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Magnesium chloride is a magnesium resource that is widely present in seawater and salt lakes. Therefore, the use of magnesium chloride is of great significance for the low-cost preparation of high-performance magnesium materials. In this work, mechanical ball milling was used for the preparation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from magnesium chloride. Ball milling improves the unevenness of the reaction process and generates magnesium oxide with a more uniform particle size distribution. First, a magnesium chloride complex was obtained by heating and evaporating a mixture of magnesium chloride and ethanol with a mass ratio of 1:2 at 110 °C. Next, pure magnesium hydroxide with a smaller crystal size was obtained by ball milling the prepared magnesium chloride complex with calcium hydroxide at 600 rpm for 3 h. Finally, the magnesium hydroxide was calcined at 1000 °C for 60 min to obtain nano magnesium oxide particles with a particle size of 670 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is employed for fabricating alumina (Al 2 O 3)-based hydrogen barrier coatings, it becomes customary to enhance the adhesion strength by subjecting the deposited coating to high-temperature annealing. In this study, a functionally-graded Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 coating was designed by using the thermal stress module of Ansys software. The influence of different gradient composition distribution indices, number of layers, and layer thickness on the distribution of thermal stress was systematically investigated by simulation. Based on simulation results, the gradient parameters of the functionally-graded coating were determined as follows: a transition layer with three layers, each with a thickness of 0.13 mm; the first layer consisted of Al 2 O 3 to ZrO 2 ratio of 1:3, the second layer with a ratio of 1:1, and the third layer with a ratio of 3:1. Subsequently, the process parameters for EPD of Al 2 O 3 coating were optimized via experimental exploration. Under conditions of deposition time of 120 s, deposition voltage of 60 V, Al 2 O 3 concentration of 8 g L−1 in the electrophoretic solution, and magnesium chloride hexahydrate concentration of 0.6 g L−1, the as-fabricated Al 2 O 3 coating exhibited optimal hydrogen barrier performance. Finally, different proportions of ZrO 2 were sequentially incorporated into the prepared Al 2 O 3 coating to form functionally-graded materials (FGM). Thermal cycling experiments showed that the Al 2 O 3 coating with added ZrO 2 exhibited better stability at high temperatures. Regarding hydrogen barrier performance, the functionally-graded coating outperformed the non-functionally-graded coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal care committees remain ambiguous on the need for anesthetics during experimental procedures on invertebrate taxa due to long-standing questioning of their sentience and pain perception. When used, anesthetizing procedures for invertebrates have commonly been adapted from those developed for vertebrates, under the largely unverified assumption that they afford the same benefits. The present study formally tested the efficacy of four common anesthetics of aquatic invertebrates (ethanol, MgCl2, clove oil, MS-222) using behavioural (reaction to physical contact and presence of a predator), physiological (respiration rate), cellular (coelomocytes), and hormonal (cortisol) biomarkers in the holothuroid Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata). While subjects recovered from exposures to all anesthetics tested, their responses differed markedly. Ethanol did not immobilize the individuals and concurrently increased their respiration rate, and cellular and hormonal stress markers. MgCl2 and clove oil reduced the behavioural and physiological responses, and decreased the cellular markers, but increased the cortisol levels. Only MS-222 fully immobilized the treated individuals and decreased their respiration rate, both during exposure and throughout ulterior interactions with a predator, while keeping coelomocyte counts and cortisol concentrations at baseline levels. MS-222 thus appears to induce the loss of sensation, representing a promising anesthetic and sedative in soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron is a naturally occurring trace chemical element. High concentrations of boron in nature can adversely affect biological systems and cause severe pollution to the ecological environment. We examined a method to effectively remove boron ions from water systems using sugarcane bagasse biochar from agricultural waste with NH3 nanobubbles (10% NH3 and 90% N2). We studied the effects of the boron solution concentration, pH, and adsorption time on the adsorption of boron by the modified biochar. At the same time, the possibility of using magnesium chloride and NH3 nanobubbles to enhance the adsorption capacity of the biochar was explored. The carbonization temperature of sugarcane bagasse was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. It was characterized using XRD, SEM, and BET analysis. The boron adsorption results showed that, under alkaline conditions above pH 9, the adsorption capacity of the positively charged modified biochar was improved under the double-layer effect of magnesium ions and NH3 nanobubbles, because the boron existed in the form of negatively charged borate B(OH)4− anion groups. Moreover, cations on the NH3 nanobubble could adsorb the boron. When the NH3 nanobubbles with boron and the modified biochar with boron could coagulate each other, the boron was removed to a significant extent. Extended DLVO theory was adopted to model the interaction between the NH3 nanobubble and modified biochar. The boron adsorption capacity was 36 mg/g at room temperature according to a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorbed boron was investigated using FT-IR and XPS analysis. The ammonia could be removed using zeolite molecular sieves and heating. Boron in an aqueous solution can be removed via adsorption with modified biochar with NH3 nanobubbles and MgCl2 addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tofu is obtained by heating soymilk, to which a coagulant, such as calcium sulfate or magnesium chloride, is added to make it curdle. This study aimed to parameterize the effects of the following three alternative organic coagulant types: apple, rice, and white vinegars, used in different proportions. Six treatments were established with three concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%), evaluating the coagulation time and curd yield. The treatments with the lowest coagulation time were analyzed for texture by TPA, color through the CIEL*a*b scale, protein content, and moisture. The results showed that the rice vinegar + 3% white vinegar (T6C3) treatment showed the lowest coagulation time (0.78 min). The 5% apple vinegar (T1C5) treatment provided the highest curd yield, averaging 23.73%. This treatment's protein and moisture contents were 3.93% protein and 69.73% moisture, confirming that better texture characteristics are recorded in tofu at lower pH values. The TPA results showed that using apple and rice vinegars as coagulants provided a challenging, less cohesive, more adhesive, and less elastic tofu. White vinegar provided a soft, more cohesive, less adhesive, and more elastic tofu. In the color analysis, it was observed that tofu coagulated with apple vinegar showed a tendency toward a yellow color, and tofu coagulated with rice and white vinegars showed a tendency toward a white color. These findings parameterize the effects of using each type of vinegar as a coagulant. These organic coagulants provide faster coagulation times and desirable texture characteristics, thus offering a practical alternative to traditional coagulants in tofu manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies of composite magnesium oxychloride iron-containing binders. The research is aimed at solving the problem of increasing operational durability and expanding the scope of application of magnesium materials. The purpose of the work is to study hydrate formation, hardening, and properties of composite magnesium binders with varying contents of iron compounds. Compositions of caustic magnesite (magnesium oxide) with iron oxides, with ferruginous minerals (andradite and pyrite), and with waste from the enrichment of magnetite ores have been studied. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the identification of patterns of hydration of magnesium oxychloride binder with a high content (at least 50%) of iron compounds. The mutual influence of magnesium and ferruginous components during hydration and formation of the binder structure has been established. Schemes for the formation of hydrates involving andradite and pyrite have been proposed. The qualitative composition of the main hydrates of composite binders was determined by diffractometric and differential thermal analysis methods. The microstructure of the materials was studied by electron microscopy. The structure of magnesium paste made from a composite binder is formed by crystals of magnesium pentahydroxychloride and amorphous gel-like iron-containing hydrates. In composite binders containing iron oxide or andradite, magnesium hydroxychlorocarbonate is formed. The dependence of the stability of magnesium hydroxychlorocarbonate on the content of magnesium oxide and chloride was revealed. The patterns of the influence of iron compounds on the hydration and hardening of magnesium oxide form the basis for the development of a composite binder containing 50%–70% magnetite ore enrichment waste. A composite binder containing a ferrous man-made component is not inferior in strength properties to caustic magnesite and is characterized by high structural resistance to long-term operational impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneity of natural rocks complicates the study of carbon sequestration within these materials and raises concerns about the reproducibility of experimental results. Consequently, identifying appropriate rock-like materials has become critical. This research examined the impact of various factors—humidity, binder content, curing period, and cold pressure—on the bond strength of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) through orthogonal testing. The tests utilized a molar ratio of MgO to MgCl2-6H2O to H2O of 7:1:18. Both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze the hydration reactions of MOC and to explore the correlation between the microstructure of the SiO2-MgO-MgCl2 system and its bonding characteristics. The findings indicated that a 5% relative humidity enhances the 7-day bond strength of MOC. Moreover, increasing the curing humidity to 60% relative humidity supports the ongoing hydration of the strength-contributing phases. A binder content ranging from 15% to 25% proved optimal, yielding samples with superior strength and stiffness. While cold pressing initially enhances the bonding properties of MOC, solution loss during the process adversely affects its long-term bonding characteristics. From a mechanical standpoint, the silica-magnesium oxide-magnesium chloride system demonstrates exceptional early strength and resilience, positioning it as a promising rock-like material system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are health concerns with regard to the consumption of sodium. Excessive consumption of sodium is suspected to cause high blood pressure, among other things. Therefore, sodium should be reduced or replaced during the production of food. In the present study, in the first part, raw fermented sausages from pork and turkey meat, produced with reduced NaCl concentrations, were investigated. In a second part, the salts, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride were added to the sausages, replacing 50% of NaCl. To elucidate, if the reduction or replacement influences the quality of the sausages, physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the products were analyzed. The data show that a reduction of sodium chloride partly influences the hardness and water activity results of raw fermented sausages, made from pork and turkey meat, the redness and nitrite content of the pork sausages, and the ripening losses and total viable counts of the turkey products. Raw fermented sausages with potassium, magnesium, and calcium as partial substitutes for sodium had differing water activity, pH, hardness, and microbiological results using pork and differing pH, hardness, and microbiological results using turkey meat. A bactericidal effect was observed in raw fermented sausages with calcium chloride in inoculation tests with Listeria monocytogenes due to the pH reduction due to calcium. The results indicate that reduction and replacement of NaCl can influence the final products. Therefore, the producers should carefully evaluate before alteration the NaCl content, if this change influences the product acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of distributed fiber optic strain and temperature measurement can be utilized to address a multitude of measurement tasks across a diverse range of fields, particularly in the context of structural health monitoring in the domains of building construction, civil engineering, and special foundation engineering. However, a comprehensive understanding of the influences on the measurement method and the sensors is essential to prevent misinterpretations or measurement deviations. In this context, this study investigated the effects of moisture exposure, including various salt solutions and a high pH value, on a distributed strain measurement using Rayleigh backscattering. Three fiber optic sensors with different coating materials and one uncoated fiber were exposed to five different solutions for 24 h. The study revealed significant discrepancies (∼38%) in deformation between the three coating types depending on the surrounding solution. Furthermore, in contrast to the prevailing literature, which predominantly describes swelling effects, a negative deformation (∼−47 μ ε ) was observed in a magnesium chloride solution. The findings of this study indicate that corresponding effects can impact the precision of measurement, potentially leading to misinterpretations. Conversely, these effects could be used to conduct large-scale monitoring of chemical components using distributed fiber optic sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examined differences between modified and non-modified binders regarding corundum brick cracking and strength variations pre and post-modification. Comparing samples treated with magnesium chloride hexahydrate at 200 °C before and after modification highlighted the importance of basic magnesium chloride in filling corundum gaps and aiding dehydration, affecting initial strength. The transformation from the 518 phase (5 Mg(OH) 2 ·MgCl 2 ·8H 2 O) to magnesium chlorocarbonate phase (Mg 2 CO 3 (OH)Cl·2H 2 O) enlarged grain size, explaining later-stage strength differences in hydration. TEM analysis after FIB fixed-point cutting of the cracked site of the ninth-day hydrated corundum brick sample indicated that the significant mismatch in lattice spacing between the magnesium chlorocarbonate phase and corundum resulted in the generation of a large number of misfit dislocations at the binding site. Additionally, the transformation from the 518 phase to the magnesium chlorocarbonate phase generated numerous dislocations during structural transformation. The internal stress generated by hydration pushes these dislocations to form a stress field, causing the samples to crack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortisol is a key stress biomarker in humans and animals, including fishes. In aquafarming, stress monitoring using cortisol quantification can help to optimize aquaculture practices for welfare and productivity enhancement. However, most current methods for cortisol detection rely on invasive tissue sampling. In this work, we developed a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based cortisol sensor to address the demand of detecting picomolar ranges of cortisol from complex fish tank water matrices as a non-invasive alternative for more effective stress monitoring. We first identified a DNA aptamer with effective binding to cortisol and then conjugated the thiol-labelled aptamer to AuNPs together with a blocker molecule (CALNN) to form an Au-Apt-CALNN conjugate that is stable in fish tank water. The cortisol detection principle is based on magnesium chloride (MgCl2)-induced particle aggregation, where the cortisol-bound aptamer on the AuNPs folds into a tertiary structure and provides greater protection for Au-Apt-CALNN against MgCl2-induced aggregation due to steric stabilization. At an optimum MgCl2 concentration, the differential stability of particles with and without cortisol binding offers a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 pM for cortisol within a 35 min reaction. The aptasensor has been validated on recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) fish tank water samples by the HPLC method and was able to detect changes in water cortisol induced by two different stress paradigms. This on-site deployable and non-invasive sensor offers opportunities for more efficient and real-time fish stress monitoring for the optimization of aquaculture practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride (PAMC) flocculant was prepared from gangue as a raw material, and the effects of pH, the polymerization time, and the polymerization temperature on the performance of the PAMC were investigated by a one-factor test, based on which, orthogonal experiments (three-factor and two-level) were conducted to optimize the relevant parameters. Meanwhile, FTIR and SEM were used to characterize the polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride, and the sample was applied in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. The results showed that a pH value of 2.2 and a reaction at 60 °C for 4.5 h were the optimal preparation conditions; the characterization analysis showed that the synthesized product was polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride; the turbidity removal rate of the PAMC for printing and dyeing wastewater was increased by 2.1%, the COD