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Craniofacial phenotyping is critical for both syndrome delineation and diagnosis because craniofacial abnormalities occur in 30% of characterized genetic syndromes. Clinical reports, textbooks, and available software tools typically provide two-dimensional, static images and illustrations of the characteristic phenotypes of genetic syndromes. In this work, we provide an interactive web application that provides three-dimensional, dynamic visualizations for the characteristic craniofacial effects of 95 syndromes. Users can visualize syndrome facial appearance estimates quantified from data and easily compare craniofacial phenotypes of different syndromes. Our application also provides a map of morphological similarity between a target syndrome and other syndromes. Finally, users can upload 3D facial scans of individuals and compare them to our syndrome atlas estimates. In summary, we provide an interactive reference for the craniofacial phenotypes of syndromes that allows for precise, individual-specific comparisons of dysmorphology.

Neuronal morphology can be represented using various feature representations, such as hand-crafted morphometrics and deep features. These features are complementary to each other, contributing to improving performance. However, existing classification methods only utilize a single feature representation or simply concatenate different features without fully considering their complementarity. Therefore, their performance is limited and can be further improved. In this paper, we propose a multi-level feature fusion network that fully utilizes diverse feature representations and their complementarity to effectively describe neuronal morphology and improve performance. Specifically, we devise a Multi-Level Fusion Module (MLFM) and incorporate it into each feature extraction block. It can facilitate the interaction between different features and achieve effective feature fusion at multiple levels. The MLFM comprises a channel attention-based Feature Enhancement Module (FEM) and a cross-attention-based Feature Interaction Module (FIM). The FEM is used to enhance robust morphological feature presentations, while the FIM mines and propagates complementary information across different feature presentations. In this way, our feature fusion network ultimately yields a more distinctive neuronal morphology descriptor that can effectively characterize neurons than any singular morphological representation. Experimental results show that our method effectively depicts neuronal morphology and correctly classifies 10-type neurons on the NeuronMorpho-10 dataset with an accuracy of 95.18%, outperforming other approaches. Moreover, our method performs well on the NeuronMorpho-12 and NeuronMorpho-17 datasets and possesses good generalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shape analysis of a large sample of the thecideid brachiopod Thecidellina from the Pliocene and Pleistocene rocks on the Caribbean island of Curaçao highlights asymmetry within the population. However, the 30 analysed specimens display a lack of a consistent asymmetry. The brachiopods were cemented to substrates by a cicatrix, accommodated by a change in shell structure. The plastic morphology of Thecidellina may have been due to overcrowding and competition for resources on limited substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two morphologically and genetically distinct salamander species (the crested newt, Triturus cristatus and the marbled newt, T. marmoratus) engage over a large area in the west of France where they hybridize at ca. 4%. The species interaction is characterized by ecological differentiation and limited gene flow beyond the F1 hybrid generation. Incompletely isolated species like these allow to investigate the genetic mechanisms and evolutionary forces that maintain their identity in the face of ongoing gene flow, to which a large mosaic hybrid zone provides excellent opportunities. A reanalysis of published morphological data supports the partial breakdown of the species barrier whereas extensive genetic data show that introgression is low yet asymmetric, in line with the dynamics of species replacement inferred earlier. The current work, with seven diagnostic nuclear markers studied for a large sample, revises the estimates of introgression in both T. cristatus (to 0.24%) and T. marmoratus (to 0.11%). Difficulties remain in the recognition of potential triploid hybrids versus backcross hybrids. Haldane's rule is partially supported, but deeper analyses require the use of a molecular marker for sex that is not yet available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: An easy-to-use tool to objectively measure intraoral anatomy with meaningful clinical correlations may improve care for patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), who commonly have symptomatic macroglossia. Methods: Children aged 2–17 years with BWS were enrolled between 12/2021 and 01/2024. Digital intraoral photographs with a laser ruler were taken, and morphometric measurements were made using ImageJ software. Relationships between morphometrics and outcomes including BWS clinical score, percentage mosaicism, and incidence of tongue reduction surgery were examined using t-tests and multivariate linear models. Results: Pharyngeal morphometric measurements were obtained in 49 patients with BWS. Mouth area, width, and height differed significantly across BWS molecular subtypes. Right-to-left tongue width and mouth width were larger in those with loss of methylation at imprinting control region 2 (IC2 LOM) than other BWS variants. Patients with paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 11p15 (pUPD11) had narrower mouths than others. Those with tongue reduction surgery had more tongue ridging than those without surgery. There were correlations between mouth area and BWS clinical score, tongue width and BWS clinical score, and tongue length and percentage mosaicism. Conclusion: Intraoral morphometric measurements are associated with phenotypic burden in BWS. Tongue morphology varies across the BWS spectrum, with IC2 LOM having wider tongues and mouths, and pUPD11 having narrower mouths. Tongue ridging is more common in those selected for surgery. Intraoral morphometric measurements may be safely obtained at low costs across centers caring for children with BWS or others at risk of upper airway obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The versatility of the shark body form is suggested to be one of the key factors underlying their evolutionary success and persistence. Nevertheless, sharks exhibit a huge diversity of body forms and morphological adaptations. More subtly, it is increasingly evident that in many species, morphology varies through ontogeny. Multiple competing hypotheses exist explaining both the function of specific morphological structures and the interspecific distribution of these ontogenetic morphological shifts. However, existing studies are restricted to a small number of mostly large‐bodied species. In this study, we report allometric scaling relationships