Search

Collective behavior widely exists in nature, ranging from the macroscopic cloud of swallows to the microscopic cloud of colloidal particles. The behavior of an individual inside the collective is distinctive from its behavior alone, as it follows its neighbors. The introduction of such collective behavior in two-dimensional (2D) materials may offer new degrees of freedom to achieve desired but unattained properties. Here, we report a highly sensitive magneto-optic effect and transmissive magneto-coloration via introduction of collective behavior into magnetic 2D material dispersions. The increase of ionic strength in the dispersion enhances the collective behavior of colloidal particles, giving rise to a magneto-optic Cotton-Mouton coefficient up to 2700 T-2 m-1 which is the highest value obtained so far, being 3 orders of magnitude larger than other known transparent media. We also reveal linear dependence of magneto-coloration on the concentration and hydration ratios of ions. Such linear dependence and the extremely large Cotton-Mouton coefficient cooperatively allow fabrication of giant magneto-birefringent devices for color-centered visual sensing.

We designed a simple on-chip integrated optical isolator made up of a metal–insulator–metal waveguide and a disc cavity filled with magneto-optical material to enhance the transverse magneto-optical effect through the coin paradox spin–orbit interaction (SOI). The simulation results of the non-reciprocal transmission properties of this optical structure show that a high-performance on-chip integrated optical isolator is obtained. The maximum isolation ratio is greater than 60 dB with a corresponding insertion loss of about 2 dB. The great performance of the optical isolator is attributed to the strong transverse magneto-optical effect, which is enhanced by the coin paradox SOI. Moreover, the enhancement of the transverse magneto-optical effect through the coin paradox SOI is more substantial for smaller azimuthal mode number n. Benefiting from this, the transverse magneto-optical effect remains strong in a wide wavelength range. Additionally, a smaller cavity has a stronger transverse magneto-optical effect in the same wavelength range. Our research provides a new perspective for creating highly integrated magneto-optical devices.

Dynamic properties of ferromagnetic nematic liquid crystals under an external magnetic field have investigated. The coupled dynamics of the magnetization,, and the director field, , associated with the liquid crystalline orientation order, have studied. In the framework of the hydrodynamic and and thermodynamic approach, the role of the dynamic cross-coupling in macroscopic dynamic behavior both the nematic liquid crystal and its magneto-optic properties is considered. The dependence of the temporal evolution of a magneto-induced response on the dissipative and reversible parts of the dynamic cross-coupling is considered.

Faraday shield is a thin copper structure with a large number of slits which is usually used in inductive coupled plasma (ICP) sources. RF power is coupled into the plasma through these slits, therefore Faraday shield plays an important role in ICP discharge. However, due to the complex structure of the Faraday shield, the resulted electromagnetic field is quite hard to evaluate. In this paper, a 2D model is proposed on the assumption that the Faraday shield is sufficiently long and the RF coil is uniformly distributed, and the copper is considered as ideal conductor. Under these conditions, the magnetic field inside the source is uniform with only the axial component, while the electric field can be decomposed into a vortex field generated by changing magnetic field together with a gradient field generated by electric charge accumulated on the Faraday shield surface, which can be easily found by solving Laplace's equation. The motion of the electrons in the electromagnetic field is investigated and the results show that the electrons will oscillate along the radial direction when taking no account of collision. This interesting result brings insight into how the RF power couples into the plasma.

The ultimate challenge for shaping technology is the control of the light field in high-speed with a single optical element, that is, of the spatial distribution of amplitude, phase, and state of polarization. Here we describe the use of magneto optic effect to achieve rapidly shaping of vector beams in dynamically using atomic ensemble. Firstly, the Faraday-rotation effect of vector beam is shown. On this basis, dynamically modulate the polarization of a vector beam on each point is implemented, and the polarisation state of the manipulated beam is characterised with spatially resolved Stokes measurements. The response time of this manipulation is down to 40$ \mu $s. The magnetic field high-speed switching and the dynamic manipulation capabilities of this method will be particularly useful for the control of light propagation through complex media and speed up the measurement of the properties of media.

