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Introduction. Skin giant neoplastic ulcers are a very serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem. The objective of this work was to present the experiences and strategies of our center concerning the treatment of this type of neoplastic ulcers. Material and methods. In this paper we present and analyze 15 cases of patients treated for giant ulcers. This represented 0.4% of all patients treated surgically for skin cancer in our center (n = 3983). Ulcers in this group of patients were located within the head (n = 6), chest (n = 4), abdomen (n = 2), male genitals (n = 1) and lower limbs (n = 2). Results. Our observations indicate that the treatment of giant skin neoplastic ulcers (although they are relatively rare) is a major clinical challenge and requires individualized multidirectional diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

Bilateral asymmetry in the genitalia is a rare but widely dispersed phenomenon in the animal tree of life. In arthropods, occurrences vary greatly from one group to another and there seems to be no common explanation for all the independent origins. In spiders, genital asymmetry appears to be especially rare. Most known species show almost perfectly symmetrical genitals with the right and left sides being mirror images of each other. However, some examples of asymmetric genitalia have been studied and many other reports are scattered in the taxonomic literature. Based on a broad literature survey, we found several species in thirteen families with evidence of genital asymmetry, mostly expressed only in females. Our review suggests that spider genital asymmetries, although rare, are more common than previously thought and taxonomic descriptions and illustrations are a useful but not entirely reliable tool for studying them. Here we also report on directional asymmetry in the liocranid spider Teutamus politus, the first known case of morphologically asymmetric male genitals in Entelegynae spiders. Generalities, evolution and categorization of asymmetry in spiders are further discussed.

Caddis flies of Kazakhstan are studied rather poorly. As for 2018, 151 species of 59 genera of 17 families among 14548 species of World fauna are known in Kazakhstan. The largest numbers of species are found in mountain and submontane regions of Tian Shan and Altay (Southern and Eastern Kazakhstan), caddis flies of Central and Northern Kazakhstan are studied much worse. Nowadays are known 22 caddis flies species from Central Kazakhstan and 13 species from North Kazakhstan. Caddis flies research in 2015-2016 made it possible to expand the list of caddis Central Kazakhstan to 1 species, list caddis North Kazakhstan – to 4 species. Molanna albicans (Zetterstedt, 1840) and Grammotaulius nitidus (Mueller, 1764) are recorded for Kazakhstan at first. Detected species are limnophilous and widely distributed in Holarctic, Transpalearctic and sometimes Transpalearctic-Oriental Regions. Comparative analysis showed, that Central and Northern Kazakhstan are uniform in the biogeographical aspects, which are close to Southern trans-Ural (West Palearctic). The resemblance to South-Western Siberia is much lower. The article is illustrated by original photographs of the male genitalia of these species. Key words: Trichoptera, fauna, male genitals, Central Kazakhstan, North Kazakhstan.

Bilateral asymmetry in the genitalia is a rare but widely dispersed phenomenon in the animal tree of life. In arthropods, occurrences vary greatly from one group to another and there seems to be no common explanation for all the independent origins. In spiders, genital asymmetry appears to be especially rare. Few examples have been studied in detail but isolated reports are scattered in the taxonomic literature. Based on a broad literature study, we found several species in thirteen families with evidence of genital asymmetry, mostly expressed only in females. Our review suggests that spider genital asymmetries, although rare, are more common than previously thought and taxonomic descriptions and illustrations are a useful but not entirely reliable tool for studying them. Here we also document thoroughly the case of the liocranid spiderTeutamus politus. We collected live specimens to observe male-female interactions and document their genital morphology. We considerT. politusto be the first known case of directional asymmetry and the first report of developmentally asymmetric male genitals in Entelegynae spiders. Generalities, evolution and categorization of asymmetry in spiders are further discussed.

BackgroundMale genitals have repeatedly evolved left-right asymmetries, and the causes of such evolution remain unclear. TheDrosophila nannopteragroup contains four species, among which three exhibit left-right asymmetries of distinct genital organs. In the most studied species,Drosophila pachea, males display asymmetric genital lobes and they mate right-sided on top of the female. Copulation position of the other species is unknown.ResultsTo assess whether the evolution of genital asymmetry could be linked to the evolution of one-sided mating, we examined phallus morphology and copulation position inD. pacheaand closely related species. The phallus was found to be symmetric in all investigated species exceptD. pachea, which display an asymmetric phallus with a right-sided gonopore, andD. acanthoptera, which harbor an asymmetrically bent phallus. In all examined species, males were found to position themselves symmetrically on top of the female, except inD. pacheaandD. nannoptera, where males mated right-sided, in distinctive, species-specific positions. In addition, the copulation duration was found to be increased innannopteragroup species compared to closely related outgroup species.ConclusionOur study shows that gains, and possibly losses, of asymmetry in genital morphology and mating position have evolved repeatedly in thenannopteragroup. Current data does not allow us to conclude whether genital asymmetry has evolved in response to changes in mating position, or vice versa.

