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BACKGROUND: The term potentially inadequate medication (PIM) is used to describe substances that may be unsuitable for use in the elderly and should be avoided. The PRISCUS list, published in 2010, was the first catalog of PIM designed for the German drug market to become adopted in practice. While 24% of German patients aged ≥ 65 years were prescribed at least one PIM per year in 2009, the proportion in 2019 was only 14.5%. METHODS: In a three-round Delphi process, experts from clinical practice and research evaluated whether selected substances are PIM for the elderly. The participants were provided with dedicated literature including systematic reviews carried out for the particular purposes of this project. RESULTS: Fifty-nine persons took part in the Delphi process and, in addition, contributed comments and therapeutic alternatives. Altogether, 187 substances were classed as PIM. One hundred thirty-three of the substances now listed were not in the original PRISCUS list: these include some oral antidiabetics, all of the selective COX-2 inhibitors, and moderately long acting benzodiazepines such as oxazepam. For some other substances, e.g., proton pump inhibitors (PPI), the advisability of treatment for more than 8 weeks was considered as potentially inappropriate, as was the use of ibuprofen in doses >1200 mg/day and for more than 1 week without PPI. Risperidone for more than 6 weeks is also PIM. CONCLUSION: The new, greatly extended PRISCUS list must now be validated in epidemiological and prospective studies and its practicability in routine daily use must be verified.

The study aimed to construct a test for the behavioral implications of verbal working memory among Savant syndrome and Verify the factor structure of the test using factor analysis. The study relied on the Geweke & Singleton (1980) approach to select the participants. The study sample consisted of a targeted sample with Savant syndrome. 32 Savant syndrome cases had selected. The verbal working memory test was applied electronically with the help of four colleagues in the field of special education. The applying procedure lasted nine months. The Exploratory Factor Analysis results reached a fitted general factor model. The confirmatory analysis results revealed the fitted construct of the first-order three-factor model structure. The results indicated the possibility of the three-factors loading on a second-order general factor structure. Keywords: Autism; Savant syndrome; Verbal working memory.

هدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد مستويات إستراتيجيات المعايشة الحياتية والفروق بين الجنسين والفروق بين المتزوجين وغير المتزوجين في إستراتيجيات المعايشة مع جائحة كورونا في المجتمع العربي. واعتمدت هذه الدراسة الوصفية على منهج المسح الاجتماعي بالعينة؛ حيث اختيرت عينة الدراسة بطريقة كرة الثلج، وتكونت من 303 مشاركين، ممن تتراوح أعمارهم بين 13 إلى 81 عامًا، وصممت قائمة بإستراتيجيات المعايشة مع جائحة كورونا. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن 62.34% التزموا بالتعليمات والإجراءات الاحترازية، والتزم 71.03% بالجوانب الدينية، والتزم 43.7% بالتباعد الاجتماعي، في حين التزم 61.7% بالجوانب النفسية المعتدلة للتعامل مع الجائحة. وتفوقت الإناث في إستراتيجيات الصلاة وعدم المصافحة، وإستراتيجية التوجه إلى الله والتباعد الاجتماعي، وتجنب الأماكن المزدحمة. كما بيّنت النتائج وجود علاقة ارتباطية سالبة بين العمر والبقاء في المنزل. وعليه أوصت الدراسة بضرورة توافر العوامل المساعدة في التعايش مع وضعية الموجة الثانية لفيروس كورونا المستجد، مثل: الضغط المدرك مقابل إستراتيجيات المعايشة، والسلوكيات غير الصحية مقابل الإدراك غير المشوه للوضع، وانخفاض الحرية مقابل تلقي دعم نفسـي اجتماعي جيد، وانخفاض المقاومة مقابل التواصل غير المشوه مع الذات، وشعور عدم الأمان مقابل التواصل مع الله، مع العمل على التوعية الإعلامية الموجهة لدور رجال الأمن والأطقم الطبية، ونبذ العنف، والمساعدة على التعايش بصورة أكثر توافقية.