removal rate was increased by 3.1%, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate was increased by 2.1%, and the chromaticity removal rate was increased by 9.2% compared with that of PAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the properties of a binder based on high-calcium fly ash and silica fume with a complex additive consisting of calcium nitrate and magnesium chloride. The strength characteristics, the characteristics of the hydration process, and the phase composition of the hydration products of the binder were investigated. Silica fume was used to suppress the expansion of fly ash during hydration. A complex additive (CA) consisting of Ca(NO3)2 and MgCl2 provided a higher strength of binder than each of these salts separately. When testing a mortar with sand, the CA additive ensured that the strength of the specimens was 43.5% higher than the strength of the mortar with the addition of Ca(NO3)2 and 7.5% higher than the strength of the mortar with the MgCl2 additive. Calcium nitrate greatly accelerated the process of heat release in the first 60 min of binder hydration, and subsequently, conversely, slowed it down. The addition of MgCl2 gave a significantly greater thermal effect than Ca(NO3)2. When the two salts acted together, even a small fraction of magnesium chloride (0.2 of CA) compensated for the retarding effect of calcium nitrate and provided heat release for the binder that was almost as good as that of MgCl2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sintering red mud (SRM) is an industrial alkaline waste residue generated from the sintering process in alumina production, which is often directly discarded and causes environmental issues. In this study, an innovative magnesium-modified wet carbonation method was proposed to convert sintering red mud to valuable calcium carbonate whiskers using CO 2 -containing flue gas. The effects of carbonation conditions including temperature, MgCl 2 concentration, and duration on the composition, microstructure, and morphology of carbonated products were systematically investigated. It was found that a high whisker content of 60% with an aspect ratio of ∼6 could be obtained under the optimal conditions of 80 °C, 0.4 M MgCl 2 , and 2 h reaction time. Besides the formation of whiskers, amorphous aluminosilicate gel was also generated during SRM carbonation. The effects of the as-prepared whisker-rich materials as partial cement replacement on the mechanical properties of cement paste were evaluated with 5 wt% replacement, the 28 d compressive strength was significantly improved by 20.5% compared to the control specimen. The effective reinforcement was ascribed to the fibrous whiskers and enhanced interfacial bonding. This method enables high-value utilization of SRM waste and CO 2 fixation, providing a green and low-cost approach to producing high-performance cementitious materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, magnesium Selenide (MgSe) thin films were synthesized on glass substrate using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method for thermoelectric power generation. After cleaning of glass substrate, selenium powder was dissolved in nitric acid to produce SeO 2 and magnesium chloride was then introduced as the source of magnesium. Both SeO 2 and MgCl 2 were dissolved in 100 ml of dI water and later, these solutions were unified gradually. After that, the cleaned glass substrates were placed in the solution, while keeping the reaction temperature constant at 50o C for the deposition durations of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. A number of characterization techniques, namely X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were performed for structural and surface analysis of grown thin films. The effect of deposition time duration on the thermoelectric properties was investigated in depth using the Seebeck and Hall systems. It was found that the values of the Seebeck coefficient and power factor obey the increasing trend with maximum values 196.93 μV/K and 21.5 × 10−8 W/mK2 respectively. These observed values are seems to be the highest values for magnesium selenide thin film ever reported in the literature according to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, we have concluded that MgSe thin films supposed to be emerging material for thermoelectric power generation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "desolvation inability" is proposed in order to describe the alteration of the original chemical structure of a solute ("decomposition") prior to the solvent's full removal upon the heating of the solvate. This behavior has been sporadically reported; however, it is much more frequent, and it is the basis of various, seemingly unrelated, effects/processes, e.g., the vinegar syndrome of cellulose acetate cinematographic films, in thermal energy storage. An explanation and a criterion/index for the prediction of this behavior are provided based on the comparison of the Gibbs free energies of decomposition and desolvation. A new approach for the expression of the Gibbs free energy of desolvation is proposed by reversing the roles of the solute and solvent and by regarding water as the solute rather than as the solvent, while the solute is treated as a solid solvent. This approach results in lower solvation/desolvation Gibbs free energy values. Based on the above, the experimentally observed thermal behavior of three inorganic hydrates is predicted and explained. Theoretically and experimentally, it is supported that decomposition is possible at sub-zero (°C) temperatures and the regarded simultaneous drying and protection of heat-sensitive substances by freeze-drying, at least in some cases, e.g., for the case of gallic acid, is an unverified myth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopharmaceutical products, in particular messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), have the potential to dramatically improve the quality of life for patients suffering from respiratory and infectious diseases, rare genetic disorders, and cancer. However, the quality and safety of such products are particularly critical for patients and require close scrutiny. Key product-related impurities, such as fragments and aggregates, among others, can significantly reduce the efficacy of mRNA therapies. In the present work, the possibilities offered by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for the characterization of mRNA samples were explored using state-of-the-art ultra-wide pore columns with average pore diameters of 1000 and 2500 Å. Our investigation shows that a column with 1000 Å pores proved to be optimal for the analysis of mRNA products, whatever the size between 500 and 5000 nucleotides (nt). We also studied the influence of mobile phase composition and found that the addition of 10 mM magnesium chloride (MgCl2) can be beneficial in improving the resolution and recovery of large size variants for some mRNA samples. We demonstrate that caution should be exercised when increasing column length or decreasing the flow rate. While these adjustments slightly improve resolution, they also lead to an apparent increase in the amount of low-molecular-weight species (LMWS) and monomer peak tailing, which can be attributed to the prolonged residence time inside the column. Finally, our optimal SEC method has been successfully applied to a wide range of mRNA products, ranging from 1000 to 4500 nt in length, as well as mRNA from different suppliers and stressed/unstressed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainty surrounds the role of pH in tofu-like precipitate (TLP) formation using MgCl2. In this study, to clarify the role of MgCl2-induced pH decrease in TLP formation, the protein concentration in the supernatant, weight of wet precipitate, and the solubility in 2 M urea at constant pH (6.5 or 6.2) were measured using a buffer and comparing the buffering effect under variable pH conditions to the effect observed without buffer. Analysis of protein concentration in the supernatant showed no precipitation of soymilk proteins under stable pH conditions of 6.5. Wet precipitate formation varied substantially during TLP formation at three different pHs; the weight slightly increased with the increase in MgCl2 concentration up to 20 mM at a constant pH of 6.5. However, wet precipitation was substantially enhanced by MgCl2 (≥10 mM) at a constant pH of 6.2 but rapidly increased by MgCl2 (≥7 mM) under variable pH conditions. The protein concentrations and wet precipitate weight at 20 mM MgCl2 under constant pH conditions showed contrasting patterns. However, the weight of dry precipitate was almost the same under both constant pH (6.5 and 6.2) conditions. Urea solubility under constant and variable pH conditions differed; no urea-insoluble precipitates were produced under constant pH conditions. These results suggest that pH decrease is essential for bringing proteins closer together for MgCl2-mediated TLP formation. This study will aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying TLP formation and support further discovery of new coagulants for the effective production of new tofu-like and tofu-based foods.