We report on a novel phenomenon: an intense circularly polarized infrared laser pulse induces a transient chirality in an achiral transparent dielectric. In contrast to the well-known optical Faraday effect in atomic vapours [1], this effect occurs far from resonant transitions — we consider the case where a uniaxial dielectric crystal (sapphire) is transparent to light. We show how the build-up and decay of the induced chirality can be probed with an ultrashort linearly polarized ultraviolet pulse that is shorter than the infrared pulse. By simulating electron dynamics in three spatial dimensions, while working in a basis of Kohn-Sham orbitals, we show that the nonlinear interaction significantly changes the polarization direction and the ellipticity of the propagated probe pulse for pump fields as strong as F IR ∼1 V/A. In this parameter regime, nonperturbative phenomena become important. Such effects include interband tunnelling and the Franz-Keldysh effect, which are responsible for complex electron dynamics and essentially noninstantaneous polarization response [2, 3].

Nowadays, the rapid development of optics technology, especially for laser technology and scientific fields is important. One of this optics theory is Faraday rotation. Way of light propagation in a material medium can be influenced by an external field. The applied magnetic field causes rotation of the plane of polarized light. This effect is due to the optical activity, a property of the material that causes the rotation of the electric field of an incident linear wave. In this paper, we present an experiment to measure the Verdet constant through Faraday Effect using the Faraday rotator. Verdet constant is a factor for relation of magnetic field and the length of the path. When this effect is used in spectrographic studies, we can find information on the properties of higher energy states. Used materials for this experiment are KCl, KBr, and MgCl2. We used three lasers with different wavelengths 405nm, 450nm, and 515nm. We shows that the linear polarized light rotates after passing the applied magnetic field, when it's parallel with the magnetic field vector. Verdet constant are calculated about 382, 429.125, and 311.625 in 450nm for KCl, KBr, MgCl2 solutions.

The Faraday effect, caused by a magnetic-field-induced change in the optical properties, takes place in a vast variety of systems from a single atomic layer of graphenes to huge galaxies. Currently, it plays a pivot role in many applications such as the manipulation of light and the probing of magnetic fields and material's properties. Basically, this effect causes a polarization rotation of light during its propagation along the magnetic field in a medium. Here, we report an extreme case of the Faraday effect where a linearly polarized ultrashort laser pulse splits in time into two circularly polarized pulses of opposite handedness during its propagation in a highly magnetized plasma. This offers a new degree of freedom for manipulating ultrashort and ultrahigh power laser pulses. Together with technologies of ultra-strong magnetic fields, it may pave the way for novel optical devices, such as magnetized plasma polarizers. In addition, it may offer a powerful means to measure strong magnetic fields in laser-produced plasmas., 18 pages, 5 figures

We successfully demonstrate a quantum gas microscopy using the Faraday effect which has an inherently non-destructive nature. The observed Faraday rotation angle reaches 3.0(2) degrees for a single atom. We reveal the non-destructive feature of this Faraday imaging method by comparing the detuning dependence of the Faraday signal strength with that of the photon scattering rate. We determine the atom distribution with deconvolution analysis. We also demonstrate the absorption and the dark field Faraday imaging, and reveal the different shapes of the point spread functions for these methods, which are fully explained by theoretical analysis. Our result is an important first step towards an ultimate quantum non-demolition site-resolved imaging and furthermore opens up the possibilities for quantum feedback control of a quantum many-body system with a single-site resolution., 8 pages, 8 figures

The aim of this work is to study Faraday rotation in the quantum relativistic limit. Starting from the photon self-energy in the presence of a constant magnetic field the rotation of the polarization vector of a plane electromagnetic wave which travels along the fermion-antifermion gas is studied. The connection between Faraday Effect and Quantum Hall Effect (QHE) is discussed. The Faraday angle shows a resonant behavior which is related with the branching points of the Hall conductivity. Possible applications to magnetospheres of compact objects are discussed. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Faraday rotation is a process by which the position angle (PA) of background linearly polarized light is rotated when passing through an ionized and magnetized medium. The effect is sensitive to the line-of-sight magnetic field in conjunction with the electron density. This contribution highlights diagnostic possibilities of inferring the magnetic field (or absence thereof) in and around wind-blown bubbles from the Faraday effect. Three cases are described as illustrations: a stellar toroidal magnetic field, a shocked interstellar magnetic field, and an interstellar magnetic field within an ionized bubble.