from functionally important morphological structures in the spadenose shark (Scoliodon laticaudus). We find that a mosaic of isometric and allometric growth underlies the scaling trends in this species and that cases of allometry are consistent with an ontogenetic shift in diet. Moreover, our results refute suggestions that small‐bodied sharks grow isometrically. Given the small number of existing studies of ontogenetic morphometry in sharks and the life‐history/ecological characteristics of S. laticaudus, this study is a valuable contribution to our understanding of the adaptive value of ontogenetic morphological shifts in elasmobranchs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discolaimus haridwarensis sp. n. is described from agricultural fields of sugarcane in the Haridwar district, India. It is characterized by its 2.11–2.32 mm long body, lip region offset by deep constriction and 27–30 μm wide, odontostyle 20–23 μm long with aperture occupying 50–54% of its length, 436–487 μm long neck, pharyngeal expansion 57–59% of total neck length, uterus a simple tube-like structure 22–31 μm long or 0.3–0.5 times the corresponding body diameter, pars refringens vaginae absent, transverse vulva (V = 48–55), female tail conoid (34–40 µm, c = 53–68, c′ = 1.0–1.3) with rounded terminus, and males absent. The phylogenetic analysis inferred from the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene and 18S rRNA gene sequences showed that Discolaimus haridwarensis sp. n. clustered with other dorylaimid species from the genus Discolaimus and the subfamily Discolaiminae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the distribution, habitat association, morphometrics, meristics, and reproductive attributes of Amblyraja radiata over much of its Canadian range, Grand Banks to Arctic waters. It is distributed widely on the shelf and upper slope between 30 and 1288 m, reaching highest density in 100–400 m and occupying most available temperatures, between −1.0 and 8.8 °C, but concentrating in 1.6–3.5 °C. The maximum (and average) size decreases with increasing latitude in a continuum from 102 cm (55 cm) in the south, to 45 cm (20 cm) in the north. The proportion of mature fish increases with depth (40% at 0–50 m to 80% at 1150–1200 m) and temperature (35% at <0 °C to 55% at 5+ °C). The size at maturity decreases south to north; size at onset of maturity in males—43 (south) to 19 (north) cm, in females—49 to 23 cm; length at 50% maturity in males—74 to 44 cm, in females—66 to 40 cm. A. radiata maturity is also reflected in the rapid increase in the size of secondary sexual characteristics. Some meristics were consistent over the entire study area (spines near the spiracles and shoulders) while others varied with latitude (teeth rows, midline spines, spines near the eyes, % dorsal fins joined, spines between dorsal fins) or by fish length/maturity; the tail length/total length as a proportion of total length decreased during Stage 1 then increased at onset of maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Andean Altiplano, known for its extreme weather and high biodiversity, is an ideal place to study how insects adapt to their environment. This research focuses on the butterfly species Phulia nymphula, which is common in the high-altitudinal Andes Mountains, to identify how their wing shapes vary across six locations in the Northern Chilean Altiplano. By analyzing the wings of 77 butterflies, the study found significant differences in wing shape, likely due to local environmental conditions. These differences suggest that the butterflies have adapted to their specific habitats. The findings showed how the wing shape differentiate between localities across the Northern Altiplano and provide insights into how high-altitude species evolve and adapt through changes in their morphology, highlighting the role of ecological and evolutionary processes in shaping biodiversity in extreme environments. The Andean Altiplano, characterized by its extreme climatic conditions and high levels of biodiversity, provides a unique environment for studying ecological and evolutionary adaptations in insect morphology. Butterflies, due their large wing surface compared to body surface, and wide distribution among a geographical area given the flight capabilities provided by their wings, constitute a good biological model to study morphological adaptations following extreme weathers. This study focuses on Phulia nymphula, a butterfly species widely distributed in the Andes, to evaluate wing shape variation across six localities in the Northern Chilean Altiplano. The geometric morphometrics analysis of 77 specimens from six locations from the Chilean Altiplano (Caquena, Sorapata Lake, Chungará, Casiri Macho Lake, Surire Salt Flat, and Visviri) revealed significant differences in wing shape among populations. According to the presented results, variations are likely influenced by local environmental conditions and selective pressures, suggesting specific adaptations to the microhabitats of the Altiplano. The first three principal components represented 60.92% of the total wing shape variation. The detected morphological differences indicate adaptive divergence among populations, reflecting evolutionary responses to the extreme and fragmented conditions of the Altiplano. This study gives insights into the understanding of how high-altitude species can diversify and adapt through morphological variation, providing evidence of ecological and evolutionary processes shaping biodiversity in extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larval morphology in brachyuran crabs is an essential trait defining survival in the planktonic environment. The present study describes the morphology (carapace and chelipeds) of megalopa larvae in three different species (Percnon gibbesi, Cronius ruber , and Achelous hastatus) using geometric morphometric analysis (GMA). The study aim was to compare the observed body patterns at interspecific and intraspecific levels. The results showed a marked interspecific distinction of C. ruber larvae based on the rostral region of carapace and cheliped length. We relate these differences to advantages in life performance, as in other animal models, suggesting that larval morphology can be another factor contributing to the invasiveness of C. ruber. At intraspecific level, we found a high morphological similarity between two distant geographical locations, indicating strong genetic connectivity in the populations of P. gibbesi from the Canary Islands. Our findings advance the importance of larval morphology for species performance during the plankton phase that eventually can determine invasiveness in brachyuran crabs. We suggest future studies focusing on the inter-population comparisons of megalopa morphology at larger spatiotemporal scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argyreia Lour. is a speciose genus in the Convolvulaceae. However, the genus contains several problematic species complexes due to their morphological similarity. In this study, we aimed to resolve the Argyreia collinsiae complex, which consists of four similar operational