The use of an appropriate amount of anesthetic can prevent the sacrifice of oysters during experimental sampling or seedling rearing. In this study, we assessed the effects of air exposure and three concentrations of magnesium chloride (10, 40, and 70 g L–1) on the anesthetic efficiency for Crassostrea hongkongensis. We examined the recuperative capacity of the oysters post-tissue sampling. The results indicated that 36 h of air exposure could significantly enhance the anesthetic efficiency of C. hongkongensis while ensuring the oysters’ survival. A 40 g L–1 solution of magnesium chloride had the optimal anesthetic effect on C. hongkongensis across all oyster sizes. In addition, smaller oysters (119.10 g) had a higher relaxation rate than larger oysters (191.00 g). The oysters anesthetized with 40 g L–1 magnesium chloride also demonstrated the best recovery. No deaths were observed among the non-anesthetized oysters, anesthetized-recovered oysters, or non-recovered oysters during a seven-day post-farming period. In terms of live sampling, the control group (100 %), gonad group (100 %), mantle group (98.67 %), gill group (89.33 %), and adductor muscle group (97.33 %) all showed high survival rates after anesthesia. Observation of tissue growth post-sampling revealed the presence of focal green areas in tissues between days 7 and 14. By day 30, the adductor muscle and mantle tissues had fully healed, and the regrown tissue in the gills had approached its original length. A 40 g L–1 magnesium chloride solution had no significant effects on gametes in terms of fertilization rate, growth rate, and attachment rate. The present findings indicated that C. hongkongensis could be effectively anesthetized using a 40 g L–1 magnesium chloride solution following 36 h of aerial exposure. Post-anesthesia tissue and gamete sampling did not result in significant mortality, and the tissues had fully recovered within 30 days post-sampling. The anesthesia did not have any adverse effects on the progeny.

Freeze-thaw cycles significantly impact construction by altering soil properties and stability, which can lead to delays and increased costs. While soil-stabilizing additives are vital for addressing these issues, stabilized soils remain susceptible to volume changes and structural alterations, ultimately reducing their strength after repeated freeze-thaw cycles. This study aims to introduce a different approach by employing magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as an antifreeze and soil stabilizer additive to enhance the freeze-thaw resilience of clay soils. We investigated the efficiency of MgCl2 solutions at concentrations of 4%, 9%, and 14% on soil by conducting tests such as Atterberg limits, standard proctor compaction, unconfined compression, and freeze-thaw cycles under extreme cold conditions (−10 °C and −20 °C), alongside microstructural analysis with SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The results showed that MgCl2 reduces the soil's liquid limit and plasticity index while enhancing its compressive strength and durability. Specifically, soil treated with a 14% MgCl2 solution maintained its volume and strength at −20 °C, with similar positive outcomes observed for samples treated with 14% and 9% MgCl2 solutions at −10 °C. This underlines MgCl2's potential to enhance soil stability during initial stabilization and, most importantly, preserve it under cyclic freeze-thaw stresses, offering a solution to improve construction practices in cold environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pyrolysis separation of calcium and magnesium from phosphate tailings is an important process due to its high-value resource utilization. In this paper, aiming to address the problems of high energy consumption, a slow decomposition rate and the low activity of decomposition products in the high-temperature pyrolysis of phosphate tailings, the medium-temperature pyrolysis of phosphate tailings under a H2O atmosphere was carried out, and the phase reconstruction and activation of pyrolysis process were discussed. The results showed that compared with N2, air and CO2 atmospheres, the pyrolysis process of phosphate tailings in a H2O atmosphere was changed from two stages to one stage, the starting decomposition temperature was reduced to 500 °C and the decomposition time was shortened to 30 min. The order of the influence of each factor on the pyrolysis of phosphate tailings was temperature > H2O pressure > holding time. Under the optimized pyrolysis conditions, the yield of CaMg(CO3)2 decomposition of phosphate tailings into MgO and CaO was 97.3% and 98.1%, respectively, and the reactivity of MgO was 31.6%. The distribution of Ca and Mg elements in the phosphate tailings after pyrolysis showed a negative correlation, and both of them no longer formed associated compounds; Ca mainly existed in the form of Ca(OH)2, Ca5(PO4)3F, CaSiO3 and CaF2, and Mg mainly existed in the form of MgO, MgF2 and Mg(OH)2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A composite material composed of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO), carbon (C), and magnesium oxide (MgO) was developed for CO2 capture applications. Inspired by the bryophyte organism, the AAO/C/MgO composite mirrors two primary features of these species—(1) morphological characteristics and (2) elemental composition—specifically carbon, oxygen, and magnesium. The synthesis process involved two sequential steps: electroanodization of aluminum foil followed by a hydrothermal method using a mixture of glucose and magnesium chloride (MgCl2). The concentration of MgCl2 was systematically varied as the sole experimental variable across five levels—1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, and 5 mM—to investigate the impact of MgO formation on the samples' chemical and physical properties, and consequently, their CO2 capture efficiency. Thus, scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the AAO substrate's porous structure, with pore diameters measuring 250 ± 30 nm. The growth of MgO on the AAO substrate resulted in spherical structures, whose diameter expanded from 15 nm ± 3 nm to 1000 nm ± 250 nm with increasing MgCl2 concentration from the minor to major concentrations explored, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that carbon serves as a linking agent between AAO and MgO within the composite. Notably, the composite synthesized with a 4 mM MgCl2 concentration exhibited the highest CO2 capture efficiency, as determined by UV-Vis absorbance studies using a sodium carbonate solution as the CO2 source. This efficiency was quantified with a 'k' constant of 0.10531, significantly higher than those of other studied samples. The superior performance of the 4 mM MgCl2 sample in CO2 capture is likely due to the optimal density of MgO structures formed on the sample's surface, enhancing its adsorptive capabilities as suggested by the XPS results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Compelling evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) exerts a significant influence on the central nervous system, participates in the modulation of neurotransmitter release, contributes to the regulation of cognitive functions, and plays a crucial role in modulating various aspects of neural activity. We aimed to explore the influence of two NO donors, molsidomine (MSD) and V-pyrro/NO, on the innate spontaneous psychomotor abilities and short-term memory in rats. Using an actimeter test, the locomotor activity, stress-sensitive behavior, and anxiety level were investigated. The influence on the animal's cognitive functions was evaluated usingthe Y-maze test to assess the spontaneous alternation percentage, number of arms visited, number of alternations, and the preference index. Four distinct groups of five white male Wistar rats were exposed to the intraperitoneal treatments as follows: Control batch—0.3 mL/100 g of body weight saline solution, Mg batch—200 mg/kbwof magnesium chloride, MSD batch—1 mg/kbw of molsidomine, and V-pyrro/NO batch—5 mg/kbwof V-pyrro/NO. The intraperitoneal administration of MSD resulted in a significant reduction in spontaneous behavior and exploratory skills but was less pronounced than the positive control drug, magnesium chloride. Conversely, treatment with V-pyrro/NO led to only a slight decrease in horizontal movements during the actimeter test. MSD administration, but not V-pyrro/NO, notably increased the rate of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test. Additionally, the use of MSD resulted in an increase in the blood level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the intensification of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity. In our experimental setup, we demonstrated that MSD exposure led to a decrease in spontaneous behavior, showed anxiolytic effects and antioxidant activity, and improved spatial memory acquisition in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NH 4 + accelerates corrosion of AZ31 alloy in the Cl−-SO 4 2− system. • Buffering ability of NH 4 + is the dominant factor in NH 4 +-induced acceleration of AZ31 alloy. • High coverage of h ads generates an inductive loop within the low frequency range. • NH 4 + causes thinning and perforation of inner MgO layer and poriness of outer Mg(OH) 2. • SO 4 2− helps to generate cracked but partially