We report that poly((2,5-bis(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)thiophene)squaraine) can be synthesized as a dark green insoluble powder which when subjected to shear force and pressed as a disk exhibits a gold-green near optical quality surface with semi-metallic behaviour. Reflectivity measurements at a wavelength of 819 nm reveal a high (72°) pseudo-Brewster angle and non-zero p-reflectivity whilst electrical measurements using a four-point probe return a conductivity of 1 × 10−5 S cm−1. Unexpectedly the disks also exhibit magneto-optic (MO) activity which it appears must arise from a weak magnetic component intrinsic to the samples. In both the longitudinal and transverse Kerr configurations large fractional changes in reflectivity (ΔI/I ≈ 2.5 × 10−2) are observed across a wide range of angles of incidence for wavelengths between 400 nm and 1064 nm on application and reversal of a magnetic field. Anomalously for these configurations all the MO effects observed are quadratic in the applied field and no first-order effects linear in applied field are observed for any state of incident polarisation. Examined using conventional magnetometry, disk samples return saturation magnetization values of 4.13 × 10−3 emu g−1 on a vibrating sample magnetometer and smaller samples similarly processed and prepared for examination by Squid magnetometer confirmatory values of 4.9 × 10−3 emu g−1. Magnetization curves from both instruments have a similar form, saturating at about 1.14 kOe, and are also in close correspondence with curves derived by plotting the magneto-optic signal as a function of field after allowance for the quadratic nature of the observed MO response. Similarly, both the magnetic and magneto-optic behaviour of all samples is isotropic in plane. Taken together, all experimental observations on this fully organic polymer appear, surprisingly, to be commensurate with the development at room temperature of some form of magnetic state throughout very limited regions of the material. A very tentative model able to reconcile the magnetic and MO observations on the supposition that the magnetic state may be of a reduced dimensional nature is presented. We are very aware that the appearance of an intrinsic room temperature magnetism in the material studied is highly unlikely and that this interpretation of the results presented is strongly dependent on using MO evidence to support chemical analysis, which included multi-elements scans on an ICP and ESR, in precluding contamination.

Vlašín, Ondřej et al., Magnetoelectric coupling at multiferroic interfaces is a promising route toward the nonvolatile electric-field control of magnetization. Here, we use optical measurements to study the static and dynamic variations of the interface magnetization induced by an electric field in Co/ PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (Co/PZT) bilayers at room temperature. The measurements allow us to identify different coupling mechanisms. We further investigate the local electronic and magnetic structure of the interface by means of transmission electron microscopy, soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, and density functional theory to corroborate the coupling mechanism. The measurements demonstrate a mixed linear and quadratic optical response to the electric field, which results from a magneto-electto-optical effect. We propose a decomposition method of the optical signal to discriminate between different components involved in the electric field-induced polarization rotation of the reflected light. This allows us to extract a signal that we can ascribe to interface magnetoelectric coupling. The associated surface magnetization exhibits a clear hysteretic variation of odd symmetry with respect to the electric field and nonzero remanence. The interface coupling is remarkably stable over a wide frequency range (1-50 kHz), and the application of a bias magnetic field is not necessary for the coupling to occur. These results show the potential of exploiting interface coupling with the prospect of optimizing the performance of magnetoelectric memory devices in terms of stability, as well as fast and dissipationless operation., This work is supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR) through JCJC program "DYNAMECS” ANR-11-JS10-009-01 and the TEM study was conducted in the framework of project "EMMA” ANR-12-BS10-013. Financial support by the Spanish Government for the CSIC JAE-predoc grant of O.V. is acknowledged. S. C.-H. acknowledges the technical assistance of J.-S. Pelle (IPHC, Strasbourg) and the team of the STnano cleanroom facility in Strasbourg for the optimization of the magnetoelectric micro-devices. R. Cours (CEMES, Toulouse) is acknowledged for his help with the preparation of the sample lamellas for TEM measurements.

We demonstrate theoretically that in gyrotropic semiconductors and semiconductor nanosystems the Brownian motion of electrons results in temporal fluctuations of the polarization plane of light passing through or reflected from the structure, i.e., in stochastic Faraday or Kerr rotation effects. The theory of the effects is developed for a number of prominent gyrotropic systems such as bulk tellurium, ensembles of chiral carbon nanotubes, and GaAs-based quantum wells of different crystallographic orientations. We show that the power spectrum of these fluctuations in thermal equilibrium is proportional to the ac conductivity of the system. We evaluate contributions resulting from the fluctuations of the electric current, as well as of spin, valley polarization, and the spin current to the noise of the Faraday/Kerr rotation. Hence, all-optical measurements of the Faraday and Kerr rotation noise provide an access to the transport properties of the semiconductor systems., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures (including 3D interactive figure)

In this paper, we present a sensitive measurement method of the Verdet constant of magneto-optic materials with an auto-balanced photodetector and a lock-in amplifier under weak alternating magnetic fields in the near infrared wavelength region. We describe the theories and formulas for the measurement method by accounting for the characteristics of the auto-balanced photoreceiver and lock-in amplifier. The measurement method was verified by measuring the Verdet constant of the well-known BK7 samples at 1,310 and 1,550 nm wavelengths. This method was used to measure the Verdet constant of the regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) thiophenes (P3HT) materials prepared at various baking and cooling conditions for the wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm.