taxonomic units (OTUs), i.e., A. collinsiae (Craib) Na Songkhla & Traiperm, A. dokmaihom Traiperm & Staples, A. versicolor (Kerr) Staples & Traiperm, and a peculiar OTU typically known as the large-bract morphotype of A. collinsiae. Following morphological comparison and phenetic analysis, all four OTUs were found to be distinct. However, the large-bract morphotype of A. collinsiae was confirmed to be more closely related to the original morphotype of A. collinsiae than to the other two species. Species distribution modeling (SDM) was then conducted for both morphotypes of A. collinsiae, revealing different geographical ranges of suitable habitat for each. In conclusion, the large-bract morphotype of A. collinsiae was described in this study as a new subspecies, A. collinsiae subsp. megabracteata Traiperm & Srisombat, subsp. nov., based on morphological differences and separate geographic range. We also provide here an identification key, description, detailed illustrations, distribution data, and ecological notes of the new subspecies. An updated description of A. versicolor and an assessment of its conservation status were also prepared since the original description was based solely on dried herbarium specimens and lacks key details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spike shape and morphometric characteristics are among the key characteristics of cultivated cereals, being associated with their productivity. These traits are often used for the plant taxonomy and authenticity of hexaploid wheat species. Manual measurement of spike characteristics is tedious and not precise. Recently, the authors of this study developed a method for wheat spike morphometry utilizing 2D image analysis. Here, this method is applied to study variations in spike size and shape for 190 plants of seven hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) species and one artificial amphidiploid of wheat. Five manually estimated spike traits and 26 traits obtained from digital image analysis were analyzed. Image-based traits describe the characteristics of the base, center and apex of the spike and common parameters (circularity, roundness, perimeter, etc.). Estimates of similar traits by manual measurement and image analysis were shown to be highly correlated, suggesting the practical importance of digital spike phenotyping. The utility of spike traits for classification into types (spelt, normal and compact) and species or amphidiploid is shown. It is also demonstrated that the estimates obtained made it possible to identify the spike characteristics differing significantly between species or between accessions within the same species. The present work suggests the usefulness of wheat spike shape analysis using an approach based on characteristics obtained by digital image analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of grapevines has spanned millennia, leading to thousands of varieties through exchanges, mutations, and crosses between genotypes, as well probably as gene flow from wild populations. These varieties are typically categorized by regional origin and primary use, either for wine production or fruit consumption. France, within the Western European group, hosts many of the world’s renowned wine grape varieties. However, the historical development of cultivated grapevines in France and in the world remains poorly understood. This study applies morphometry on 19,377 charred and waterlogged archaeological grape pips to investigate the evolutionary history of grapevine in France over the last 10,000 years. The study compares seed outlines and lengths, corrected for taphonomic distortions, with a reference collection of 80 wild and 466 modern domestic grapevine accessions. Findings reveal a shift from wild grapevine exploitation to the expansion of domestic varieties around 600–500 BCE, coinciding with Mediterranean cultural influences and the introduction of eastern grape types. The identification of the East-Table group, a group of varieties of eastern origin for fruit consumption, indicates that grapes were also grown for food, especially in Mediterranean regions and near urban areas, alongside wine production. Early French viticulture featured a notable presence of Western European wine-type grapevines. The abundance of pips with wild-like morphology suggests early cultivation involved plants at an initial domestication stage and gene flow between introduced and wild grapevines. As viticulture spread northward, wild and Eastern morphotypes declined, leading to the dominance of Western European wine types in inner France during the Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kekenodontids are the only known archaeocetes (stem cetaceans) from the late Oligocene. They possess a unique combination of morphological features seen in both more primitive Eocene basilosaurid archaeocetes and more derived Neoceti (mysticetes and odontocetes). However, much remains unknown about the clade, including its acoustic biology. Based on its phylogenetic position crownward to basilosaurids as the latest‐diverging archaeocete, we hypothesize that kekenodontids would be specialized for hearing low‐frequency sounds. Here, we provide the first report on the cochlear anatomy of a kekenodontid using the holotype of Kekenodon onamata from New Zealand. We compare the cochlear morphology of K. onamata to a sample of extinct and extant cetaceans and quantify shape differences using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. The analyses show that K. onamata was indeed adapted to hear low frequencies and suggests low‐frequency hearing may be a characteristic of raptorial macrophagous fossil cetaceans in contrast to infrasonic bulk filter‐feeding mysticetes and ultrasonic echolocating odontocetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study explored the morphological differences in the carapaces of three tortoise species—Leopard tortoises (Stigmochelys pardalis), African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata), and Greek tortoises (Testudo graeca)—raised in captivity in Türkiye. Using 3D scanning and geometric morphometric analysis, we identified the vital shape variations and dimensional features across species. Principal component analysis revealed that PC1 and PC3 were significant in distinguishing species, with Leopard tortoises showing higher carapace shapes and African spurred tortoises having shorter carapaces. An allometric effect indicated that smaller tortoises had higher shells. These findings provide valuable insights for taxonomy and clinical practice, emphasizing the need to consider shape variations in tortoise care and species identification. The carapace morphology of tortoises is a crucial characteristic used for species identification, with features such as shell shape, roughness, and color patterns varying among species. Understanding this morphological diversity is valuable not only for taxonomic classification but also for more specialized clinical approaches. This study investigated the morphological differences in the shells of Leopard tortoises (Stigmochelys pardalis), African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata), and Greek tortoises (spur-thighed tortoises; Testudo graeca) raised in captivity. Using 3D scanners, the carapaces were modeled, and a 3D geometric morphometric method was employed to analyze shape variations and dimensional features, with landmarks applied automatically. Among the species studied, African spurred tortoises had the largest carapace size. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified PC1 and PC3 as critical factors in distinguishing between species based on morphological characteristics. Positive PC1 values, associated with a shorter carapace height, indicated a flatter or more compact shell shape. A higher PC3 value corresponded to a raised shape at the back of the shell, while a lower PC3 value indicated a raised shape at the front. Specifically, Leopard tortoises exhibited a higher carapace shape than the other species, while African spurred tortoises had shorter carapaces. An allometric effect was observed in the carapaces, where smaller specimens tended to be proportionately higher-domed, whereas larger shells displayed a lower height in shape. These findings highlight the significance of shape variations in tortoise shells, which emerge during adaptation and have important implications for taxonomy and clinical practice. Such differences should be carefully considered in veterinary care and species identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical shape analysis, or morphometrics, is a technique commonly used in evolutionary biology to summarise a population of samples. Theoretical morphometrics extends the current population of samples into a theoretical space. Using the lawn tennis racket as an example, this paper showcases the potential of morphometrics as a tool for inspiring design concepts for novel sporting goods. It showcases how morphometrics can be applied to summarise the shape of a sample of rackets and applies theoretical morphometrics to systematically present new candidate designs that fall outside of the inputted existing, racket population. The input population was 514 tennis rackets dating back to the origins of the game. The shape analysis was performed on "front-on" silhouette images of the rackets using the R Package Momocs. The outline shape of each racket was reconstructed using the elliptical Fourier transform curve fitting technique. A principal component analysis performed on the reconstructed outlines showed that >90% of the variance in the shape of the rackets was captured by the first two principal components. An evenly spaced grid of theoretical racket shape outlines was then created in a principal component 2 vs. principal component 1 "morphospace". The limits of this space were then expanded to give a theoretical morphospace that extended beyond the range of the first two principal components for the 514 samples. We propose that the shapes located within such a theoretical morphospace could inspire designers and help them to systematically identify candidates for novel products. Specifically, we suggest that experimenting with wide-angled throats and heads with angled sides might be an interesting starting point for exploring future tennis racket design concepts. The novel technique presented here could be used by a sporting goods brand during the ideation phase of product development to schematically summarise current designs and identify candidates for new ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seal lice, unique among insects, show remarkable adaptability to the extreme conditions of the deep sea. Evolving with their seal and sea lion hosts, they have managed to tolerate hypoxia, high salinity, low temperature, and elevated hydrostatic pressure. Given the diving capabilities of their mammalian hosts, which can reach depths of hundreds to thousands of meters, our study examines the morphological variation among closely related seal lice species infesting hosts with different maximum diving depths. In particular, our research reveals a significant morphological difference between lice associated with regular and deep-diving hosts, where lice from deep-diving hosts tend to be rounder. This could be an adaptation to withstand the high hydrostatic pressures found in the deep ocean. The rounded shape optimizes the louse's ability to withstand external pressure by redistributing it over a larger ventral/dorsal plane. This in turn minimizes the internal energy required to support body deformations, thereby increasing the louse's resilience in the deep sea environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitral valve regurgitation is one of the most common heart valve diseases that can occur when the structural composition of the mitral valve is affected. Mitral valve repair, typically performed in a minimally invasive setting, is a complex surgery that aims to reinstate the structural integrity of the valve and thereby restore normal valve function. The current practice lacks quantification of geometrical changes and interactive 3D visualization that could enhance the understanding of pathomorphological changes and impact of surgical correction. This work presents functionalities from smartMVR, a quantitative tool to measure, compare, and analyse changes in mitral valve geometry from data captured on-demand using an RGB-D camera. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated on a silicone replica of a pathological mitral valve that is iteratively corrected using common surgical techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the genus Sarcophaga have significant medical, veterinary, and forensic importance. They can act as mechanical carriers of enteropathogens in humans, cause myiasis in cattle, and aid in determining human remains and the Post-Mortem Interval (PMI) in forensic cases. Therefore, accurate identification of flesh fly species is crucial. Despite their importance, adult Sarcophaga species are difficult to identify correctly due to their similar appearances, with species identification typically relying on the morphology of male genitalia. In this study, we conducted wing morphometric analysis on 92 flesh fly specimens, comprising 12 species from Egypt. Each specimen's right wing was removed, photographed, mounted on a microscope slide, and digitized using 19 landmarks. The study analyzed the wing shape variation among different subgenera and species through canonical variate analysis, which separated the subgenera into distinct groups with a high percentage of correct classification. The analysis also showed some overlaps in wing shape among species within each subgenus, and most comparisons resulted in a high percentage of correct classification, except for S. jacobsoni and S. mennae. The phylogenetic tree based on the wing morphology of species largely placed each species into its respective subgenus. Our findings suggest that wing shape can serve as a reliable tool for distinguishing between different subgenera and species of flesh flies. This research provides valuable insights into improving the identification process of these important insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, 1789 and Pachyptila vittata (Forster, 1977) are considered vagrants in Brazil, with very few documented records in the country. Here, we present the first documented records of these species from the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Morphometrics, post-mortem examinations, and a genetic analysis allowed us to identify the species, reproductive status, cause of death, and sex of the specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new belondirid, dorylaimid taxon, Oleaxonchium olearum gen. et sp. nov., collected from an olive grove in the Andalusia region of Spain, is characterised, including its morphological description, morphometrics, SEM study, and molecular (18S-, 28S-rDNA) analyses. The new genus displays a unique combination of traits that distinguishes it from its closest genera: a rectangular lip region with sclerotized margins when observed in lateral view and visibly hexagonal in face view under SEM; a comparatively long cheilostom with thickened walls at its anterior part; a short isthmus-like section separating both pharyngeal regions; a mono-opistho-ovarian didelphic female genital system without pars refringens vaginae; and a short and rounded tail. The new species is characterised by its 2.44–2.87 mm long body, lip region 7–7.5 µm wide, odontostyle 10–10.5 µm long, neck 723–973 µm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 63–72% of the total neck length, female anterior genital branch 4–6% of body length, tripartite posterior uterus 1.9–2.6 body diameters long, with a short intermediate section bearing sclerotized elements, vulva (V = 58–61) a transverse slit, caudal region 29–35 µm long (c = 74–89, c' = 0.9–1.1), and male unknown. As derived from an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular data, the new genus is close to Metaxonchium, the polyphyly of Belondiridae is confirmed, and support is provided in favour of the monophyly of Axonchiinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of shape is a fundamental part of much biological research. Morphometrics, which incorporates concepts from biology, geometry, and statistics, is the study of the geometrical form of organisms. In addition, morphometric characteristics can be used to differentiate 'phenotypic stocks' as groups with similar growth, mortality, and reproductive rates. In this study, 25 morphometric characters were used to discriminate European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) stocks from Türkiye. Intraspecific variation of the European pilchard was investigated based on morphometric characters. Samples were collected from the Aegean Sea (AS; N = 54), the Sea of Marmara (MS; N = 50) and the Mediterranean Sea (MEDS; N = 50) during the 2019 fishing season. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) were used for stock discrimination of the European pilchard. Univariate statistics (ANOVA) showed that 24 of the 25 measurements differed significantly between samples to a varying degree (p < 0.001). According to CDA, an overall classification success rate of 87.7% was achieved using 12 morphometric parameters. All samples were clearly separated from each other in the discriminant space, suggesting that there was no strong intermingling between populations. In addition, we would like to conclude that the morphological difference is not at the genetic level, and would like to emphasize the need for additional stock discrimination methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species delimitation can be based on the consideration of several different criteria, including the differentiation of ecological or functional traits. Two species of Pacific rockfish, the dark rockfish (Sebastes ciliatus) and the dusky rockfish (Sebastes variabilis), appear to represent recently divergent evolutionary lineages. We evaluate evidence for the differentiation of these two species in somatic shape using geometric morphometrics at two locations in the northeast Pacific where they occur in sympatry. The somatic shape was significantly different between species, but the species' shape did not vary between the two locations. Sebastes ciliatus had an upturned and relatively smaller head, eye, and jaw, and an elongated midbody, whereas S. variabilis had a downturned and larger head, eye, and jaw, and a shorter midbody. These results suggest that S. ciliatus and S. variabilis are morphometrically differentiated in a similar way in both locations. The somatic shape differentiation between these two sympatric species is similar to genus-wide patterns of somatic shape differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleoneurological studies of mosasaurids are few and limited to old partial reconstructions made from latex casts on Platecarpus and Clidastes. Here, the brain endocasts of three specimens of the early mosasaurid Tethysaurus nopcsai from the Turonian of Morocco are reconstructed for the first time by using micro-computed tomography. Comparisons between Tethysaurus and the later Platecarpus and Clidastes show that distinct endocranial organizations have occurred within the clade through time, including differences in the flexure of the endocast and the size of the parietal eye. The physiological consequences of such variability remain unclear and further investigations are required to better interpret these variations. In addition, the endocast of Tethysaurus was compared to those of extant anguimorphs, iguanians, and snakes, using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. The results revealed that Tethysaurus exhibits a unique combination of endocranial features compared to extant toxicoferans. Contrary to previous statements, we find no strong resemblance in endocast morphology between Tethysaurus and varanids. Rather, the endocast of Tethysaurus shows some morphological similarities with each of the clades of anguimorphs, iguanians, and snakes. In this context, while a notable phylogenetic signal is observed in the variability of squamate endocasts, it is premature to establish any phylogenetic affinities between mosasaurids and extant squamates based solely on endocast morphologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the special anatomical structures in sturgeons is the pericardioperitoneal canal (PPC), which has not been studied much. Considering that the presence and absence of this channel and its morphometry have not been investigated in this type of fish, this study was conducted. Objective: The purpose of present study was to obtain a complete understanding about anatomical features and ultrasonography of PPC in the heart of immature beluga species in order to provide standard approaches for performing sonography and echocardiography on this sturgeon species. Methods: Ten immature belugas (Huso huso) were used to perform ultrasonography with Sonosite MicroMaxx ultrasonography machine of ventral approach between two pectoral fins. After performing the steps of ultrasonographic study, gross anatomical studies were also performed, and the morphometric measurement of the canal was also performed. Results: A small PPC was observed, which communicated between the pericardial cavity, and the peritoneal (coelomic) cavity. The cranial part of this channel, which was located immediately after the transverse septum, was on the midline of the body and was seen in midsagittal ultrasonograms. On average, the length of this canal was 3.23 ± 0.05 cm, and its diameter (cranial part) was 0.24 ± 0.04 cm. Conclusions: In the present study on immature beluga, it was observed that the canal is located behind the sinus venosus and is caudoventral to it, though behind the transverse septum. It has been mentioned that this PPC establishes a connection between the pericardial cavity and the peritoneal cavity, so this connection is between the peritoneal cavity and the space between the two layers of the pericardium and has no connection with the pericardial sac (the space where the heart is located). In this study, the anatomical structure and morphometry of the PPC in immature beluga were investigated, and some approaches were presented to observe the canal in ultrasonography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the impact of occupation on cognitive skills has been extensively studied, there is limited research examining if genetically predicted cognitive score may influence occupation. We examined the association between Cognitive Polygenic Index (PGI) and occupation, including the role of brain measures. Participants were recruited for the Reference Ability Neural Network and the Cognitive Reserve studies. Occupational complexity ratings for Data, People, or Things came from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. A previously-created Cognitive PGI and linear regression models were used for the analyses. Age, sex, education, and the first 20 genetic Principal Components (PCs) of the sample were covariates. Total cortical thickness and total gray matter volume were further covariates. We included 168 white-ethnicity participants, 20–80 years old. After initial adjustment, higher Cognitive PGI was associated with higher Data complexity (B=-0.526, SE = 0.227, Beta= -0.526 p = 0.022, R2 = 0.259) (lower score implies higher complexity). Associations for People or Things were not significant. After adding brain measures, association for Data remained significant (B=-0.496, SE: 0.245, Beta= -0.422, p = 0.045, R2 = 0.254). Similarly, for a further, fully-adjusted analysis including all the three occupational complexity measures (B=-0.568, SE = 0.237, Beta= -0.483, p = 0.018, R2 = 0.327). Cognitive genes were associated with occupational complexity over and above brain morphometry. Working with Data occupational complexity probably acquires higher cognitive status, which can be significantly genetically predetermined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Houseflies (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae) are medically important insect species because they serve as vectors of pathogens. The study generally described the sexual dimorphism of M. domestica based on their wing size and wing shape. This study examined 25 males and 25 females of F1 offspring from wild-caught M. domestica parents. The wings were digitized and 17 landmarks were obtained, scaled, translated, and rotated in General Procrustes Analysis. The wing size (centroid size) of male M. domestica species was significantly larger compared to females (t = - 2.38, df = 48, p = 0.0200). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Relative Warp Analysis (RWA) revealed that 29.72% of shape variation from the original data was attributed to a narrow wing shape, and 14.60% toa broad wing shape. Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) successfully distinguished female and male species based on wing shape, in which males have narrower wings compared to females, indicating the occurrence of sexual dimorphism in wings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study documents the first occurrence of Siganus fuscescens, known as the mottled spine foot, within the inshore waters of Vaan Island (latitude 8°73 N, longitude 78°16 E) and New Fishing Harbor (latitude 8°84 N, longitude 78°22 E), which are located in the Gulf of Mannar region. The species, commonly referred to as rabbitfishes, was captured by bottom-set gill nets deployed in reefassociated areas of the Gulf of Mannar at a depth of approximately 2-3 m. Furthermore, detailed analyses of the morphometric and meristic characteristics of the specimens were conducted using established taxonomic keys. A comprehensive discussion is also presented, elucidating the distribution patterns of Siganus species within the Gulf of Mannar region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are the most destructive nematode species in main pistachio cultivation areas of Iran, and adversely affect crop quality and yield. So far, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica have been reported infecting pistachio. In this study, four populations of M. arenaria were found infecting pistachio in Kerman and Khorasan Razavi provinces. The morphology and morphometrics of the recovered populations closely match the data given for other populations of the species. Molecular characterization of the recovered populations was performed by sequencing three genomic and mitochondrial regions, including D2-D3 of LSU rDNA, COII-16S and Nad5 mtDNA. The D2-D3 sequences had more than 99% identity with many sequences of tropical species. The COII-16S sequences had more than 99% identity with sequences of M. arenaria, M. morocciensis and M. thailandica. The Nad5 sequences had 99.81% identity with some sequences of M. arenaria. The D2-D3 and COII-16S sequences of M. arenaria did not form independent clades in corresponding Bayesian trees, but Nad5 sequences formed a monophyletic group in corresponding phylogeny. Based on this study, M. arenaria is present in Iran’s pistachio gardens, necessitating appropriate management measures.

A new species of the genus Paractinolaimus isolated from the bark of a dead red pine tree was characterized using morphometric data and molecular DNA barcodes. Paractinolaimus uljinensis n. sp. was characterized by its medium sized body 2.50 to 2.98 mm long; lip region truncate, angular and offset by a depression; odontostyle 23.5 to 27.0 μm long; basal shield of pharynx present; vulval opening wide and longitudinal, positioned slightly anteriorly (V = 42.5–47.7); several advulval papillae; female tail long and filiform (324.0–435.0 μm long, c’ = 10.1–14.2); a clearly visible copulatory hump; spicules 60.0 to 70.5 μm long; 12 to 15 (mostly 12–14) large contiguous ventromedian supplements, and male tail conoid to broadly rounded. The new species was morphologically compared with P. intermedius, P. sahandi, P. decraemerae, P. acutus, P. macrolaimus, and P. tuberculatus. The phylogenetic relationships among species were reconstructed using 18S- and 28S-rRNA gene sequences. The phylogenies showed well-supported sister relations of Paractinolaimus uljinensis n. sp. with P. sahandi, P. macrolaimus, and P. decraemerae. In addition, the ITS-rRNA gene sequences of Paractinolaimus uljinensis n. sp. were supplied, representing the first characterization of the gene for the genus.