protective products and Cl− broadens the active corrosion area. Electrochemical corrosion of AZ31 magnesium alloy in the NH 4 +-SO 4 2−-Cl− environment is studied. Effect of NH 4 + overshadows that of Cl− as the (NH 4) 2 SO 4 concentration is 0.005 M or higher, yielding an evolution from localized corrosion to uniform corrosion. Acceleration effect of NH 4 + can be attributed to that (i) NH 4 + dissolves the inner MgO and hinders the precipitation of Mg(OH) 2 and (ii) the buffering ability of NH 4 + provides H+, enhances the hydrogen evolution, and expedites the corrosion process. The latter is demonstrated as the dominant factor with the results in unbuffered and buffered environments. The severe corrosion and hydrogen process in NH 4 +-containing solution results in a high H ads coverage and yields an inductive loop within the low frequency. Meanwhile, SO 4 2− is helpful in generating cracked but partially protective corrosion products, while Cl− could broaden the corrosion area beneath the corrosion product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete structures partially immersed in seawater will be subjected to severe chloride and sulfate erosion under the capillary and diffusion actions. Nevertheless, the present studies only discuss the capillary action in a static water level environment, without considering the capillary action in a water level fluctuating environment. In this paper, the mechanical properties and ions transmission law of concrete under the capillary and diffusion actions in water level fluctuating environment were investigated through a series of indoor exposure tests. Three erosion solutions were set to study the interaction effects of chloride, sulfate, and magnesium within concrete. Based on the compressive strength tests, the mechanical properties of concrete in a water level fluctuating environment were explored. The natural diffusion tests were carried out to research the sulfate and chloride transmission law within concrete above and in the water level fluctuating zone (WLFZ). Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and mercury injection porosimeter (MIP) measurements were conducted to analyze the microstructures at various zones of concrete under different erosion solutions. The results show that the concrete partially immersed in WLFZ suffers from severe sulfate attack on mechanical properties due to the dual influences of sulfate chemical and physical crystallization attack. The chloride concentration within concrete above WLFZ is significantly higher under the capillary action. The sulfate concentration within concrete above WLFZ is lower because of the chemical binding of sulfate within concrete. The higher porosity and more capillary pores exist in concrete above WLFZ due to the carbonization and water evaporation. By decreasing the porosity of concrete, sulfate will inhibit the chloride transmission and magnesium will restrain the sulfate and chloride transmission. The transmission mechanisms of erosion ions within concrete above WLFZ consist of vertical transmission under the capillary action and lateral transmission under the diffusion action and water evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigated whether and how a common agro-based additive, beetroot juice, alters the detrimental effects of chloride brines on the durability of cement concrete, by evaluating the frost resistance of ordinary portland cement concrete in various chloride brines. The presence of beetroot juice greatly slowed the ingress of Cl− ions and mitigated the leaching of Ca2+ , thus effectively mitigating the scaling-induced mass loss, strength reduction, and gas permeability change of the concrete. The microscopic investigation, including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis, also proved that beetroot juice mitigated the degradation of C-S-H gel and C-A-S-H gel on the concrete surface and inhibited the formation of oxychloride and trichloroaluminate crystals, as confirmed by the lower Na(Mg)/Ca and Na(Mg)/(Si+Al) molar ratios in the deicer-weathered concrete. This study sheds light on the mechanistic roles of beetroot juice in improving the frost resistance of concrete in chloride-laden cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for alternative salt formulations similar to sodium chloride and their effect on marinated meat products is of great significance to the low-sodium meat processing industry. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of partially replacing sodium chloride with potassium lactate, calcium ascorbate, and magnesium chloride on the sodium content, water activity and distribution, protein solubility, microstructure, sensory characteristics and volatile flavor compounds in low-sodium marinated beef. The sodium content in the test group decreased up to 28% compared to 100% in the sodium chloride group C1. The formulation including 60% sodium chloride and a total of 40% compound alternative salts in groups F1 and F2 increased their myofibril fragmentation index and promoted the disruption of the myogenic fiber structure. Group F1 (the ratio of potassium lactate, calcium ascorbate and magnesium chloride was 2:1:1) performed higher solubility of myofibrillar proteins and lower transverse relaxation value than group F2 detected by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, which indicated that F1 formulation was beneficial to promote the solubility of myofibrillar proteins and attenuate the water mobility of marinated beef. Moreover, group F1 had a more similar microstructure and more similar overall sensory attributes to group C1 according to the scanning electron microscopy. The sensory evaluation showed higher peak intensity and response values of volatile flavor compounds than group C1 and C2 (only 60% sodium chloride) when detected using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry technology, which indicated that the compound alternative salts of group F1 can improve the lower quality of low-sodium marinated beef and perform similar attributes to the C1 sample regarding moisture distribution and microstructure and even performs better than it with regards to flavor. Therefore, the F1 formula possessed greater potential for application in low-sodium marinated meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have garnered substantial attention as versatile additives in saline fluids, finding application in areas like environmental remediation, wastewater treatment, enhanced oil recovery, and carbon geo-sequestration. Despite their potential, the intricate interaction between electrolyzed nanoparticles and porous media remains inadequately researched in these contexts. This study delves into the pivotal yet underexplored aspect of silica nanoparticle absorption behavior within porous media, a key determinant of their practical effectiveness. The research focuses on silica particles with dimensions of 10 nm and 50 nm, synthesized via hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in methanol. Employing packed glass bead columns as a surrogate for porous media, the study unravels the complex mechanisms governing nanoparticle transport and deposition. Comprehensive investigations encompass variations in particle sizes, ionic strength, and ionic species, resulting in the examination of 48 distinct flooding scenarios. UV/Vis spectrophotometry is used to quantify nanoparticle concentrations in effluents, elucidating their transport behavior within the porous media. Concurrently, pressure drop alterations across the media serve as indicators of particle plugging and changes in permeability. Intriguingly, specific conditions involving a nanofluid comprising 50 nm silica nanoparticles and 10,000 ppm of magnesium chloride exhibit pronounced permeability reduction, offering potential insights for optimizing applications. Particularly noteworthy is the unique reduction in silica particle retention on glass bead surfaces as salinity increases, especially in the presence of magnesium sulfate. A concentration of 5000 ppm magnesium sulfate induces a log-jamming mechanism, resulting in an amplified final-to-intermediate permeability ratio. Experimental outcomes align with observations from scanning electron microscopy, improving understanding of porous media retention mechanisms. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of interactions between nanoparticles and porous media, paving the way for enhanced application strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for determination of polyorganosiloxanes (by silicon) in water using high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with the preliminary extraction of the analytes from the analyzed sample by benzene is proposed. The parameters of the time–temperature program of an atomizer are optimized using a storm water sample. To eliminate chemical interference during the determination of silicon, graphite cuvettes have been modified with a permanent modifier (sodium tungstate) to form a carbide coating. The thermal stabilization of silicon in a graphite furnace has been achieved in the presence of a mixed palladium–magnesium modifier in the nitrate form. The developed method of analysis has been used to determine the content of polyorganosiloxanes (by silicon) in natural water samples. The metrological characteristics of the method in the determined silicon content range of 0.01–100 mg/dm3 have been estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-PCR is a potential tool for the early detection of plant viruses. In the current study, different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (20 nm) and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (50 nm) were included in the PCR mixture to improve the sensitivity of PCR for the detection of tomato leaf curl virus. The inclusion of nanoparticles in single or combination in PCR mixture has resulted in improvement of PCR sensitivity. Four-fold improvement was exhibited by the inclusion of 3 ng/µL silver nanoparticles, whereas the combination of silver and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (3 ng/µL and 200 ng/µL, respectively), resulted in a 4.5-fold improvement. The inclusion of 200 ng/µL of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in the PCR mixture exhibited a 7.6-fold increase in PCR sensitivity. Replacement of magnesium chloride with a combination of silver and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (3 ng/µL and 275 ng/µL, respectively) resulted in a 12-fold increase. A 13-fold improvement in PCR sensitivity was observed by the replacement of magnesium chloride in PCR buffer with 275 ng/µL of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. This could also produce detectable amplicon in PCR with a minimum of 25 cycles, resulting in a 26.5% reduction in the duration of PCR. This is the first report on the use of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in PCR for the early detection and better management of tomato leaf curl virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the kinetics of chloride desorption in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) pastes containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) upon exposure to an acidic environment with low pH levels. The desorption of bound chlorides in this study was examined using paste samples with a water-to-binder ratio of 0.4 and at two GGBFS replacement levels, 25% and 50%. Initially, the pastes were exposed to three different salt solutions composed of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride to assess their chloride binding capacity. Then, various volumes of nitric acid were added to the salt solution, and the amount of released bound chlorides was quantified at acid-to-paste sample mass ratios of 4%, 8%, 11%, 15%, and 19%. The results revealed that the incorporation of GGBFS increased the chloride binding capacity of the paste samples and their resistance to chloride desorption compared to their OPC counterparts. Additionally, the pH of the exposure solution, the cation of chloride salt, and GGBFS replacement level also influenced the extent of chloride desorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment entitled 'Potassium-magnesium interaction in coleus (Solenostemon rotundifolius) productivity' was conducted during the period of July to November 2020 at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, with an objective to assess the effect of potassium and magnesium sulphate application on tuber yield of coleus. The treatments consisted of twelve combinations of potassium chloride and magnesium sulphate doses laid out in RBD. Potassium (K2O) was applied at rate of 60 kg/ha (soil test based), 100kg/ha (PoP recommendation) and a check (no potassium). Magnesium sulphate was applied at four doses 0 kg/ha, 10 kg/ha, 20 kg/h and 40 kg/ha. Growth parameters such as plant height, drymatter production of shoot, dry matter production of tubers as well as total dry matter production were significantly influenced by potassium nutrition. However, root to shoot ratio as well as LAI at peak vegetative stage did not vary significantly with potassium application. Dry matter production of both shoot and tuber increased with increasing levels of potassium. Tuber yield was the highest when potassium was applied @ 100 kg/ha followed by potassium application @ 60 kg/ha which differed statistically. Effect of magnesium sulphate application on yield was non significant. However K-Mg interaction effect was significant and the highest tuber yield was registered when K2O was applied @ 100 kg/ha along with foliar application of MgSO4 @ 10 kg/ha as well as K2O @ 100 kg/ha with soil application of MgSO4 @ 40 kg/ha which were at par. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anesthesia serves as an effective method to mitigate the stress response in aquatic animals during aquaculture and product transportation. In this study, we assessed the anesthetic efficacy of clove oil, tricaine methane-sulfonate (MS-222), ethanol, and magnesium chloride by anesthesia duration, recovery time, 24-hour survival rate, and the behavior of mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain). Additionally, the optimal anesthetic concentration for varying body weights of mud crabs was also investigated. The results revealed that clove oil emerged as the optimal anesthetic for mud crabs, with a 24-hour survival rate surpassing those observed in MS-222 and magnesium chloride treatments. Ethanol caused amputation and hyperactivity in mud crabs. Regression analyses between the optimal anesthetic concentration of clove oil and the weight categories of 0.03–27.50 g and 27.50–399.73 g for mud crabs yielded the following equations: y = 0.0036 x3 − 0.1629 x2 + 1.7314 x + 4.085 (R2 = 0.7115) and y = 0.0437 x + 2.9461 (R2 = 0.9549). Clove oil exhibited no significant impact on serum cortisol, glucose, lactate content, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, or superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mud crabs across different treatment groups. Anesthesia induced by clove oil in mud crabs resulted in an increase in inhibitory neurotransmitters such as glycine. However, the recovery from anesthesia was associated with elevated levels of the excitatory neurotransmitters L-aspartic acid and glutamate. In conclusion, clove oil proves to be a safe and optimal anesthetic agent for mud crabs, exerting no physiological stress on the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to systematically study the synergistic effect of gas hydrate inhibition with mixtures of methanol (MeOH) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2), the impact of these compounds on the thermodynamic stability of methane hydrate in the systems of CH4–MeOH–H2O, CH4–MgCl2–H2O, and CH4–MeOH–MgCl2–H2O was experimentally investigated. The pressure and temperature conditions of the three-phase vapor–aqueous solution–gas hydrate equilibrium were determined for these systems. The resulting dataset has 164 equilibrium points within the range of 234–289 K and 3–13 MPa. All equilibrium points were measured as the endpoint of methane hydrate dissociation during the heating stage. The phase boundaries of methane hydrate were identified for 8 systems with MeOH (up to 60 mass%), 5 MgCl2 solutions (up to 26.7 mass%), and 14 mixtures of both inhibitors. Most equilibrium points were measured using a ramp heating technique (0.1 K/h) under isochoric conditions when the fluids were stirred at 600 rpm. It was found that even a 0.5 K/h heating rate for the CH4–MgCl2–H2O system at low salt concentrations, along with all mixed aqueous solutions with methanol, gives results that do not differ from 0.1 K/h, considering the measurement uncertainties. Most measurements for the CH4–MgCl2–H2O system at high salt content were acquired using a step heating technique. The coefficients of the empirical equations approximating the equilibrium points for each inhibitor concentration were defined. The change in the slope parameter of the empirical equation was analyzed as a function of inhibitor content. Correlations that accurately describe the thermodynamic inhibition effect of methane hydrate with methanol and magnesium chloride on a mass% and mol% scale were obtained. The freezing temperatures of single and mixed aqueous solutions of methanol and magnesium chloride were determined experimentally to confirm the thermodynamic consistency of the methane hydrate equilibrium data.

This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the properties of a binder based on high-calcium fly ash and silica fume with a complex additive consisting of calcium nitrate and magnesium chloride. The strength characteristics, the characteristics of the hydration process, and the phase composition of the hydration products of the binder were investigated. Silica fume was used to suppress the expansion of fly ash during hydration. A complex additive (CA) consisting of Ca(NO3)2 and MgCl2 provided a higher strength of binder than each of these salts separately. When testing a mortar with sand, the CA additive ensured that the strength of the specimens was 43.5% higher than the strength of the mortar with the addition of Ca(NO3)2 and 7.5% higher than the strength of the mortar with the MgCl2 additive. Calcium nitrate greatly accelerated the process of heat release in the first 60 min of binder hydration, and subsequently, conversely, slowed it down. The addition of MgCl2 gave a significantly greater thermal effect than Ca(NO3)2. When the two salts acted together, even a small fraction of magnesium chloride (0.2 of CA) compensated for the retarding effect of calcium nitrate and provided heat release for the binder that was almost as good as that of MgCl2.

