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Background: This study aimed to determine whether syzygium aromaticum (clove) could help polycystic ovarysyndrome (PCOS) rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, forty adult female Wistar rats (weighing 250 ± 10 g) were dividedrandomly into five groups; G1: control, G2: PCOS group, G3: PCOS+clove (30 mg/kg/ orally/daily) group, G4:PCOS+clove (60 mg/kg/orally/daily) group, and G5: PCOS+gonadectomy group. The PCOS was induced by a singledose injection of estradiol valerate (16 mg/kg/IM). Following PCOS induction, the rats were treated for 14 days. Histologicalparameters, follicle apoptosis, mRNA expression of autophagy markers (Lc3, Beclin1), oxidative stress markers,insulin and blood glucose levels, as well as serum levels of aromatase and testosterone were evaluated in these rats.Finally, the ratio of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels was also calculated.Results: The autophagy markers (Lc3, Beclin1), histological parameters, oxidative stress, insulin, and hormone levelschanged significantly in the PCOS rats (G2). In G3 and G5 groups, it was observed that the levels of LH/FSH and testosteronedecreased significantly in comparison to the PCOS group, and inhibition of autophagy was also observed inthese groups. Treatment with cloves in the G3 group significantly improved oxidative stress, histological parameters,and insulin levels.Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that oxidative stress, apoptosis, and excessive autophagy could be improvedby treatment with low doses of clove and gonadectomy. Cloves may help to improve these parameters by regulating andinhibiting excessive autophagy. However, discovering the direct role of this extract in regulating the parameters suchas oxidative stress, insulin, and androgens requires further investigation. In the present study, P

Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Origanum vulgare administration on testicular injury induced by torsion/detorsion . Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 64 adult rats were divided into 8 equal groups, as following:1-Sham: the abdominal cavity was opened and then closed. 2.Torsion/detorsion: the rats underwent spermatic cord twisting for 4 hours and then untwisting (30 minutes before untwisting normal saline was injected). 3.Torsion/detorsion+ Origanum vulgare: Similar to group 2, the only difference was injections of Origanum vulgare with different doses (400 mg/kg, 250, 100) which were given to 3 separate groups. 4. Origanum vulgare recipient: without any surgery, injections of Origanum vulgare were given to 3 separate groups with different doses (400 mg/kg, 250, 100). Twenty-four hours after surgery, blood samples were taken to measure oxidative stress factors. Testicular tissue was removed for assessment of histological changes, and the epididymis tissue was used to measure sperm parameters. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: We found significant decreases in Johnson's score, epithelium height, and seminiferous tubule diameter (data obtained from histological examination), number and morphology of sperm parameters and oxidative stress factors (Malondialdehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase and, Catalase) in the torsion/detorsion group compared to those in the sham group (P= 0.0001), while they improved in the torsion/detorsion groups receiving Origanum vulgare group compared to those in the torsion/detorsion group, but in most cases, the results were not significant. Conclusion: It seems that Origanum vulgare can partially reduce the damage caused by testicular torsion/detorsion.

Objective. Various phenomena guarantee gamete maturation and formation at all stages of evolution, one of which is autophagy playing a critical role in the final morphology of gametes, particularly sperms. Autophagy is influenced by oxidative stress, disturbances of calcium homeostasis, and hyperthermia conditions. The current study aimed to assess the autophagy-related proteins along with the activity of sperm calcium channel (CatSper) proteins following the induction of heat stress (HS). Methods. The study sample includes two groups of adult mice: sham and HS groups. In the HS group, the right testis was transferred to the abdominal cavity for 120 hours and then returned to the scrotum where it remained for 7 days. After 7 days, the testis and epididymis were removed to conduct real-time, immunohistochemical studies, sperm parameter evaluation, and seminiferous tubule assessment. In this study, the expression and distribution of autophagy proteins were measured. Plus, CatSper1 and CatSper2 were evaluated as proteins of calcium channels. Results. The results of the present study demonstrated that the expression intensity of autophagy indices in seminiferous tubules decreased significantly after HS induction, which was associated with a decrease in the distribution of CatSper proteins in the sperms. HS led to morphological changes in sperm, reduced motility and viability of sperm, and decreased spermatogenesis indices. Conclusion. In this study, following heat stress, the decrease in CatSper protein distribution may lead to the structural disorder of CatSper channels, which could strongly affect autophagic activity. Also, disruption of spermatogenesis and sperm parameters may be the consequence of decreased autophagy activity.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of Olea (O.) europaea extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar female rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups, with 7 rats in each group. The sham group received a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision in the midline part of the abdomen which was then sutured with 5-0 nylon thread; the torsion/detorsion group underwent torsion induction for 3 h followed by reperfusion for 10 days; the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea 30 min before detorsion, followed by reperfusion for 10 days; and the O. europaea group only received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea for 10 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were taken; the levels of estrogen, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were assayed. The histological changes, as well as the rate of apoptosis in ovarian tissues, were also carried out by histomorphometric analysis at day 10 post-procedure. Results: Histological comparisons demonstrated a significant detrimental change in the torsion/ detorsion group as compared with other groups. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles and corpus luteum was significantly decreased in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group, while treatment with O. europaea could enhance their numbers (P

Background There is some evidence indicating that Matricaria chamomile (MC) had protective effects on ischemia- reperfusion. In the present study, a rat model was used to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of MC on torsion/detorsion-induced testis tissue damage. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 28 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: G1, Sham operated; G2, testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D); G3, rats with testicular torsion/detorsion that received 300 mg/kg of MC extracts 30 minutes before detorsion (T/DMC); and G4, healthy rats that received 300 mg/kg of MC extracts (MC). Also, the reperfusion period was 24 hours. After blood sampling, the oxidative stress marker [e.g. superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels], blood levels of testosterone, and anti-oxidant enzyme levels [e.g. glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] were assessed by ELISA methods. Serum activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Another assessment was carried out by histomorphometry, 24-hour post-procedure. The histological parameters investigated by Johnson’s scores (JS), also the seminiferous tubule diameter (STD) and the height of the germinal epithelium (HE) measured using the linear eyepiece grids using light microscopy. Results Histological features significantly differed between sham and the other groups. The levels of SOD, GPx, and testosterone hormone were significantly decreased in T/D group as compared to sham group, while these parameters increased in T/DMC group as compared to T/D group. During ischemia, the MDA levels increased; however, treatment with MC extract decreased the MDA levels in G3 and G4 groups. Conclusion Results of the present study demonstrated that MC can protect the testis tissue against torsion/detorsion- induced damages by suppressing superoxide production.