The study aimed to study the performance expectation in future tasks based on personal learning management during the Corona epidemic. A random sample of 871 students from the University of Hail was selected. The study samples were from humanities, engineering, and medical colleges. The study was based on a cross-sectional study design. The study prepared a measure of future expectation of performance on the tasks. The scale is 28 items. Factor analysis was used to verify the validity of the scale, and the scale achieved acceptable indicators of good fit. The scale achieved acceptable stability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for emotional factor 0.57, cognitive factor 0.94, and behavioral factor 0.90. The results revealed that there are differences in the future expectation on performance because of gender and type of college. The results revealed that there are positive correlations between future expectation of cognitive and emotional performance, as well as a positive relationship between emotional and behavioral performance. There was also a negative relationship between behavioral and cognitive performance.

Background In locally advanced breast cancers, the use of preoperative systemic therapy has been shown to induce tumor response and to improve the local control rate after subsequent surgery and radiation therapy. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the accuracy of localization of breast malignant masses in patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and will undergo conservative breast surgery by using clip and wire marker. Results Clip placement was done in 20/20 cases (100%). There was no mammographic evidence of clip migration or complication related to the clip insertion. Wire localization of tumor bed marked by radiopaque clip 1-day preoperative was done in 18/20 patient (90%), the other 2 patients, the masses were clinically palpable (10%). Accurate localization by wire was positive in 18/18 cases. Clip and wire retrieval were positive in all cases. Conclusion Clip markers can be used for tumor localization in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy without migration. Clips are tolerated and safe for the patient, easily visualized on imaging, do not interfere with treatment response, and are cost-effective. Also, serves as a guide for post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy localization when the tumor is not palpable.

Chemically induced dimerization (CID) systems, in which two proteins dimerize only in the presence of a small molecule ligand, offer versatile tools for small molecule sensing and actuation. However, only a handful of CID systems exist and creating one with the desired sensitivity and specificity for any given ligand is an unsolved problem. Here, we developed a combinatorial binders-enabled selection of CID (COMBINES-CID) method broadly applicable to different ligands. We demonstrated a proof-of-principle by generating nanobody-based heterodimerization systems induced by cannabidiol with high ligand selectivity. We applied the CID system to a sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-like assay of cannabidiol in body fluids with a detection limit of ∼0.25 ng/mL. COMBINES-CID provides an efficient, cost-effective solution for expanding the biosensor toolkit for small molecule detection.

Compounds and composites with high dielectric performance are in high demand in electronic industry due to their ability to store more charge and lower energy dissipation. In this paper we present synthesis of flexible three phase nanocomposite films of graphene/titania/polydimethylsiloxane with reasonably high real part of permittivity and very low imaginary part of permittivity. Dielectric permittivity of polydimethylsiloxane was raised by addition of graphene and rutile titania used as conducting and ceramic additives, respectively added in various weight ratios. Dielectric studies of synthesized three phase graphene/titania/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite films with weight/weight of 2:15:20 exhibits dielectric permittivity of 34.8 even at very high frequency of 2 MHz. While loss tangent of the same three phase graphene/titania/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite film is as low as 0.01 and its AC conductivity is 4.3 × 10⁻⁵ Sm⁻¹. Complex impedance and complex electric modulus of three phase graphene/titania/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite films also confirm its capacitive behaviour. Based on these properties and results we propose that these type of three phase graphene/titania/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite films can be used as useful dielectric materials in energy storage devices. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

To compare the accuracy of biparietal diameter and transcerebellar diameter in measuring the gestational age during the third trimester of pregnancy.In this prospective observational study, 275 pregnant women with singleton pregnancy between 32 and 37 weeks gestational age were recruited from the outpatient clinics of both Helwan University Hospital and Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, during the period from February 2021 to August 2021. Transcerebellar and biparietal diameters of the fetus were measured by a radiologist blinded to the women's gestational age, and compared to the gestational age acquired from a reliable date of first day of last menstrual period.The gestational age calculated by first day of last menstrual period ranged from 32 to 37 weeks (34.35 ± 1.4), while estimated by transcerebellar and biparietal diameters ranged from 31 to 37 weeks (34.31 ± 1.39) and 31 to 39 weeks (34.32 ± 1.44), respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between gestational age and transcerebellar diameter (Transcerebellar diameter is a reliable single sonographic fetal biometric parameter for the assessment of gestational age in third trimester of pregnancy.