Simple Summary: Anaesthetising invertebrates is a welfare issue, but because there are so many different invertebrates (97% of all animal species), it is of the utmost importance to work out the most appropriate way to anaesthetise each group or even particular species of animals. In order to reduce stress and pain to the animals, clinical anaesthetics offer a standardised approach, given their known and well-studied effects at both system and cellular levels. Here, we show that the clinical anaesthetic isoflurane (1%), often used by veterinarians, can anaesthetise octopuses quickly and efficiently when used in conjunction with 1% magnesium chloride, which acts as a muscle relaxant. Recovery is equally quick, and the whole process from anaesthetisation to recovery is completed in 30 to 35 min, minimising animal stress. A wide variety of substances have been used to anaesthetise invertebrates, but many are not anaesthetics and merely incapacitate animals rather than preventing pain. In essence, the role of an ideal general anaesthetic is to act as a muscle relaxant, an analgesic, an anaesthetic, and an amnesic. To achieve all these properties with a single substance is difficult, and various adjuvants usually need to be administered, resulting in a cocktail of drugs. In a clinical setting, the vast majority of patients are unaware of surgery being carried out and have no memory of it, so they can claim to have felt no pain, but this is much more difficult to demonstrate in invertebrates. Here, we show that 1% MgCl2, a muscle relaxant, is a useful adjuvant for the clinical anaesthetic isoflurane on Octopus vulgaris when applied alone in seawater for 10 min before the clinical anaesthetic. After this, full anaesthesia can be achieved in 5 min using 1% isoflurane insufflated into the saline still containing MgCl2. Full recovery takes place rapidly in about 10 to 15 min. The depth of anaesthesia was monitored using changes in respiratory rate, chromatophore pattern, and withdrawal movements of the arms and siphon. This methodology reduces stress on the animal and minimises the quantity of anaesthetic used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preoperative time is a very stressful time for most patients undergoing surgery, particularly young patients. The primary goal of an anaesthesiologist is to reduce patients' anxiety before surgery. To lessen this stress response, many anaesthetic pre-medications are used. Magnesium chloride and dexmedetomidine are two of these pre-medications that work well as sedatives. This study examined dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate as a pre-anaesthetic medication for kids. Dexmedetomidine and magnesium will be compared for their efficacy and safety in treating children who experience emerging anxiety after having their tonsils removed in this trial. Forty-five children between the ages of 4 and 12 years who were having elective adenotonsillectomy surgery in this comparative prospective, double-blind, randomised controlled clinical research. Children were split up into three groups: group A was given dexmedetomidine, group B was given magnesium infusion, and group C was given normal saline 0.9% infusion. Results: Ramsay and Cravero scores revealed that children who got dexmedetomidine infusion were less agitated than those who received magnesium sulphate or normal saline infusion (p value 0.01). Conclusions: When comparing dexmedetomidine to magnesium sulphate, there are a few advantages to its use. It can be administered as an anaesthetic medication to minors undergoing adenotonsillectomy under general anaesthesia in order to lessen postoperative agitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, chemical solidification has been widely utilized to enhance problematic soil's finer structural integrity and macrostructural properties. Nevertheless, most study pertains to the soil of the temperate zone, and comparative investigation on highly plastic laterite soil stabilized with strong electrolyte is very limited. The objective of this study is to ascertain the performance of Hexa-hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2·6H2O or bischofite), an Eco-friendly stabilizer, on the macro- and micro-structural description of highly plastic laterite soil collected from Warangal, Telangana state of India. The Bischofite was incorporated with laterite soil in different dosages (2–12%) for optimal soil bischofite mix. The effect of hydrogen ions on the structural arrangement and mechanical modification of clay with curing periods was investigated by PH. The plasticity is changed substantially by the addition of bischofite. Standard compaction tests, Strength of unconfined samples (UCS), and shear strength tests were accustomed to scoping the strength aspects of untreated and treated samples. There was a noticeable improvement in soil strength when stabilized with the selected additive. The degree of strength improvement was triple that of the untreated sample at optimal additive content (8%). Furthermore, the result of consolidation tests at optimal additive content showed resistance to compressibility than natural soil. In addition, combined XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, and BET surface area showed that the macrostructural and microstructural advancement of laterite soil could be ascribed to the early physical support in the soil structure due to the optimal additions. Subsequently generated (M-A-H) weak cementitious Hydrates play a vital role using pozzolanic reaction with active ions. The results show that the microstructure is strongly related to mechanical solidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of electrolyte solutions under pressure at a molecular level is a crucial issue in the fundamental science of understanding the nature of ion solvation and association and application fields, such as geological processes on the Earth, pressure-induced protein denaturation, and supercritical water technology. We report the structure of an aqueous 2 m (=mol kg−1) MgCl2 solution at pressures from 0.1 MPa to 4 GPa and temperatures from 300 to 500 K revealed by X-ray- and neutron-scattering measurements. The scattering data are analyzed by empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) modeling to derive the pair distribution functions, coordination number distributions, angle distributions, and spatial density functions (3D structure) as a function of pressure and temperature. Mg2+ forms rigid solvation shells extended to the third shell; the first solvation shell of six-fold octahedral coordination with about six water molecules at 0 GPa transforms into about five water molecules and one Cl− due to the formation of the contact ion pairs in the GPa pressure range. The Cl− solvation shows a substantial pressure dependence; the coordination number of a water oxygen atom around Cl− increases from 8 at 0.1 MPa/300 K to 10 at 4 GPa/500 K. The solvent water transforms the tetrahedral network structure at 0.1 MPa/300 K to a densely packed structure in the GPa pressure range; the number of water oxygen atoms around a central water molecule gradually increases from 4.6 at 0.1 MPa/298 K to 8.4 at 4 GPa/500 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of a bidentate aromatic N,N'-donor ligand, 2,2′-biimidazole (BIIMH2), as an extractant in the form of 1-octyl-2,2′-biimidazole (OBIIMH) and related derivatives in the solvent extraction of base metal ions (Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) from an acidic sulfonate medium using dinonylnaphthalene disulfonic acid (DNNDSA) as a synergist was investigated. OBIIMH with DNNDSA as a co-extractant showed a lack of selectivity for base metals ions (Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) despite its similarity with a related bidentate aromatic ligand, 2,2′-pyridylimidazole, which showed preference for Ni(II) ions. The nickel(II) specificity, through stereochemical "tailor-making", was not achieved as expected and the extracted species were isolated to study the underlying chemistry. The homemade metal sulfonate salts, M(RSO3)2·6H2O (R = Toluene and M2+ = Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+), were used as precursors of the metal complexes of BIIMH2 using toluene-4-sulfonic acid as the representative sulfonate. Spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal X-ray analysis supported the formation of similar neutral distorted octahedral sulfonato complexes through the bis coordination of BIIMH2 and two sulfonate ions rather than the formation of cationic complex species with anion coordination of sulfonates. We attributed the observation of similar complex species and the similar stability constants of the bis-complexes in solution as the cause for the lack of pH-metric separation of the later 3d metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although incidence of clinical hypocalcemia in postpartum dairy cows is low in US dairies, subclinical hypocalcemia after calving is common and has been associated with metabolic and infectious disease. It is widespread farm practice to feed a diet rich in anions to prepartum dairy cattle to support calcium homeostasis. However, this diet is typically discontinued at parturition, when calcium needs are still high. The objective of this trial was to determine the effects of extending metabolic acidification into the first 3 d of lactation in multiparous Holstein cows with the use of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) hexahydrate drenches on blood ionized calcium concentrations. Adult Holstein cows at a commercial dairy in their second or higher lactation, with a urine pH of 6.8 or less on the day of calving, were randomly assigned to either treatment or control groups, resulting in 13 cows in the treatment group and 14 cows in the control group. Treatment cows received 480 g of oral MgCl2 hexahydrate once daily for 3 d for continued acidification starting on the day of calving, whereas cows in the control group received no treatment. Urine pH was measured daily for 5 d, starting on the day of calving (0 DIM), to assess acidification status; blood was collected on day of calving (0 DIM), 2 DIM, and 4 DIM and analyzed for ionized calcium concentrations. Differences in blood ionized calcium and urine pH over time were compared using longitudinal data analysis. Urine pH was lower in treatment cows compared with control cows at 1, 2, and 3 DIM. Blood ionized calcium concentrations were different from baseline, taken at enrollment (0 DIM) and at 2 and 4 DIM in both treatment and control cows. However, no difference was detectable between treatment and control cows at 2 or 4 DIM with respect to blood ionized calcium concentrations. Oral supplementation with MgCl2 hexahydrate resulted in the desired acidification of urine pH in the treatment group, similar to feeding of an anionic close-up diet. Continued acidification of dairy cows until 2 DIM did not result in clinically meaningful higher blood calcium concentrations compared with controls, and further research is needed, to identify physiological reasons for this finding.