Abstract Background An easy-to-use tool to objectively measure intraoral anatomy with meaningful clinical correlations may improve care for patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), who commonly have symptomatic macroglossia. Methods Children aged 2–17 years with BWS were enrolled between 12/2021 and 01/2024. Digital intraoral photographs with a laser ruler were taken, and morphometric measurements were made using ImageJ software. Relationships between morphometrics and outcomes including BWS clinical score, percentage mosaicism, and incidence of tongue reduction surgery were examined using t-tests and multivariate linear models. Results Pharyngeal morphometric measurements were obtained in 49 patients with BWS. Mouth area, width, and height differed significantly across BWS molecular subtypes. Right-to-left tongue width and mouth width were larger in those with loss of methylation at imprinting control region 2 (IC2 LOM) than other BWS variants. Patients with paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 11p15 (pUPD11) had narrower mouths than others. Those with tongue reduction surgery had more tongue ridging than those without surgery. There were correlations between mouth area and BWS clinical score, tongue width and BWS clinical score, and tongue length and percentage mosaicism. Conclusion Intraoral morphometric measurements are associated with phenotypic burden in BWS. Tongue morphology varies across the BWS spectrum, with IC2 LOM having wider tongues and mouths, and pUPD11 having narrower mouths. Tongue ridging is more common in those selected for surgery. Intraoral morphometric measurements may be safely obtained at low costs across centers caring for children with BWS or others at risk of upper airway obstruction.

Despite their relative abundance, members of the family Hypertragulidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) have proved a conundrum regarding species diversity in the Turtle Cove Member (Oligocene) of the John Day Formation, located in central and eastern Oregon. Three species and two separate genera are described in the area, but previous research lacks statistical support for this level of variation. We use coefficients of variation (V) on measurements of dentition and astragali of hypertragulid specimens designated Hypertragulus hesperius, Hypertragulus minutus, and Nanotragulus planiceps as a metric for determining whether there were multiple species present in the population. Asymptotic and modified signed-likelihood ratio V equality tests show that V values of anterior-posterior molar length and transverse molar width vary significantly when comparing single species of modern ecological analogs (Muntiacus muntjak, Muntiacus reevesi, and Tragulus javanicus) to groupings of a combined population. However, the V equality tests on dental and postcranial measurements yield almost no significant results when comparing variation in the extinct John Day hypertragulids to an extant population comprised of a single species. Similar comparisons between astragali measurements of hypertragulids and T. javanicus express no significant difference in the level of variation from the combined population to a modern single species. The low level of variation in the hypertragulids and the lack of differentiation between dental characters of individuals does not statistically support the hypothesis that there were multiple species present in the population, suggesting either that cryptic species may be present but impossible to identify without soft tissue remains, or there may have been taxonomic over-splitting of a single hypertragulid species in the John Day region.

Mesodorylaimus pini n. sp., a new species isolated from the bark and cambium layer of a dead black pine tree is characterized herein using integrative taxonomy, considering both morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the 18S- and 28S-rRNA genes. Mesodorylaimus pini n. sp. is characterized by having a medium-sized body 1.50–1.89 mm long; lip region angular and offset by a depression; a relatively long odontostyle (17.0–19.0 μm); vulval opening a transverse slit, positioned slightly posteriorly; pars refringens vaginae with two elongated drop-shaped to spindle-shaped sclerotizations; an intestine-prerectum junction with a long anteriorly directed conical or tongue-like projection; a relatively long female tail (115–187 μm); spicules 48.0–57.0 μm long; and regularly spaced 7–8 ventromedian supplements. It is closest to M. subtilis, especially in having similar body length and number of ventromedian supplements but can be differentiated from M. subtilis by the longer odontostyle, tongue-like projection, and longer spicules. The phylogenies based on the 18S- and 28S-rRNA sequences showed a well-supported sister relation of M. pini n. sp. with M. subtilis, M. japonicus, M. bastiani, M. pseudobastiani, Calcaridorylaimus castaneae, C. heynsi, and other member species of the group.

Abstract The cultivation of grapevines has spanned millennia, leading to thousands of varieties through exchanges, mutations, and crosses between genotypes, as well probably as gene flow from wild populations. These varieties are typically categorized by regional origin and primary use, either for wine production or fruit consumption. France, within the Western European group, hosts many of the world’s renowned wine grape varieties. However, the historical development of cultivated grapevines in France and in the world remains poorly understood. This study applies morphometry on 19,377 charred and waterlogged archaeological grape pips to investigate the evolutionary history of grapevine in France over the last 10,000 years. The study compares seed outlines and lengths, corrected for taphonomic distortions, with a reference collection of 80 wild and 466 modern domestic grapevine accessions. Findings reveal a shift from wild grapevine exploitation to the expansion of domestic varieties around 600–500 BCE, coinciding with Mediterranean cultural influences and the introduction of eastern grape types. The identification of the East-Table group, a group of varieties of eastern origin for fruit consumption, indicates that grapes were also grown for food, especially in Mediterranean regions and near urban areas, alongside wine production. Early French viticulture featured a notable presence of Western European wine-type grapevines. The abundance of pips with wild-like morphology suggests early cultivation involved plants at an initial domestication stage and gene flow between introduced and wild grapevines. As viticulture spread northward, wild and Eastern morphotypes declined, leading to the dominance of Western European wine types in inner France during the Middle Ages.

Abstract Seal lice, unique among insects, show remarkable adaptability to the extreme conditions of the deep sea. Evolving with their seal and sea lion hosts, they have managed to tolerate hypoxia, high salinity, low temperature, and elevated hydrostatic pressure. Given the diving capabilities of their mammalian hosts, which can reach depths of hundreds to thousands of meters, our study examines the morphological variation among closely related seal lice species infesting hosts with different maximum diving depths. In particular, our research reveals a significant morphological difference between lice associated with regular and deep-diving hosts, where lice from deep-diving hosts tend to be rounder. This could be an adaptation to withstand the high hydrostatic pressures found in the deep ocean. The rounded shape optimizes the louse’s ability to withstand external pressure by redistributing it over a larger ventral/dorsal plane. This in turn minimizes the internal energy required to support body deformations, thereby increasing the louse’s resilience in the deep sea environment.

