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1. Extended Gaze Following: Detecting Objects in Videos Beyond the Camera Field of View

Author

Massé, Benoit, Lathuilière, Stéphane, Mesejo, Pablo, and Horaud, Radu

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

In this paper we address the problems of detecting objects of interest in a video and of estimating their locations, solely from the gaze directions of people present in the video. Objects can be indistinctly located inside or outside the camera field of view. We refer to this problem as extended gaze following. The contributions of the paper are the followings. First, we propose a novel spatial representation of the gaze directions adopting a top-view perspective. Second, we develop several convolutional encoder/decoder networks to predict object locations and compare them with heuristics and with classical learning-based approaches. Third, in order to train the proposed models, we generate a very large number of synthetic scenarios employing a probabilistic formulation. Finally, our methodology is empirically validated using a publicly available dataset., Comment: FG 2019

Published
2019

2. Neural Network Based Reinforcement Learning for Audio-Visual Gaze Control in Human-Robot Interaction

Author

Lathuilière, Stéphane, Massé, Benoit, Mesejo, Pablo, and Horaud, Radu

Subjects
Computer Science - Robotics, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing
Abstract

This paper introduces a novel neural network-based reinforcement learning approach for robot gaze control. Our approach enables a robot to learn and to adapt its gaze control strategy for human-robot interaction neither with the use of external sensors nor with human supervision. The robot learns to focus its attention onto groups of people from its own audio-visual experiences, independently of the number of people, of their positions and of their physical appearances. In particular, we use a recurrent neural network architecture in combination with Q-learning to find an optimal action-selection policy; we pre-train the network using a simulated environment that mimics realistic scenarios that involve speaking/silent participants, thus avoiding the need of tedious sessions of a robot interacting with people. Our experimental evaluation suggests that the proposed method is robust against parameter estimation, i.e. the parameter values yielded by the method do not have a decisive impact on the performance. The best results are obtained when both audio and visual information is jointly used. Experiments with the Nao robot indicate that our framework is a step forward towards the autonomous learning of socially acceptable gaze behavior., Comment: Paper submitted to Pattern Recognition Letters

Published
2017
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3. Tracking Gaze and Visual Focus of Attention of People Involved in Social Interaction

Author

Massé, Benoît, Ba, Silèye, and Horaud, Radu

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

The visual focus of attention (VFOA) has been recognized as a prominent conversational cue. We are interested in estimating and tracking the VFOAs associated with multi-party social interactions. We note that in this type of situations the participants either look at each other or at an object of interest; therefore their eyes are not always visible. Consequently both gaze and VFOA estimation cannot be based on eye detection and tracking. We propose a method that exploits the correlation between eye gaze and head movements. Both VFOA and gaze are modeled as latent variables in a Bayesian switching state-space model. The proposed formulation leads to a tractable learning procedure and to an efficient algorithm that simultaneously tracks gaze and visual focus. The method is tested and benchmarked using two publicly available datasets that contain typical multi-party human-robot and human-human interactions., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables

Published
2017
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13. Derivation and validation of a clinical decision rule to identify young children with skull fracture following isolated head trauma

Author

Gravel, Jocelyn, Gouin, Serge, Chalut, Dominic, Crevier, Louis, Decarie, Jean-Claude, Elazhary, Nicolas, and Masse, Benoit

Subjects
Medical research, Medicine, Experimental, Head injuries -- Diagnosis, Children -- Injuries, Tomography -- Standards, Health
Abstract

Background: There is no clear consensus regarding radiologic evaluation of head trauma in young children without traumatic brain injury. We conducted a study to develop and validate a clinical decision rule to identify skull fracture in young children with head trauma and no immediate need for head tomography. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study in 3 tertiary care emergency departments in the province of Quebec. Participants were children less than 2 years old who had a head trauma and were not at high risk of clinically important traumatic brain injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score < 15, altered level of consciousness or palpable skull fracture). The primary outcome was skull fracture. For each participant, the treating physician completed a standardized report form after physical examination and before radiologic evaluation. The decision to order skull radiography was at the physician's discretion. The clinical decision rule was derived using recursive partitioning. Results: A total of 811 patients (49 with skull fracture) were recruited during the derivation phase. The 2 predictors identified through recursive partitioning were parietal or occipital swelling or hematoma and age less than 2 months. The rule had a sensitivity of 94% (95% confidence interval [CI] 83%-99%) and a specificity of 86% (95% CI 84%-89%) in the derivation phase. During the validation phase, 856 participants (44 with skull fracture) were recruited. The rule had a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 87% during this phase. Interpretation: The clinical decision rule developed in this study identified about 90% of skull fractures among young children with mild head trauma who had no immediate indication for head tomography. Use of the rule would have reduced the number of radiologic evaluations by about 60%., Head trauma is common among children visiting the emergency department and in most cases is minor. (1) However, so-called 'minor' head trauma can be associated with dangerous complications. For example, [...]