The Faraday rotation angles of ferrocene aggregates formed on a glass plate and a water surface were measured by a pulsed magnetic field Faraday-effect measurement system. The observed Faraday rota...

Three calculations of optical Faraday rotation are presented in which a linearly polarized field is incident on a medium of harmonic oscillators in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field. The rotation of the plane of polarization of the field is evaluated using classical oscillators and the Lorentz force equation, quantum oscillators and the Heisenberg equations of motion, and quantum oscillators and a Schrodinger equation approach. It is shown that a simple argument, based on the assumption that a circularly polarized field drives either Δm=1 or Δm=−1 transitions on absorption (m is the magnetic quantum number), leads to an incorrect result for the Verdet constant.

In our study, the Hanle spectrum and nonlinear magneto-optic effect (NMOE) signals were observed as a function of magnetic field on line of atoms contained in a paraffin coated vapor cell. We observed the double structure from the Hanle and the NMOE spectrum in the paraffin coated Rb vapor cell. The narrow spectral width of the narrow resonance signal is approximately 1 kHz and the magnitude is approximately 10 percent of the total spectrum. Also, the NMOE signals corresponding to the Hanle configuration consisted of two different dispersion-like features. At the near zero magnetic field, a sharp slope signal was centered, and its value was 10 mV/ with laser power was .

We discuss several important issues concerning the use of a lock-in amplifier and the experimental procedure that need to be addressed to obtain accurate measurements of the Faraday rotation using ac magnetic fields. Our study was conducted on BK7 glass. We show that if electronic interference is avoided and the dependence of the signal on the average light intensity is taken into account, an accurate value of the Verdet constant for thin samples can be determined.

Using the linearized Einstein gravitational field equations and the Maxwell field equations it is shown that the plane of polarization of an electromagnetic wave is rotated by the gravitational field created by the electromagnetic radiation of a ring laser. It is further shown that this gravitational Faraday effect shares many of the properties of the standard electromagnetic Faraday effect. An experimental arrangement is then suggested for the observation of this gravitational Faraday effect induced by the ring laser.

We studied the magnetic properties of ZnCr2O4 under an ultra-high magnetic field by using the Faraday rotation method. We used a single turn coil system to generate a pulsed high field up to 180 T and used a He-Ne laser as a light source. We chose a 45 degree angle between the polarizer and the analyzer and measured a transient Faraday rotation signal by using a photo-diode and a transient recorder. The sample temperature was kept below Neel temperature during the experiment. We observed a discernible discontinuity in a Faraday rotation signal at 120 T. This discontinuity is considered to represent the first-order phase transition which is observed also in CdCr2O4which has the same geometrical structure as ZnCr2O4.

We investigated the characteristics of the nonlinear magneto-optic effect (NMOE) depend on the transitions, the laser intensity and the temperature of the vapor cell, in the transition of atoms by using the Rb vapor cell contained with buffer gas of Ne 6.7 kPa. The size and the width of NMOE signal were increased according to the light intensity and temperature in the transition of F

When a linearly polarized plane wave propagates from a dielectric medium into a medium with Faraday rotation, a reflected wave will always occur at the interface. This reflection is necessary because the normal-mode wave impedances in the medium with Faraday rotation are nondegenerate, while the equivalent normal-mode wave impedances for the dielectric medium are degenerate. Therefore it is not possible to match both normal modes simultaneously at the interface. This paper investigates the peculiar reflected wave associated with impedance matching of Faraday rotators, and shows that it should have minimal impact on practical devices.