Background: Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) prescribing in older increases the risk of hospitalization, drug-related problems, and other adverse health outcomes by two to three folds (Lu WH, 2015) (WHO, 2018). Hence several regulations have been implemented in geriatric clinical practice to improve drug appropriateness. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of PIMs identified by the Beers 2019 criteria among Lebanese elderly inpatients, and to identify the factors that may influence such inappropriateness.Methods: This observational study was conducted among elderly patients of 3 hospitals in Lebanon. Data were collected from patients using a questionnaire based on the 2019 Beers criteria. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to describe and identify the predictors of PIMs use. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS software version 22.0.Results: A total of 110 in-patients aging 65 years and older were analyzed. 80% of patients were taking drugs that are considered PIMs to be avoided; The most commonly prescribed PIM was proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (60%). PIMs use was significantly associated with polypharmacy and other comorbid conditions (p-value

Background: To evaluate the functional and anatomical outcomes after allocation of patients with apical vaginal prolapse to either mesh augmented abdominal repair or vaginal sacrospinous-colpopexy based on proposed selection criteria.Methods: A non-randomized trial was conducted at Ain-Shams university maternity hospital on patients with apical vaginal prolapse stage ≥2 based on pelvic organ prolapse quantification system. Certain criteria were proposed for patient selection to either mesh augmented abdominal repair or vaginal sacrospinous-colpopexy. Seventy-eight patients were assigned for sacrospinous-colpopexy and 47-patients for abdominal repair. Primary outcomes were the functional outcome using urogenital distress inventory questionnaire and patient global impression of improvement (PGI-I). Both were measured at 1-year’s follow-up. Secondary outcomes involved the anatomical success (defined as no apical prolapse ≥POP-Q stage 2), perioperative data and long-term complications.Results: There was improvement in all UDI domains for sacrospinous-colpopexy and abdominal repair groups with genital prolapse domain of median (interquartile range) 0 (0-10), 0 (0-0) respectively. Eighty-nine percent of abdominal repair group and 85% of sacrospinous-colpopexy group reported scale of 1 or 2 on PGI-I scale at 1-year follow-up. PGI-I score and improvements in UDI domains were maintained till 5-year follow-up. The anatomic success rate at 1-year follow-up was 97.9% in abdominal repair group and 78.2% in the sacrospinous-colpopexy group. No long-term mesh complications were detected in mesh augmented abdominal repair over the whole follow-up periods.Conclusion: The resulting meritorious functional and anatomical outcomes favor adoption of our proposed selection criteria in the initiation of guidelines and recommendations for managing vaginal apical prolapse.

Composites of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles, Fe3O4@MWCNT, were synthesized in DMF in a vortex fluidic device (VFD). This involved in situ generation of the iron oxide nanoparticles by laser ablation of bulk iron metal at 1064 nm using a pulsed laser, over the dynamic thin film in the microfluidic platform. The overall processing is a three-step in one operation: (i) slicing MWCNTs, (ii) generating the superparamagnetic nanoparticles and (iii) decorating them on the surface of the MWCNTs. The Fe3O4@MWCNT composites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscope, TG analysis, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. They were used as an active electrode for supercapacitor measurements, establishing high gravimetric and areal capacitances of 834 F g-1 and 1317.7 mF cm-2 at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1, respectively, which are higher values than those reported using similar materials. In addition, the designer material has a significantly higher specific energy of 115.84 W h kg-1 at a specific power of 2085 W kg-1, thereby showing promise for the material in next-generation energy storage devices. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Graphene is extensively utilized in energy storage devices because of its high surface area and electronic conductivity as well as ease of electrode fabrication. But graphene sheets often stack themselves in polymeric matrices leading to poor capacitive performance. This problem was addressed herein by developing and inserting respectively two types of nano-sized conducting polymers into graphene interlayer spacing. The resulting hydrogel composite electrodes demonstrated efficient electron transfer for fast and reversible Faradaic reactions at the interface. Theoretical modelling by the density functional theory suggested that the reduction involve 2H + transfer steps from polyaniline to graphene oxide: the first step would be an epoxy-ring opening process after activation of the C-O bond, and the second step would be C-O rupture leading to a de-epoxidation process. This binder-free electrode demonstrated high cycling performance and ultrahigh volumetric capacitance of 612 F cm −3 , being 10 times higher than the activated carbon used in the current industry. The study represents a step forward towards the fabrication of flexible, high-energy density super capacitors. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