Published
2015
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20. Risk reduction counseling is associated with decreased HIV transmission-associated behaviors in high-risk Indian heterosexuals

Author

Solomon, Sunil S., Solomon, Suniti, Masse, Benoit R., Srikrishnan, A.K., Beauchamp, Geetha, Thamburaj, Easter, Gulvady, Menaka; Anand, S., and Mayer, Kenneth H.

Subjects
Indians -- Sexual behavior, Indians -- Health aspects, HIV infection -- Risk factors, Health
Abstract

A study was conducted to estimate the incidence of HIV and impact of risk-reduction counseling (RRC) in a cohort of people with high-risk behavior for HIV transmission in Chennai, India. Results reveal that the individualized sexual RRC seems to be a useful intervention to reduce risk-taking behavior among at-risk hetero-sexuals in India.

Published
2006

21. Effects of job strain on blood pressure: a prospective study of male and female white-collar workers

Author

Guimont, Chantal, Brisson, Chantal, Dagenais, Gilles R., Milot, Alain, Vezina, Michel, Masse, Benoit, Moisan, Jocelyne, Laflamme, Nathalie, and Blanchette, Caty

Subjects
Hypertension -- Causes of, Hypertension -- Research, Job stress -- Influence, Job stress -- Research, White collar workers -- Health aspects, White collar workers -- Case studies, Government, Health care industry
Abstract

Objectives. We evaluated whether cumulative exposure to job strain increases blood pressure. Methods. A prospective study of 8395 white-collar workers was initiated during 1991 to 1993. At follow-up, 7.5 years later, 84% of the participants were reassessed to estimate cumulative exposure to job strain. Results. Compared with men who had never been exposed, men with cumulative exposure and those who became exposed during follow-up showed significant systolic blood pressure increments of 1.8 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.1, 3.5) and 1.5 mm Hg (95% CI=0.2, 2.8), respectively, and relative risks of blood pressure increases in the highest quintile group of 1.33 (95% CI= 1.01, 1.76) and 1.40 (95% CI= 1.14, 1.73). Effect magnitudes were smaller among women. Effects tended to be more pronounced among men and women with low levels of social support at work. Conclusions. Among these white-collar workers, exposure to cumulative job strain had a modest but significant effect on systolic blood pressure among men. The risk was of comparable magnitude to that observed for age and sedentary behavior. Men and women with low levels of social support at work appeared to be at higher risk for increases in blood pressure.

Published
2006

22. Nonnegligible increasing temporal trends in unprotected anal intercourse among men who have sexual relations with other men in Montreal

Author

George, Clemon, Alary, Michel, Otis, Joanne, Parent, Raymond, Bruno, Turmel, Demers, Eric, Vincelette, Jean, Remis, Robert S., Masse, Benoit, and Lavoie, Rene

Subjects
Montreal, Quebec -- Social aspects, Anal intercourse -- Risk factors, Anal intercourse -- Research, Men -- Sexual behavior, Health
Abstract

The temporal trends in unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among men who have sex with men (MSM) are determined. The results concluded that continuous trend analysis is important as it allows to follow UAI closely and to implement intervention strategies that might help to stop or reduce the present trend.

Published
2006

23. HIV prevalence, sociodemographic, and behavioral correlates and recruitment methods among injection drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia

Author

Shaboltas, Alla V., Toussova, Olga V., Hoffman, Irving F., Heimer, Robert, Verevochkin, Sergei V., Ryder, Robert W., Khoshnood, Kaveh, Perdue, Tom, Masse, Benoit R., and Kozlov, Andrei P.