In this letter, we show that the Faraday rotation effect of the strong spontaneous magnetic field generated by the focus of a short-pulse, high-power laser interacting with a solid target may blur out the distinction between the s and p polarization of the incident laser. This in effect leads to the result that the harmonic yield ratio between p and s polarization is not as large as a PIC (particle-in-cell) simulation predicted. An approximate calculation of the harmonic yield ratio versus the magnetic field is carried out and the result is in relatively good agreement with the observations by Norreys et al. PACS Nos.: 42.90, 78.90

We propose an experiment to use the magneto-optical Faraday effect to probe the dynamic Hall conductivity of spin liquid candidates. Theory predicts that an external magnetic field will generate an internal gauge field. If the source of conductivity is in spinons with a Fermi surface, a finite Faraday rotation angle is expected. We predict the angle to scale as the square of the frequency rather than display the standard cyclotron resonance pattern. Furthermore, the Faraday effect should be able to distinguish the ground state of the spin liquid, as we predict no rotation for massless Dirac spinons. We give a semiquantitative estimate for the magnitude of the effect and find that it should be experimentally feasible to detect in both $\kappa$-(ET)$_2$Cu$_2$(CN)$_3$ and, if the spinons form a Fermi surface, Herbertsmithite. We also comment on the magneto-optical Kerr effect and show that the imaginary part of the Kerr angle may be measurable., Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure

Wide-band radio polarization observations offer the possibility to recover information about the magnetic fields in synchrotron sources, such as details of their three-dimensional configuration, that has previously been inaccessible. The key physical process involved is the Faraday rotation of the polarized emission in the source (and elsewhere along the wave's propagation path to the observer). In order to proceed, reliable methods are required for inverting the signals observed in wavelength space into useful data in Faraday space, with robust estimates of their uncertainty. In this paper, we examine how variations of the intrinsic angle of polarized emission $\psi_{0}$ with the Faraday depth $\phi$ within a source affect the observable quantities. Using simple models for the Faraday dispersion $F(\phi)$ and $\psi_{0}(\phi)$, along with the current and planned properties of the main radio interferometers, we demonstrate how degeneracies among the parameters describing the magneto-ionic medium can be minimised by combining observations in different wavebands. We also discuss how depolarization by Faraday dispersion due to a random component of the magnetic field attenuates the variations in the spectral energy distribution of the polarization and shifts its peak towards shorter wavelengths. This additional effect reduces the prospect of recovering the characteristics of the magnetic field helicity in magneto-ionic media dominated by the turbulent component of the magnetic field., Comment: Published: 2014, MNRAS 441, 2049. 9 pages, 5 figures. Major changes since previous version: added section 2.4 (Spectral dependence) and section 3.2 and appendix (Faraday dispersion)

This paper investigates the Faraday effect as a different source of B mode polarization. The E mode polarization is Faraday rotated provided a stochastic large-scale magnetic field is present prior to photon decoupling. In the first part of the paper we discuss the case where the tensor modes of the geometry are absent and we argue that the B mode recently detected by the Bicep2 collaboration cannot be explained by a large-scale magnetic field rotating, through the Faraday effect, the well established E mode polarization. In this case, the observed temperature autocorrelations would be excessively distorted by the magnetic field. In the second part of the paper the formation of Faraday rotation is treated as a stationary, random and Markovian process with the aim of generalizing a set of scaling laws originally derived in the absence of the tensor modes of the geometry. We show that the scalar, vector and tensor modes of the brightness perturbations can all be Faraday rotated even if the vector and tensor parts of the effect have been neglected, so far, by focussing the attention on the scalar aspects of the problem. The mixing between the power spectra of the E mode and B mode polarizations involves a unitary transformation depending nonlinearly on the Faraday rotation rate. The present approach is suitable for a general scrutiny of the polarization observables and of their frequency dependence., Comment: 33 pages, 4 figures; updated to match the published version

Polarization methods used to sound ionospheric plasma are based on the Faraday and Cotton-Mouton effects. While the Faraday effect (rotation of the polarization plane) covers almost the entire ray path, the Cotton-Mouton effect gives rise to local transformation of circularly polarized waves near a point of orthogonality of the ray and the Earth's magnetic field. Comparison of the input and output polarization of probing electromagnetic waves, emitted by a satellite and received by ground stations, can provide valuable information about local plasma parameters near the orthogonality point. This paper presents a theory of interaction of circular waves near this point based on the quasi-isotropic approximation (QIA) of geometrical optics and describes algorithms that can be used to retrieve local plasma parameters from polarization measurements. Experimental configurations to observe the Cotton-Mouton effect with linearly and arbitrarily polarized receivers are discussed.

An all-fiber interferometric switch based on Faraday rotation exhibited by magneto-optic materials in the presence of an external magnetic field is reported. The interferometer is Mach-Zehnder type and the related phase shift was obtained by the rotation of the state of polarization of a linearly polarized optical signal. The operation of the switch is demonstrated experimentally. The effect of the optical beam size on the achievable Faraday rotation is also investigated. Hysteresis is avoided as the magnetic field required for switching is much lower than the saturation field

Magneto-optical (MO) Faraday effect of discrete magnetic media was analyzed theoretically taking the structural randomness into account. The analysis was achieved using the random matrix approach by employing a model with a one-dimensional quasirandom array structure. The numerical results suggest that the MO Faraday spectra (MO-FS) of the discrete media with fine structures are determined uniquely without a significant influence from the structural randomness. In such a medium, the packing density of the magnetic materials and the medium thickness were found to be key parameters which govern the unique MO-FS of the discrete medium.