It remains a formidable challenge to develop supercapacitors having both high stretchability and electrochemical performance. A ternary polymer composite was herein developed by engineering graphene platelets (GnPs), poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) into a kitchen sponge. Cost-effective GnPs having an electrical conductivity of 1460 S cm−1 were deposited onto the sponge pore surface by a simple dipping and drying process, followed by in situ polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. MnO2 was then deposited onto the GnPs and PEDOT layers through soaking the GnP/PEDOT sponge into KMnO4 solution. When the composite was used as the electrodes for a flexible, stretchable supercapacitor, we obtained not only high specific capacitance but a high stretchability up to 400%. The supercapacitor demonstrated a specific capacitance of 802.99 F g−1 and an energy density of 55.76 Wh kg−1, with 99% capacitance retention over 1000 stretching cycles; these are attributed to the synergy between the composite components as well as the wavy device structure. The mass and thickness of the MnO2 layer was found to increase with the soak, leading to the enhancement of electrochemical performance of GnP/PEDOT/MnO2 sponge electrodes, i.e. 368.96 F g−1 for 5 min and 740.25 F g−1 for 10 min. Keywords: Graphene, Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), Manganese oxide, Ternary composites, Stretchable supercapacitor

Flexible electronics have gained eminent importance in recent years due to their high mechanical strength and resistance to environmental conditions, along with their effective energy storage and energy generating abilities. In this work, graphene/ceramic/polymer based flexible dielectric nanocomposites have been prepared and their dielectric properties were characterized. The composite was formulated by combining graphene with rutile and anatase titania, and polyvinylidene fluoride in different weight ratios to achieve optimized dielectric properties and flexibility. After preparation, composites were characterized for their morphologies, structures, functional groups, thermal stability and dielectric characterizations by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis and impedance spectroscopy. Dielectric results showed that prepared flexible composite exhibited dielectric constant of 70.4 with minor leakage current (tan&delta, ) i.e., 0.39 at 100 Hz. These results were further confirmed by calculating alternating current (AC) conductivity and electric modulus which ensured that prepared material is efficient dielectric material which may be employed in electronic industry for development of next generation flexible energy storage devices.

Flexible electronics have gained eminent importance in recent years due to their high mechanical strength and resistance to environmental conditions, along with their effective energy storage and energy generating abilities. In this work, graphene/ceramic/polymer based flexible dielectric nanocomposites have been prepared and their dielectric properties were characterized. The composite was formulated by combining graphene with rutile and anatase titania, and polyvinylidene fluoride in different weight ratios to achieve optimized dielectric properties and flexibility. After preparation, composites were characterized for their morphologies, structures, functional groups, thermal stability and dielectric characterizations by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis and impedance spectroscopy. Dielectric results showed that prepared flexible composite exhibited dielectric constant of 70.4 with minor leakage current (tanδ) i.e., 0.39 at 100 Hz. These results were further confirmed by calculating alternating current (AC) conductivity and electric modulus which ensured that prepared material is efficient dielectric material which may be employed in electronic industry for development of next generation flexible energy storage devices.

The ladder graph plays an important role in many applications as Electronics, Electrical and Wireless communication areas. The aim of this work is to present a new class of odd graceful labeling for the ladder graph. In particular, we show that the ladder graph Ln with m-pendant Ln + mk1 is odd graceful. We also show that the subdivision of ladder graph Ln with m-pendant S(Ln) + mk1 is odd graceful. Finally, we prove that all the subdivision of triangular snakes (delt-k snake) with pendant edges S(delt-k snake)+ mk are odd graceful.

Supercapacitors (SCs) due to their high energy density, fast charge storage and energy transfer, long charge discharge curves and low costs are very attractive for designing new generation of energy storage devices. In this work we present a simple and scalable synthetic approach to engineer ternary composite as electrode material based on combination of graphene with doped metal oxides (iron oxide) and conductive polymer (polypyrrole) with aims to achieve supercapacitors with very high gravimetric and areal capacitances. In the first step a binary composite with graphene mixed with doped iron oxide (rGO/MeFe2O4) (Me = Mn, Ni) was synthesized using new single step process with NaOH acting as a coprecipitation and GO reducing agent. This rGO/MnFe2O4 composite electrode showed gravimetric capacitance of 147 Fg−1 and areal capacitance of 232 mFcm−2 at scan rate of 5 mVs−1. In the final step a conductive polypyrrole was included to prepare a ternary composite graphene/metal doped iron oxide/polypyrrole (rGO/MnFe2O4/Ppy) electrode. Ternary composite electrode showed significantly improved gravimetric capacitance and areal capacitance of 232 Fg−1 and 395 mFcm−2 respectively indicating synergistic impact of Ppy additives. The method is promising to fabricate advanced electrode materials for high performing supercapacitors combining graphene, doped iron oxide and conductive polymers.