Subjects
Saint Petersburg, Russia -- Economic aspects, Saint Petersburg, Russia -- Health policy, Intravenous drug abuse -- Risk factors, HIV infection -- Causes of, Health
Abstract

The combination of political, economic, and social changes that accompanied the fall of the Soviet Union has resulted in a dramatic epidemic of drug abuse in Russia, which has led to an epidemic of HIV-1, driven by injection drug use. The estimated HIV prevalence of 30% places St. Petersburg among the worst injection drug users concentrated epidemics in Europe.

Published
2006

24. Risk factors associated with HIV infection among young gay and bisexual men in Canada

Author

Weber, Amy E., Chan, Keith, George, Clemon, Hogg, Robert S., Remis, Robert S., Martindale, Steve, Otis, Joanne, Miller, Mary Lou, Vincelette, Jean, Craib, Kevin J. P., Masse, Benoit, Schechter, Martin T., LeClerc, Roger, Lavoie, Rene, Turmel, Bruno, Parent, Raymond, and Alary, Michel

Subjects
Gay men -- Health aspects, Gay men -- Diseases, Sex -- Risk factors, Sex -- Health aspects, Epidemiology -- Statistics, Epidemiology -- Research, HIV patients -- Demographic aspects, HIV patients -- Health aspects, HIV patients -- Care and treatment, HIV infection -- Prevention, HIV infection -- Demographic aspects, HIV infection -- Health aspects, AIDS (Disease) -- Research, Health
Abstract

The authors have investigated risk factors associated with HIV incidence among bisexual and gay men in Canada. Results demonstrate that HIV-positive bisexual and gay men usually live in unstable conditions and display more risky substance use and sexual behavior that HIV-negative men.

Published
2001

25. Pregnancy complications among women born preterm

Author

Boivin, Ariane, Luo, Zhong-Cheng, Audibert, Francois, Masse, Benoit, Lefebvre, Francine, Tessier, Rejean, and Nuyt, Anne Monique

Subjects
Diabetes -- Complications and side effects, Pregnant women, Infants (Premature), Hypertension -- Complications and side effects, Health
Abstract

Background: Adults who were born with low birth weights are at increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions, including pregnancy complications. Low birth weight can result from intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth or both. We examined the relation between preterm birth and pregnancy complications later in life. Methods: We conducted a population-based cohort study in the province of Quebec involving 7405 women born preterm (554 < 32 weeks, 6851 at 32-36 weeks) and a matched cohort of 16 714 born at term between 1976 and 1995 who had a live birth or stillbirth between 1987 and 2008. The primary outcome measures were pregnancy complications (gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia or eclampsia). Results: Overall, 19.9% of women born at less than 32 weeks, 13.2% born at 32-36 weeks and 11.7% born at term had at least 1 pregnancy complication at least once during the study period (p < 0.001). Women born small for gestational age (both term and preterm) had increased odds of having at least 1 pregnancy complication compared with women born at term and at appropriate weight for gestational age. After adjustment for various factors, including birth weight for gestational age, the odds of pregnancy complications associated with preterm birth was elevated by 1.95-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.54-2.47) among women born before 32 weeks' gestation and 1.14-fold (95% CI 1.03-1.25) among those born at 32-36 weeks' gestation relative to women born at term. Interpretation: Being born preterm, in addition to, and independent of, being small for gestational age, was associated with a significantly increased risk of later having pregnancy complications., Numerous studies examining cohorts born mostly in the first half of the 20th century have emphasized the inverse relation between low birth weight and incidence later in life of cardiovascular [...]

Published
2012
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26. Correlates or risky behaviors among young and older men having sexual relations with men in Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Author

Dufour, Annie, Alary, Michel, Otis, Joanne, Noel, Roger, Remis, Robert S., Masse, Benoit, Parent, Raymond, Turmel, Bruno, Lavoie, Rene, LeClerc, Roger, and Vincelette, Jean

Subjects
Gay men -- Sexual behavior, Sexual behavior surveys -- Canada, Health
Abstract

Many gay men in Montreal still participate in risky sexual behavior, according to researchers connected to the Omega Cohort project. Older gay men were just as likely as young men to engage in risky behavior.

Published
2000

27. Wage losses in the year after breast cancer: extent and determinants among Canadian women

Author

Lauzier, Sophie, Maunsell, Elizabeth, Drolet, Melanie, Coyle, Douglas, Hebert-Croteau, Nicole, Brisson, Jacques, Masse, Benoit, Abdous, Belkacem, Robidoux, Andre, and Robert, Jean

Subjects
Breast cancer -- Care and treatment, Breast cancer -- Analysis, Wages -- Analysis, Women -- Health aspects, Salary, Health
Abstract

Background Wage losses after breast cancer may result in considerable financial burden. Their assessment is made more urgent because more women now participate in the workforce and because breast cancer is managed using multiple treatment modalities that could lead to long work absences. We evaluated wage losses, their determinants, and the associations between wage losses and changes for the worse in the family's financial situation among Canadian women over the first 12 months after diagnosis of early breast cancer. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study among women with breast cancer from eight hospitals throughout the province of Quebec. Information that permitted the calculation of wage losses and information on potential determinants of wage losses were collected by three pretested telephone interviews conducted over the year following the start of treatment. Information on medical characteristics was obtained from medical records. The main outcome was the proportion of annual wages lost because of breast cancer. Multivariable analysis of variance using the general linear model was used to identify personal, medical, and employment characteristics associated with the proportion of wages lost. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Among 962 eligible breast cancer patients, 800 completed all three interviews. Of these, 459 had a paying job during the month before diagnosis. On average, these working women lost 27% of their projected usual annual wages (median = 19%) after compensation received had been taken into account. Multivariable analysis showed that a higher percentage of lost wages was statistically significantly associated with a lower level of education ([P.sub.trend] = .0018), living 50 km or more from the hospital where surgery was performed (P = .070), lower social support (P = .012), having invasive disease (P = .086), receipt of chemotherapy (P < .001), self-employment (P < .001), shorter tenure in the job ([P.sub.trend] < .001), and part-time work (P < .001). Conclusion Wage losses and their effects on financial situation constitute an important adverse consequence of breast cancer in Canada.

Published
2008

29. Work absence after breast cancer diagnosis: a population-based study

Author

Drolet, Melanie, Maunsell, Elizabeth, Mondor, Myrto, Brisson, Chantal, Brisson, Jacques, Masse, Benoit, and Deschenes, Luc

Subjects
Breast cancer -- Diagnosis, Breast cancer -- Care and treatment, Breast cancer -- Surveys, Women -- Health aspects, Women -- Surveys
Abstract

An abridged version of this article appeared in the Sept. 27, 2005, issue of CMAJ. Abstract Background: Absence from work after breast cancer diagnosis may be part of the burden [...]

Published
2005

30. A randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent second primary cancers in head and neck cancer patients

Author

Bairati, Isabelle, Meyer, Francois, Gelinas, Michel, Fortin, Andre, Nabid, Abdenour, Brochet, Francois, Mercier, Jean-Philippe, Tetu, Bernard, Harel, Francois, Masse, Benoit, Vigneault, Eric, Vass, Sylvie, del Vecchio, Pierre, and Roy, Jean

Subjects
Head and neck cancer -- Prevention, Antioxidants -- Observations, Health
Abstract

Background: Although low dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and minerals have been associated with higher risks of cancer, results of trials testing antioxidant supplementation for cancer chemoprevention have been equivocal. We assessed whether supplementation with antioxidant vitamins could reduce the incidence of second primary cancers among patients with head and neck cancer. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, randomized chemoprevention trial among 540 patients with stage I or II head and neck cancer treated by radiation therapy between October 1, 1994, and June 6, 2000. Supplementation with [alpha]-tocopherol (400 IU/day) and [beta]-carotene (30 mg/day) or placebo began on the first day of radiation therapy and continued for 3 years after the end of radiation therapy. In the course of the trial, [beta]-carotene supplementation was discontinued after 156 patients had enrolled because of ethical concerns. The remaining patients received [alpha]-tocopherol or placebo only. Survival was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: After a median follow-up of 52 months, second primary cancers and recurrences of the first tumor were diagnosed in 113 and 119 participants, respectively. The effect of supplementation on the incidence of second primary cancers varied over time. Compared with patients receiving placebo, patients receiving [alpha]-tocopherol supplements had a higher rate of second primary cancers during the supplementation period (HR = 2.88, 95% CI = 1.56 to 5.31) but a lower rate after supplementation was discontinued (HR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.16 to 1.03). Similarly, the rate of having a recurrence or second primary cancer was higher during (HR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.27 to 2.72) but lower after (HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.33 to 1.53) supplementation with [alpha]-tocopherol. The proportion of participants free of second primary cancer overall after 8 years of follow-up was similar in both arms. Conclusions: [alpha]-Tocopherol supplementation produced unexpected adverse effects on the occurrence of second primary cancers and on cancer-free survival.

Published
2005

31. Work situation after breast cancer: results from a population-based study

Author

Maunsell, Elizabeth, Drolet, Melanie, Brisson, Jacques, Brisson, Chantal, Masse, Benoit, and Deschenes, Luc

Subjects
Cancer survivors -- Research, Cancer survivors -- Employment, Breast cancer -- Research, Health
Abstract

Background: Breast cancer may adversely affect work experience. We assessed whether there was evidence of discrimination at work, defined as negative or involuntary changes in employment situation (including changes in position, wages, and other conditions), associated with a breast cancer diagnosis in a population-based retrospective cohort study conducted in Quebec, Canada. Methods: The study was based on the consecutive series of women aged less then 60 years when first treated for breast cancer (identified through the Quebec Tumor Registry) and a random sample of frequency-matched women living in Quebec (identified from provincial health care files) who had never been diagnosed with cancer. Eligibility for the study was restricted to women who were employed at the time of diagnosis (for breast cancer survivors) or the same calendar period (for women in the comparison group). We conducted telephone interviews of eligible women 3 years after diagnosis for 646 survivors or after the matched calendar period for 890 women in the comparison group. Binomial regression was used to evaluate the relationship between having breast cancer and work situation. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Working conditions were similar between the two groups at the beginning of follow-up. After 3 years, slightly more survivors (21%) than women in the comparison group (15%) were unemployed (adjusted relative risk for being unemployed = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.05 to 1.59), although most women who were not working (84% of unemployed survivors and 76% of unemployed women in the comparison group) said that the decision to stop working was their own. Among women still employed, no deterioration in working conditions was observed in either group. Conclusion: We found little evidence that women diagnosed with breast cancer experience discrimination at work. This information may be helpful for working women concerned about employment after breast cancer.

Published
2004

32. 128 Health-related Quality of Life in Young Adults Born Very Preterm

Author

Bernard, Elisabeth, primary, Flahault, Adrien, additional, Girard-Bock, Camille, additional, Fallaha, Catherine, additional, Cloutier, Anik, additional, Bigras, Jean-Luc, additional, Curnier, Daniel, additional, Jalbout, Ramy El, additional, Henderson, Melanie, additional, Lapeyraque, Anne Laure, additional, Masse, Benoit, additional, Nuyt, Anne Monique, additional, and Luu, Thuy Mai, additional

Published
2019
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35. HIV treatment as prevention: considerations in the design, conduct, and analysis of cluster randomized controlled trials of combination HIV prevention

Author

Boily, Marie-Claude, Masse, Benoit, Alsallaq, Ramzi, Padian, Nancy S., Eaton, Jeffrey W., Vesga, Juan F., and Hallett, Timothy B.

Subjects
Drug therapy, Combination -- Evaluation, Clinical trials -- Research, HIV infection -- Prevention, Biological sciences
Abstract

The rigorous evaluation of the impact of combination HIV prevention packages at the population level will be critical for the future of HIV prevention. In this review, we discuss important considerations for the design and interpretation of cluster randomized controlled trials (C-RCTs) of combination prevention interventions. We focus on three large C-RCTs that will start soon and are designed to test the hypothesis that combination prevention packages, including expanded access to antiretroviral therapy, can substantially reduce HIV incidence. Using a general framework to integrate mathematical modelling analysis into the design, conduct, and analysis of C-RCTs will complement traditional statistical analyses and strengthen the evaluation of the interventions. Importantly, even with combination interventions, it may be challenging to substantially reduce HIV incidence over the 2- to 3-y duration of a C-RCT, unless interventions are scaled up rapidly and key populations are reached. Thus, we propose the innovative use of mathematical modelling to conduct interim analyses, when interim HIV incidence data are not available, to allow the ongoing trials to be modified or adapted to reduce the likelihood of inconclusive outcomes. The preplanned, interactive use of mathematical models during C-RCTs will also provide a valuable opportunity to validate and refine model projections., Rationale for Cluster Randomized Controlled Trials Significant progress has been achieved in developing, implementing, and scaling- up safe and effective biomedical and behavioural HIV interventions such as promoting condom use, [...]