Мета дослідження: вивчення еволюції методів діагностики туберкульозу статевих органів чоловіків за останні десятиріччя. Матеріал і методи дослідження. Обстежено 467 чоловіків на туберкульоз статевих органів віком від 16 до 82 років (середній вік склав 49±14 року). Оцінювали симптоматику, дані анамнезу, клінічних, біохімічних і бактеріологічних аналізів, полімеразної ланцюгової реакції на ДНК мікобактерій туберкульозу, імунологічних досліджень, променевої діагностики: (сонографії, рентгенографії, мультиспіральної комп’ютерної томографії, магнітно-резонансної томографії, радіоізотопних) і ендоскопічних методів дослідження, з прицільною аспірацією і біопсією для здобуття біологічного матеріалу. Результати. У 372 (79,7%) пацієнтів з туберкульозом органів мошонки, у 305 (65,3%) діагностовано туберкульоз передміхурової залози та у 280 (59,9%) – сім’яних міхурців. У 94 (20,1%) виявлено туберкульоз внутрішньотазових статевих органів без залучання в процес органів мошонки, простатит діагностовано у 93 (19,9%) спостереженнях, а везикуліт – у 74 (15,8%) хворих. У 2 (2,2%) пацієнтів виявлено туберкульоз статевого члена. Алгоритм діагностики туберкульозу статевих органів чоловіків за останні десятиріччя зазнав змін: замість очищеного туберкуліну застосовували алерген туберкульозний рекомбінантний. З імунологічних методів використовували: визначення в крові протитуберкульозних антитіл по моноклональних антитілах до мікобактерій туберкульозу за допомогою ІФА і методи імунофенотипування з визначенням кількості CD4, CD8 клітин. Також досліджували інші поверхневі маркери Т-лімфоцитів за наявності у пацієнтів поєднання ТБ і ВІЛ інфекції. Провідне місце для візуалізації анатомії статевих органів чоловіків зайняли сонографічні дослідження з проведенням прицільної аспірації біологічних матеріалів і біопсії тканин. На перше місце серед методів верифікації мікобактерій туберкульозу вийшли молекулярно-генетичні дослідження біологічних матеріалів за допомогою ПЛР. Вивчення біоптатів тканин проводиться не лише з використанням класичної гістології, але і мікроскопії тканин на наявність кислотостійких бактерій і ПЛР. Також застосовували фіброуретроцистоскопію з катетеризацією сім’явиприскуючих проток і сім’яних міхурців. Висновки. Ці еволюційні зміни методів діагностики дозволили більш швидко, безпечно і точно обстежувати всі статеві органи чоловіків і виявляти ураження їх туберкульозом.

Genital self-mutilation (GSM) is a rare event that is commonly associated with psychotic disorders. However, such injuries have also been reported in nonpsychotic patients as a result of either bizarre autoerotic acts and attempts at crude sex-change operation by transsexuals or secondary complex religious beliefs and delusions regarding sexual guilt. We report a case of GSM in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individual who not only severed his penis, scrotum, and testes completely as a result of internal conflict and frustration but also refused any further treatment toward reconstruction owing to his guilt.

Resumen Suphisellus es un género neártico de coleópteros acuáticos que ha sido identificado erróneamente en los trópicos. Analizamos "Suphisellus shorti" de Venezuela y concluimos que la identificación se basó en una interpretación errónea de un apéndice bucal y dos escleritos toráxicos. Lo llamamos Llanoterus shorti, un nuevo género y una nueva combinación, basada en la gonocoxa, lateroterguito, gonocoxoesternito, pronoto, apófisis prosternal y metaventrito. Ilustramos el habitus, genitales femeninos y masculinos, y otros escleritos toráxicos. Abstract Suphisellus is a Nearctic genus of aquatic coleopterans that has been misidentified in the tropics. We analyzed “Suphisellus shorti” from Venezuela and concluded that the identification was based on a misinterpretation of a buccal appendix and two thoracic sclerites. We rename it Llanoterus shorti, a new genus and a new combination, based on gonocoxas, lateroterguites, gonocoxoesternites, pronotum, prosternal process and metaventrites. We illustrate habitus, female and male genitals, and other thoracic sclerites.