BACKGROUND: Severe pre‐eclampsia can cause significant mortality and morbidity for both mother and child, particularly when it occurs remote from term, between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation. The only known cure for this disease is delivery. Some obstetricians advocate early delivery to ensure that the development of serious maternal complications, such as eclampsia (fits) and kidney failure are prevented. Others prefer a more expectant approach, delaying delivery in an attempt to reduce the mortality and morbidity for the child that is associated with being born too early. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the comparative benefits and risks of a policy of early delivery by induction of labour or by caesarean section, after sufficient time has elapsed to administer corticosteroids, and allow them to take effect; with a policy of delaying delivery (expectant care) for women with severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation. SEARCH METHODS: For this update, we searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth’s Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) on 27 November 2017, and reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials comparing the two intervention strategies for women with early onset, severe pre‐eclampsia. Trials reported in an abstract were eligible for inclusion, as were cluster‐trial designs. We excluded quasi‐randomised trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data, and checked them for accuracy. We assessed the quality of the evidence for specified outcomes using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: We included six trials, with a total of 748 women in this review. All trials included women in whom there was no overriding indication for immediate delivery in the fetal or maternal interest. Half of the trials were at low risk of bias for methods of randomisation and allocation concealment; and four trials were at low risk for selective reporting. For most other domains, risk of bias was unclear. There were insufficient data for reliable conclusions about the comparative effects on most outcomes for the mother. Two studies reported on maternal deaths; neither study reported any deaths (two studies; 320 women; low‐quality evidence). It was uncertain whether interventionist care reduced eclampsia (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06 to 15.58; two studies; 359 women) or pulmonary oedema (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.07 to 3.00; two studies; 415 women), because the quality of the evidence for these outcomes was very low. Evidence from two studies suggested little or no clear difference between the interventionist and expectant care groups for HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.91; two studies; 359 women; low‐quality evidence). No study reported on stroke. With the addition of data from two studies for this update, there was now evidence to suggest that interventionist care probably made little or no difference to the incidence of caesarean section (average RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.12; six studies; 745 women; Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.01; I² = 63%). For the baby, there was insufficient evidence to draw reliable conclusions about the effects on perinatal deaths (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.99; three studies; 343 women; low‐quality evidence). Babies whose mothers had been allocated to the interventionist group had more intraventricular haemorrhage (RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.29; two studies; 537 women; moderate‐quality evidence), more respiratory distress caused by hyaline membrane disease (RR 2.30, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.81; two studies; 133 women), required more ventilation (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.02; two studies; 300 women), and were more likely to have a lower gestation at birth (mean difference (MD) ‐9.91 days, 95% CI ‐16.37 to ‐3.45 days; four studies; 425 women; Heterogeneity: Tau² = 31.74; I² = 76%). However, babies whose mothers had been allocated to the interventionist group were no more likely to be admitted to neonatal intensive care (average RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.60; three studies; 400 infants; Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.05; I² = 84%). Babies born to mothers in the interventionist groups were more likely to have a longer stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (MD 7.38 days, 95% CI ‐0.45 to 15.20 days; three studies; 400 women; Heterogeneity: Tau² = 40.93, I² = 85%) and were less likely to be small‐for‐gestational age (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.61; three studies; 400 women). There were no clear differences between the two strategies for any other outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review suggested that an expectant approach to the management of women with severe early onset pre‐eclampsia may be associated with decreased morbidity for the baby. However, this evidence was based on data from only six trials. Further large, high‐quality trials are needed to confirm or refute these findings, and establish if this approach is safe for the mother.