The term “desolvation inability” is proposed in order to describe the alteration of the original chemical structure of a solute (“decomposition”) prior to the solvent’s full removal upon the heating of the solvate. This behavior has been sporadically reported; however, it is much more frequent, and it is the basis of various, seemingly unrelated, effects/processes, e.g., the vinegar syndrome of cellulose acetate cinematographic films, in thermal energy storage. An explanation and a criterion/index for the prediction of this behavior are provided based on the comparison of the Gibbs free energies of decomposition and desolvation. A new approach for the expression of the Gibbs free energy of desolvation is proposed by reversing the roles of the solute and solvent and by regarding water as the solute rather than as the solvent, while the solute is treated as a solid solvent. This approach results in lower solvation/desolvation Gibbs free energy values. Based on the above, the experimentally observed thermal behavior of three inorganic hydrates is predicted and explained. Theoretically and experimentally, it is supported that decomposition is possible at sub-zero (°C) temperatures and the regarded simultaneous drying and protection of heat-sensitive substances by freeze-drying, at least in some cases, e.g., for the case of gallic acid, is an unverified myth.

Magnesium borates (MB) nanorods are widely used as reinforcing materials due to high mechanical strength and resilience to heat and corrosion. However, difficulties in synthesis of single-phase MB continue to reduce the mechanical properties of composites. Herein, a single-phase Magnesium borate (Mg 2 B 2 O 5) in the form of nanorod has been synthesized using an optimized molar ratio of magnesia (MgO) and boric acid (H 3 BO 3) by combining solution reaction and sintering process. Phase and microstructural changes of as synthesized magnesium borate (MB) crystals during the reaction sintering process in between 700 °C and 1200 °C has been closely examined with the help of various characterization techniques. Phases of magnesium borate starts appearing on thermal treatment above 700 °C. Phase transformation of magnesium borate from monoclinic to orthorhombic followed by triclinic was also observed during the thermal treatment. The optimum temperature to obtain pure triclinic Mg 2 B 2 O 5 phase was found to be in between 1100°C and 1200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The individual effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) on the performance of magnesia-based cement is the main focus of this study. Different magnesium oxide–glass waste (MgO–GW) mixtures of MgO-to-SiO2 molar ratios (MgO/SiO2) of 1, 2, and 3 were prepared and characterized. The results revealed that the mixture having MgO/SiO2=2 showed the best performance at all curing ages. The addition of 3% by weight NaOH significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the MgO–GW mixture at MgO/SiO2=2. Further addition of NaOH (5% and 7% by weight) caused a notable reduction in the compressive strength values, suggesting the negative effect of high NaOH content on the binding capacity of the produced binder. Increasing the MgCl2 content up to 5% by weight improved the performance of the fabricated cement; meanwhile, the addition of 7% by weight MgCl2 showed the lowest effect. Furthermore, pH is regarded as the key point that affects the performance of magnesia-based cement materials. Two hydration mechanisms were identified, depending on the type of chemical admixture. NaOH increased the pH of the cementitious system, accompanied by speeding up the formation rate of magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) through the improvement of the dissolution of the silicate network within the GW material. Another mechanism was detected in the MgCl2–MgO–GW composite, in which an extra magnesium oxychloride phase (Phase 5: 5 Mg (OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O) was formed besides M–S–H, yielding hardened samples with the highest mechanical properties. Hence, the results herein show that desirable NaOH and MgCl2 contents enhance the feasibility of utilizing GW to produce a high-performance, eco-friendly binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the electrochemical deoxidation of Ti scrap metal was performed at 800, 850, 900, and 950 °C using graphite and Pt as the electrodes and molten MgCl2 as the electrolyte. These temperatures were selected to investigate how the efficacy of deoxidation was affected by the Ti crystallographic structure, as the body-centered cubic β-Ti phase occurs above 882 °C. The results revealed that temperature significantly influences the oxygen diffusion rate and kinetics of deoxidation reactions. A corresponding kinetic model was developed to gain insights into the deoxidation mechanism. The measured oxygen content after deoxidation at 800, 850, 900, and 950 °C was 2100, 1900, 1500, and 3494 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of MgO activity on the Ti deoxidation rate was experimentally proven to be a function of temperature. These findings indicate that the best deoxidation performance is achieved at 900 °C, compared to the other tested temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-invasive delivery of hyaluronan into the stratum corneum (SC) is extremely difficult because of its high molecular weight and the strong barrier of the SC. We developed a safe method of administering hyaluronan into the human SC and determined its penetration route. The amount of hyaluronan that penetrated into the SC was 1.5–3 times higher in the presence of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2) than other metal chlorides. The root-mean-square radius of hyaluronan in water decreased with the addition of MgCl2. Moreover, MgCl2 solutions maintained their dissolved state on a plastic plate for a long time, suggesting that size compaction and inhibition of hyaluronan precipitation on the skin enhanced hyaluronan into the SC. Our results also strongly suggest that an intercellular route contributes to the penetration of hyaluronan from the upper to the middle layer of the SC. No disruption to the SC barrier was observed after continuous use once a day for 1 month, demonstrating the potential of our method for the safe, topical application of hyaluronan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (BPTES) is a selective inhibitor of glutaminase-1 (GLS1), consequently inhibiting glutaminolysis. BPTES is known for its potent antitumor activity and plays a significant role in senescent cell removal. In this study, we synthesized [11C-carbonyl]BPTES ([11C]BPTES) as a positron emission tomography (PET) probe for the first time and assessed its biodistribution in mice using PET. [11C]BPTES was synthesized by the reaction of an amine precursor () with [11C-carbonyl]phenylacetyl acid anhydride ([11C]2), which was prepared from [11C]CO2 and benzyl magnesium chloride, followed by in situ treatment with isobutyl chloroformate. The decay-corrected isolated radiochemical yield of [11C]BPTES was 9.5% (based on [11C]CO2) during a synthesis time of 40 min. A PET study with [11C]BPTES showed high uptake levels of radioactivity in the liver, kidney, and small intestine of mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]