Published
2012
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36. Utility of colposcopy in a phase 2 portion of a microbicide clinical trial of BufferGel and 0.5% PRO 2000 Gel

Author

Chirenje, Zvavahera M., Masse, Benoit R., Maslankowski, Lisa A., Ramjee, Gita, Coletti, Anne S., Tembo, Tchangani N., Magure, Tsitsi M., Soto-Torres, Lydia, Kelly, Cliff, Hillier, Sharon, and Karim, Abdool

Subjects
Anti-infective agents -- Dosage and administration, Disease transmission -- Prevention, Colposcopy -- Usage, HIV infection -- Prevention, Health
Abstract

Background: The majority of new HIV infections are acquired through heterosexual transmission. There is urgent need for prevention methods to compliment behavior change and condom use. Topical microbicide represent a potential strategy for reduction of HIV transmission in women. Methods: Monthly Colposcopy evaluations were performed during pelvic examinations among 299 women enrolled in the Phase 2 portion of HPTN 035 study at four sites (1 in USA, 3 in Southern Africa). This was a phase 2/2b, multisite, randomized, and controlled clinical trial with four arms: BufferGel, 0.5% PRO2000 Gel, placebo gel and no gel. At two of the sites, pelvic examinations were conducted by the use of naked eye without colposcopy. Results: A colposcopy finding of any kind was detected in 48% of participants at baseline compared to 40% at 3 months (p = 0.04). The lower rates were also observed in vaginal discharge (22% at baseline, 16% at 3 months, p = 0.06), erythema (15% at baseline, 8% at 3 months, p = 0.004). The trend towards significance at p = 0.05 disappear when utilizing stringent statistical significance levels. A pelvic finding of any kind was detected in 71% of colposcopy participants compared to 41% of participants who had naked eye examination only conducted at two sites that performed both colposcopy and naked eye without colposcopy. Use of colposcopy yielded significantly higher rates of participants with deep epithelial disruption, erythema and ecchymosis. We observed no cases of incident Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, or Syphilis during the three month follow up. There were 2 cases of incident HIV during 3-month study period neither of which was associated with any abnormal colposcopy evaluation findings. Conclusion: No safety signals were observed in the 4 study arms, allowing seamless transition from phase 2 to 2b. Colposcopy utility in microbicide clinical trials has minimal value given high rates of background noise findings of no relevant clinical significance. Keywords: colposcopic evaluations; topical microbicides; genital epithelium; phase 2; HIV; investigational product., Background The AIDS epidemic continues to spread relentlessly, with an estimate of 2.7 million (2.4 to 2.9 million) new HIV infections in 2010 [1]. The majority of these infections are [...]

Published
2012
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38. Etiology of urethral discharge in West Africa: the role of Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis

Author

Pepin, Jacques, Sobela, Francois, Deslandes, Sylvie, Alary, Michel, Wegner, Karsten, Khonde, Nzambi, Kintin, Frederic, Kamuragiye, Aloys, Sylla, Mohammed, Zerbo, Petit-Jean, Baganizi, Enias, Kone, Alassane, Kane, Fadel, Masse, Benoit, Viens, Pierre, and Frost, Eric

Subjects
Sexually transmitted diseases -- Prevention, HIV infection -- Prevention
Abstract

Objective To determine the etiological role of pathogens other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in urethral discharge in West African men. Methods Urethral swabs were obtained from 659 male patients presenting with urethral discharge in 72 primary health care facilities in seven West African countries, and in 339 controls presenting for complaints unrelated to the genitourinary tract. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to detect the presence of IV. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Findings N. gonorrhoeae, T. vaginalis, C trachomatis, and M. genitalium -- but not U. urealyticum -- were found more frequently in men with urethral discharge than in asymptomatic controls, being present in 61.9%, 13.8%, 13.4% and 10.0%, respectively, of cases of urethral discharge. Multiple infections were common. Among patients with gonococcal infection, T. vaginalis was as frequent a coinfection as C. trachomatis M. genitalium, T. vaginalis, and C. trachomatis caused a similar clinical syndrome to that associated with gonococcal infection, but with a less severe urethral discharge. Conclusions M. genitalium and T. vaginalis are important etiological agents of urethral discharge in West Africa. The frequent occurrence of multiple infections with any combination of four pathogens strongly supports the syndromic approach. The optimal use of metronidazole in flowcharts for the syndromic management of urethral discharge needs to be explored in therapeutic trials. Keywords: urethral diseases, etiology; Gram-negative bacterial infections; Mycoplasma; Trichomonas vaginalis; Neisseria gonorrhoae; Chlamydia trachomatis; genital diseases, male; Africa, Western. Mots cles: uretre, maladies, etiologie; infection bacterienne, Gram-negatif; Mycoplasma; Trichomonas vaginalis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Chlamydia trachomatis; appareil genital masculin, maladies; Afrique de l&apos;Ouest. Palabras clave: enfermedades uretrales, etiologia; infecciones bacterianas gramnegativas; Mycoplasma; Trichomonas vaginalis; Neisseria gonorrhoae; Chlamydia trachomatis; enfermedades de los genitales masculinos; Africa occidental. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79:118-126., Voir page 125 le resume en francais. En la pagina 125 figura un resumen en espanol. Introduction The control of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can lead to a substantial reduction [...]

Published
2001

39. Association of Hepatitis B Virus Infection With Other Sexually Transmitted Infections in Homosexual Men

Author

Remis, Robert S., Dufour, Annie, Alary, Michel, Vincelette, Jean, Otis, Joanne, Masse, Benoit, Turmel, Bruno, LeClerc, Roger, Parent, Raymond, and Lavoie, Rene

Subjects
Montreal, Quebec -- Health aspects, Gay men -- Diseases, Hepatitis B -- Risk factors, Hepatitis B vaccine -- Usage, Sexually transmitted diseases -- Risk factors, Government, Health care industry
Abstract

Objectives. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among men who have sex with men. Methods. At the baseline visit of an HIV study among men who have sex with men, we asked about HBV vaccination status and tested for HBV markers. Results. Of 625 subjects, 48% had received at least 1 dose of HBV vaccine. Of 328 unvaccinated men, 41% had 1 or more HBV markers. HBV prevalence increased markedly with age and was associated with many sexual and drug related behaviors. In a multivariate model, 7 variables were independently associated with HBV infection: ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases (odds ratio [OR] = 10.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.6, 54); injection drug use (OR = 5.2; 95% CI = 1.2, 26); gonorrhea or chlamydia (OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.9, 8.9); sexual partner with HIV/AIDS (OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.8, 7.1); 50 or more casual partners (OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.6, 7.1); received money for sex (OR= 3.0; 95% CI = 1.2, 7.8); and 20 or more regular partners (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.1, 6.1). Conclusions. In Montreal, men who have sex with men are at risk for HBV infection, but a substantial proportion remain unvaccinated; new strategies are required to improve coverage. Men who have sex with men and who have a sexually transmitted infection, especially a genito-ulcerative infection, appear to be at particularly high risk for HBV infection. (Am J Public Health. 2000;90:1570-1574)

Published
2000

43. Meeting retention challenges in Lusaka, Zambia

Author

Brahmi, Aicha, Reid, Cheri, Masse, Benoit, and Kelly, Cliff

Subjects
Human experimentation in medicine -- Demographic aspects -- Educational aspects -- Social aspects, Clinical trials -- Public participation -- Educational aspects -- Social aspects, Self-experimentation in medicine -- Demographic aspects -- Educational aspects -- Social aspects, Business, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries, Health care industry
Abstract

A high retention rate is crucial for providing high-quality data and allowing accurate interpretation of results. In HPTN 055 (1) in Lusaka, Zambia, we were able to overcome a number [...]

Published
2006

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