To address the limitations of piezoelectric polymers which have a low dielectric constant andto improve their dielectric and ferroelectric efficiency for energy storage applications, we designed and characterized a new hybrid composite that contains polyvinylidene fluoride as a dielectric polymer matrix combined with graphene platelets as a conductive and barium titanite as ceramic ferroelectric fillers. Different graphene/barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposite films were synthesized by changing the concentration of graphene and barium titanate to explore the impact of each component and their potential synergetic effect on dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the composite. Results showed that with an increase in the barium titanate fraction, dielectric efficiency ofthe nanocomposite was improved. Among all synthesized nanocomposite films, graphene/barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposite in the weight ratio of 0.15:0.5:1 exhibited thehighest dielectric constant of 199 at 40 Hz, i.e., 15 fold greater than that of neat polyvinylidene fluoride film at the same frequency, and possessed a low loss tangent of 0.6. However, AC conductivity and ferroelectric properties of graphene/barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposite films were enhanced with an increase in the graphene weight fraction. Graphene/barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposite films with a weight ratio of 0.2:0.1:1 possessed a high AC conductivity of 1.2 &times, 10&minus, 4 S/m at 40 Hz. While remanent polarization, coercive field, and loop area of the same sample were 0.9 &mu, C/cm2, 9.78 kV/cm, and 24.5 &mu, C/cm2&middot, V, respectively. Our results showed that a combination of graphene and ferroelectric ceramic additives are an excellent approach to significantly advance the performance of dielectric and ferroelectric properties of piezoelectric polymers for broad applications including energy storage.

paper proposes a cryptography technique based on two dimension 2D chaotic system and DNA sequence. The 2D chaotic map generates two artificial DNA sequences S1and S2 to get a cipher message by encrypting the plain message using the first sequence S1. The sender uses the second sequence S2 to hide the cipher message randomly in a real third sequence S3 that is selected from DNA database. The hamming code approach is applied on the original message M to ensure reliable secret communication. The proposed approach provided a more security method compared to previous approaches.

Although studies have addressed the factors that affect innovation, the findings have often been unclear and inconclusive. This is because there is no consistent definition of the concept of innovation in the existing literature. In addition, leadership behaviors that promote innovation in the public sector differ considerably from one nation to another. Thus, this study presents a consolidated in-depth literature review and analysis of the innovation and leadership literature that is specific to public sector organizations across nations. The analysis informs the development of a workplace innovation conceptual model specific to the public sector. The findings increase our understanding of how to effectively define innovation and to recognize the way in which leadership behaviors enhance public sector cultures of innovation. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

During the recent years several chaotic image encryption algorithms based on one dimensional (1- D ) have been proposed, but the drawbacks of small key space, low speed, and low security in 1- D chaotic cryptosystems are obvious. This paper proposes a new image encryption technique based on 1- D and 2- D chaotic maps which provide more security and big key space. The 1- D chaotic system is induced from a mathematical combination between the logistic map and the cubic chaotic map. It has the advantage of bigger key space and high security analysis such as key space analysis, statistical analysis and sensitivity analysis were carried out. The proposed system uses 1- D and 2- D chaotic maps for simultaneous encryption of the components R, G, B of the colored image; these three components affect each other. So, the security and confidentiality of image data become more important. The security of digital images and performance speed has become more important since the communications of digital information over network occur more frequently. An image encryption has applications in various fields for example; the internet communication, the multimedia systems, the medical imaging, Tele-medicine and the military communication. The image encryption's aim is to convert the original image to another image that is hard to understand. However, image encryption differs from text encryption due to some intrinsic features of images which include bulk data capacities, high redundancy, strong correlations among pixels, etc. These features make conventional cipher systems such as DES, AES and RSA unsuitable for practical image encryption [1]. The chaos theory is used in cryptography due to its intrinsic features. These properties of chaos includes: sensitivity to initial condition and control parameters, random like behavior and mixing property, etc [2]. Several chaos based image encryption approaches have been described. The first is the confusion approach where the position of pixels scrambled without changing the values of pixels, the application of this approach does not guarantee a good level of security [3]. The second approach is the diffusion which aims to change the value of each pixel in the whole image [4]. Other approach shuffles the positions of plain-image in spatial domain by cat map [5-7]. To enhance the security, the majority of methods propose to mix between more than one approach simultaneously. Some conditions should be fulfilled such as a large key space, randomness of the cipher-image and a high sensitivity on the initial conditions. In [8], an image encryption scheme based on improved 3

Physically, when the Reynolds number exceeds some critical value, vortex shedding past a circular cylinder appears naturally and immediately. Numerically, if the domain geometry and the approaching flow conditions are symmetric, vortex triggering requires a long run-time, especially for low Reynolds numbers. The present study proposes to reduce this run-time by acting on the initial conditions instead of the classical approaches based on boundary conditions perturbation. In contrast to these, the proposed technique does not bring any energy to the flow. The vortex shedding is simply triggered by introducing a lateral gradient to the initial streamwise velocity. Simulations are performed using the ANSYS CFX 12® finite-element-based finite volume code. A two-dimensional laminar flow at Re = 100 is first considered. Without perturbing the initial uniform flow, the obtained results are in good agreement with the experimental and numerical results available in the literature. With perturbed initial conditions, the main characteristics of the flow are properly found while the run-time required for triggering the ultimate regular periodic regime with vortex is considerably reduced. Simulation results show that the extent of the run-time reduction depends on the amplitude of the initial perturbation. The search of the optimal value corresponding to the largest run-time reduction led us to propose an analytical expression by assuming that the natural vortex shedding frequency is equal to the periodic lateral perturbation frequency. The validity of the expression was verified for Re = 100 and confirmed for Re = 60, 80 and 120. It was then used to perform many simulations in a reasonable time. All obtained results show that the proposed technique gives better results compared to the impulsive start technique and better mimics the physical reality, at least for low Reynolds numbers.

The internationalization processes of numerous schools in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region have grown exponentially over the past few years. This study is designed to explore fundamental approaches and enhance efforts needed to internationalize a large public university in Northern Thailand, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna. Additionally, a qualitative approach and purposive sampling were applied in this study to gain rich perspectives from the in-depth qualitative interviews with 20 executives, 17 of whom are in top management at Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna. One participant is the former director of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization, and two participants are executives in Thai higher education institutions. Hence, we engaged in a qualitative case study in Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna to illustrate and extend current theory and research concerning internationalization of universities, both in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region and elsewhere. Furthermore, we present a proposed model with 10 essential elements to internationalize educational institutions in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations community era. Lastly, we provide recommendations for further studies and for administrators in Thai and Association of Southeast Asian Nation universities along with suggested activities and their purposes for administrators.

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) computing is a new method of simulating the bimolecular structure of DNA and computing by means of molecular biology. DNA cryptography is a new field which has been explored worldwide. The concept of using DNA computing in the fields of cryptography and steganography has been identified as a possible technology, which may bring forward a new hope for unbreakable algorithms. This paper proposed a new DNA cryptographic algorithm which used the key features of DNA and amino acid coding to overcome limitations of the classical One Time Pad (OTP) cipher. A significant feature of the proposed algorithm is that; it is considered an encryption and hiding algorithm at the same time. The proposed algorithm also enhances the security level of OTP cipher. An evaluation for the proposed algorithm is performed according to randomness testing by using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test. The study showed that the proposed algorithm had better performance with respect to time, capacity and robustness compared to previous studies.

Sulfa drugs or sulfonamides were introduced in 1935 by the German physician Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964). Domagk worked closely with two chemists, Fritz Mietzsch and Josef Klarer. They worked together on compounds related to synthetic dyes, testing their effects on infectious diseases. Their concerted work eventually led to the discovery of Prontosil (sulfamidochrysoidine), the first sulfa drug that showed an incredible antibacterial effect on diseased laboratory mice. Soon after the introduction of sulfonamides, penicillin was discovered and hailed as a more effective and a safer alternative. The production of sulfonamides lost its enthusiasm with the introductions of even more antibiotics. However; anti-bacterial Sulfonamides are far from being obsolete despite the introduction of newer classes of antibiotics. Interest in their use has been revived in the 1980s with AIDS epidemic, when a combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (SMX/TMP) was recognized as the drug of choice for the treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP) pneumonia. This review article is intended to update clinicians with the many still current recommendations for sulfonamides both as therapeutic and prophylactic agents; with mechanism of action and resistance; and with adverse side effects that clinicians need to watch for while using this class of antimicrobial.