We study Faraday rotation in the quantum relativistic limit. Starting from the photon self-energy in the presence of a constant magnetic field the rotation of the polarization vector of a plane electromagnetic wave which travel along the fermion-antifermion gas is studied. The connection between Faraday Effect and Quantum Hall Effect (QHE) is discussed. The Faraday Effect is also investigated for a massless relativistic (2D+1)-dimensional fermion system which is derived by using the compactification along the dimension parallel to the magnetic field. The Faraday angle shows a quantized behavior as Hall conductivity in two and three dimensions., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures

Light propagation is usually reciprocal. However, a static magnetic field along the propagation direction can break the time-reversal symmetry in the presence of magneto-optical materials. The Faraday effect in magneto-optical materials rotates the polarization plane of light, and when light travels backward the polarization is further rotated. This is applied in optical isolators, which are of crucial importance in optical systems. Faraday isolators are typically bulky due to the weak Faraday effect of available magneto-optical materials. The growing research endeavour in integrated optics demands thin-film Faraday rotators and enhancement of the Faraday effect. Here, we report significant enhancement of Faraday rotation by hybridizing plasmonics with magneto-optics. By fabricating plasmonic nanostructures on laser-deposited magneto-optical thin films, Faraday rotation is enhanced by one order of magnitude in our experiment, while high transparency is maintained. We elucidate the enhanced Faraday effect by the interplay between plasmons and different photonic waveguide modes in our system.

Driving on an analogy with the technique of composite pulses in quantum physics, we propose a broadband Faraday rotator and thus a broadband optical isolator, which is composed of sequences of ordinary Faraday rotators and achromatic quarter-wave plates rotated at the predetermined angles., submitted to JOSA A, comments are welcome

The Faraday effect (the rotation of the plane of polarization of light as it propagates through a sample parallel to a static magnetic field) is readily detected in room‐temperature rubidium vapor by a diode‐laser experiment near the D2 resonance line at 780 nm, and the theoretical treatment of this effect provides an unusually clear insight into the relation between absorption and dispersion in the interaction of light with matter.

We study the magneto-optical response of noble metal nanoparticle clusters. We consider the interaction between the light-induced dipoles of particles. In the presence of a magnetic field, the simplest achiral cluster, a dimer, exhibits circular dichroism (CD). The CD of a dimer depends on the directions of the magnetic field and the light wave vector. The CD of a populous cluster weakly depends on the magnetic field. Upon scattering from the cluster, an incident linearly polarized light with polarization azimuth $\varphi$, becomes elliptically polarized. The polarization azimuth rotation and ellipticity angle variation are sinusoidal functions of $2 \varphi$. The anisotropy and the chirality of the cluster control the amplitude and offset of these sinusoidal functions. The Faraday rotation and Faraday ellipticity are also sinusoidal functions of $2 \varphi$. Near the surface plasmon frequency, Faraday rotation and Faraday ellipticity increase.

We experimentally verify a speckle-based technique for noncontact measurement of glucose concentration in the bloodstream. The final device is intended to be a single wristwatch-style device containing a laser, a camera, and an alternating current (ac) electromagnet generated by a solenoid. The experiments presented are performed in vitro as proof of the concept. When a glucose substance is inserted into a solenoid generating an ac magnetic field, it exhibits Faraday rotation, which affects the temporal changes of the secondary speckle pattern distributions. The temporal frequency resulting from the ac magnetic field was found to have a lock-in amplification role, which increased the observability of the relatively small magneto-optic effect. Experimental results to support the proposed concept are presented.

We present a theoretical discovery of an unconventional mechanism of inverse Faraday effect (IFE) which acts selectively on topological magnetic structures. The effect, topological inverse Faraday effect (TIFE), is induced by spin Berry's phase of the magnetic structure when a circularly polarized light is applied. Thus a spin-orbit interaction is not necessary unlike in the conventional IFE. We demonstrate by numerical simulation that TIFE realizes ultrafast switching of a magnetic vortex within a switching time of 150 ps without magnetic field., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures