16 groups (8/group): control vehiculum group, three groups of rats were treated with 2.5, 7.5 or 15 mg Cd/kg/day. These doses were chosen on the bases of literature data and reflect relatively high Cd environmental exposure, three groups of rats were treated with 1000, 2000 or 4000 mg BDE-209/kg/bw/day, doses proved to induce toxic effects in rats. Furthermore, nine groups of animals were treated with different mixtures of Cd and BDE-209 containing doses of Cd and BDE-209 stated above. Blood samples were taken at the end of experiment and red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets counts were determined. For interaction assessment multiple factorial regression analysis and fitted isobologram approach were used. In this study, we focused on multiple factorial regression analysis as a method for interaction assessment. We also investigated the interactions between Cd and BDE-209 by the derived model for the description of the obtained fitted isobologram curves. Current study indicated that co-exposure to Cd and BDE-209 can result in significant decrease in RBC count, increase in WBC count and decrease in PLT count, when compared with controls. Multiple factorial regression analysis used for the assessment of interactions type between Cd and BDE-209 indicated synergism for the effect on RBC count and no interactions i.e. additivity for the effects on WBC and PLT counts. On the other hand, isobologram based approach showed slight antagonism

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal currently ranked as seventh (out of 275) on ATSDR priority list of hazardous substances and it is considered as one of the most important occupational and environmental pollutants. This carcinogenic metal causes adverse effects in various tissues, particularly kidneys after prolonged exposure. However, the mechanisms of these toxic effects are still not completely understood. Literature data indicate different mechanisms of cadmium toxicity, oxidative stress being one of the most important. Experiments confirm that Cd, metal with no redox potential, can indirectly induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by affecting antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase), nonenzymatic antioxidants (glutathione, totalsulfhydryl groups, antioxidative vitamines), and Fenton metals, iron and copper. This chapter summarizes our investigations on cadmium-induced oxidative stress conducted on three different animal species: rabbits, mice and rats. Application of a single oral dose of 50 mg Cd/kg b.w. in rabbits showed increased levels of lipid peroxidation in blood 4-6 hours after Cd intoxication indicating early development of oxidative stress in conditions of acute Cd poisoning. Experiments carried out on mice showed that single oral exposure to 20 mg Cd/kg b.w. resulted in intensive ROS production in liver while subacute oral dose of 10 mg Cd/kg b.w. induced more pronounced effect in kidneys, thus indicating different effect of Cd intoxication depending on duration of Cd exposure. Further experiments performed on rats provided strong evidence that Cd can induce oxidative stress in both blood and liver after oral (30 mg Cd/kg b.w.) and intraperitoneal (1.5 mg Cd/kg b.w.) acute intoxication, althoughintraperitoneal administration showed more pronounced negative effects. Results of these studies demonstrate that oxidative stress is an important mechanism of C

Although the psychoactive substances are strictly controlled in most of the countries in the world, their abuse is still very present, as confirmed by the data from the year of 2009 when over 200 million drug addicts were registered. The most commonly used psychoactive controlled substance in the world is cannabis, followed by amphetamine-type stimulants (methamphetamine, amphetamine and ecstasy), opioids (opium, heroin and opioids used in medical purposes), and cocaine. A similar situation is in Europe: most frequently abused substance is cannabis, followed by cocaine and ecstasy and recent epidemiological study conducted in Serbia points to the widespread use of psychoactive substances among young population. Increasingly problem in many countries is the abuse of prescription drugs, particularly painkillers, sedatives and tranquilizers. Prevention of psychoactive substance abuse should be an essential part of the each country strategy in its efforts to protect human health, particularly health of children and young people., Iako se psihoaktivne supstance nalaze pod strogom kontrolom u većini zemalja sveta, njihova zloupotreba je i dalje izuzetno prisutna, što potvrđuju i podaci da je u 2009. godini registrovano preko 200 miliona zavisnika. Najčešće korišćena psihoaktivna kontrolisana supstanca u svetu je kanabis, a slede ga stimulansi tipa amfetamina (metamfetamin, amfetamin i ekstazi), zatim opijati (opijum, heroin i opijati koji se koriste i u medicinske svrhe) i kokain. Slična je situacija i u zemljama Evrope: najčešće zloupotrebljavana supstanca je kanabis, a potom slede kokain i ekstazi, a poslednje epidemiološko istraživanje sprovedeno u Srbiji ukazuje na rasprostranjenost upotrebe psihoaktivnih supstanci među mladima u našoj zemlji. Sve prisutniji problem u velikom broju zemalja sveta predstavlja i zloupotreba lekova, pre svega analgetika, sedativa i trankilizera. Prevencija zloupotrebe psihoaktivnih supstanci predstavlja neophodan deo strategije svake države u njenim nastojanjima da zaštiti zdravlje ljudi, posebno dece i mladih.

The study was designed to evaluate and compare the effects of single oral (or) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) cadmium (Cd) administration on parameters of oxidative stress in liver of rats. Furthermore, investigation on protective effects of magnesium (Mg) or and i.p. pretreatment on the same parameters was performed. Wistar rats were administrated oral dose of Cd (30 mg Cd/kg b.w.)/Cd + Mg (30 mg Cd/kg b.w., 50 mg Mg/kg b.w.) or i.p. dose of Cd (1.5 mg Cd/kg b.w.)/Cd + Mg (1.5 mg Cd/kg b.w., 3 mg Mg/kg b.w.) and sacrificed after 24 h. In liver homogenates superoxide anion, malondialdehyde, non-protein sulfhydryl groups, total sulfhydryl groups content, and superoxide dismutase activity were determined. Cadmium intoxication caused the increase of superoxide anion and malondialdehyde levels and had negative effect on investigated parameters of antioxidant defense system, except on total sulfhydryl groups. The negative effect was more emphasized after i.p. Cd administration. Oral Mg pretreatment induced more pronounced positive effect than Mg given intraperitoneally that can be attributed, at least partly, to Cd and Mg interactions on the level of GIT. On the basis of the obtained results it can be concluded that both Cd and Cd + Mg effects on parameters of oxidative stress in rats liver are route-dependent.

Data collected from poison control centers indicate on millions of poisoning due to drug overdoses and acute drug poisonings represent one of the major causes of deaths. Groups of drugs that most commonly cause acute poisoning include sedatives/hypnotics/antipsychotics (benzodiazepines above all), paracetamol and different combinations with paracetamol, drugs used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, opioids, antiepileptics, antihistamines, etc. The trend of drug poisoning is increasing in the world and in our country as well where the most common poisoning are those caused by psychoactive drugs, especially by benzodiazepines. This paper gives a brief overview of the toxicity of antidepressants and antianxiety drugsbenzodiazepines, antipsychotics, antiepileptic-carbamazepine, drugs used in treatment of cardiovascular diseases, antihistaminics, methotrexate, and paracetamol which is a rather significant cause of poisoning despite the fact it is OTC drug., Podaci centara za kontrolu trovanja ukazuju na milionske slučajeve trovanja usled predoziranja lekovima, a akutna trovanja lekovima predstavljaju i jedan od značajnih uzročnika smrtnih ishoda. Grupe lekova koje najčešće dovode do akutnih trovanja su: sedativi/hipnotici/antipsihotici pre svih benzodiazepini, zatim paracetamol i različite kombinacije sa paracetamolom, lekovi koji se koriste u terapiji kardiovaskularnih bolesti, opioidi, antiepileptici, antihistaminici itd. Trend trovanja lekovima raste kako u svetu, tako i u našoj zemlji, gde su najzastupljenija trovanja psihoaktivnim lekovima, posebno benzodiazepinima. U radu je dat kratak prikaz toksičnosti benzodiazepina, antidepresiva, antipsihotika, lekova koji se koriste u terapiji kardiovaskularnih oboljenja, karbamazepina kao predstavnika antiepileptika, kao i nekih drugih lekova koji mogu biti uzročnici trovanja.