Tukong is one of the indigenous chicken breed from Indonesia, which exhibits an abnormality in their tail development, known as rumpless chicken. Despite its potential role for the local community, information regarding this unique breed’s phenotypic and genetic characteristics is scarce. The present study aimed to characterise 205 (53 roosters and 152 hens) Tukong indigenous chickens (>8 months old) based on 7 phaneroptic characteristics and 10 morphometrics traits. The results showed that the roosters predominant plumage colour of the neck, body, and back were red, black, and red, respectively, while those for the hens were all black. Most roosters and hens had yellow beak, red comb, pea comb, red earlobe, orange eye, yellow shank, and white skin. Variations were also found in morphometrics traits. Diversity phaneroptic characteristics and morphometrics observed in Tukong chicken for evaluations to identify resources for effective breed improvement and conservation strategies of indigenous chickens in Indonesia.

Turfgrass is a crop used extensively in athletic fields and golf courses in Maryland. A soil sample collected in July 2023 from an athletic field in Baltimore County, Maryland, part of a turfgrass nematode survey, contained Belonolaimus longicaudatus. In the southeastern United States, B. longicaudatus is an economically important pathogen of warm season turfgrass. The density was four individuals/100 cm3 of soil, and no visual symptoms were observed in the bermudagrass field. Morphological features and morphometrics of males and females were consistent with B. longicaudatus and placed the Maryland population in a subclade that was geographically represented by populations from north and west Florida, Texas, and South Carolina. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region ITS1 and ITS2 and 28S large ribosomal subunit D2-23 expansion region confirmed the species' identity. Phylogenetic trees and parsimony network analysis placed the Maryland isolate in a large grouping of B. longicaudatus populations including those from Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Indiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. longicaudatus in Maryland.

Abstract Environmental gradients in the sea may coincide with phenotypic or genetic gradients resulting from an evolutionary balance between selection and dispersal. The population differentiation of the swimming crab, Liocarcinus depurator, an important by-catch species in the Mediterranean Sea and North-East Atlantic, was assessed using both genetic and morphometric approaches. A total of 472 specimens were collected along its distribution area, and 17 morphometric landmarks, one mitochondrial gene (COI) and 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers were scored in 350, 287 and 280 individuals, respectively. Morphometric data lacked significant differences, but genetic analyses showed significant genetic differentiation between Atlantic and Mediterranean populations, with a steeper gradient in COI compared to microsatellite markers. Interestingly, nuclear differentiation was due to an outlier locus with a gradient in the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition area overlapping with the mtDNA gradient. Such overlapping clines are likely to be maintained by natural selection. Our results suggest a scenario of past isolation with local adaptation and secondary contact between the two basins. Local adaptation during the process of vicariance may reinforce genetic differentiation at loci maintained by environmental selection even after secondary contact.

Abstract Brain damage triggers diverse cellular and molecular events, with astrocytes playing a crucial role in activating local neuroprotective and reparative signaling within damaged neuronal circuits. Here, we investigated reactive astrocytes using a multidimensional approach to categorize their responses into different subtypes based on morphology. This approach utilized the StarTrack lineage tracer, single-cell imaging reconstruction and multivariate data analysis. Our findings identified three profiles of reactive astrocyte responses, categorized by their effects on cell size- and shape- related morphological parameters: “moderate”, “strong,” and “very strong”. We also examined the heterogeneity of astrocyte reactivity, focusing on spatial and clonal distribution. Our research revealed a notable enrichment of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes within the “strong” and “very strong” response subtypes. Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of astrocyte heterogeneity in response to an injury. By characterizing the diverse reactive responses among astrocyte subpopulations, we provide insights that could guide future research aimed at identifying novel therapeutic targets to mitigate brain damage and promote neural repair. Graphical Abstract

From 2016 to 2021, nematode surveys in Florida strawberry fields revealed several species of foliar nematodes (Aphelenchoides spp.). Aphelenchoides besseyi sensu stricto was detected only in 2016 and 2017 on photosynthetic strawberry leaves/buds, but other not well characterized populations of Aphelenchoides sp. were found on declining/dessicated leaves. Morphological analyses showed that these samples of Aphelenchoides sp. consisted of A. bicaudatus, a species detected in Florida for the first time, and A. rutgersi, a species previously reported in Florida from the citrus rhizosphere. These two species differed from A. besseyi in the shape of their tail terminus: bifurcate in A. bicaudatus; mucronate with a ventral thin mucro in A. rutgersi; and stellate in A. besseyi. One population each of these species was used for morphological and molecular analyses after being reared on Monilinia fructicola. Body and tail length differences were observed among Florida A. bicaudatus and other populations from the Far East and South Africa. Phylogenetic analyses of the rRNA gene sequences showed that Florida A. bicaudatus grouped with those of species from South Korea, Taiwan, and the Netherlands and several other populations listed as Aphelenchoides sp. from Brazil, Costa Rica, and Japan, which were considered as representatives of A. bicaudatus in this study. Similarly, sequences of Florida A. rutgersi grouped with those from environmental samples in Japan and North Carolina, which were listed as Aphelenchoides sp. and were considered as representatives of A. rutgersi in this study. Photosynthetic strawberry leaf samples were free from both A. bicaudatus and A. rutgersi, indicating that these two species did not damage strawberry. They were associated with desiccated leaves and/or propagative stolons, usually infected by fungi, confirming that they are mycetophagous under field conditions in this study. Results of soybean leaf inoculation on moist filter paper containing A. bicaudatus specimens showed that this species could become phytophagous under artificial conditions. Nematodes penetrated the leaf epidermis and migrated into the mesophyll causing leaf tissue discoloration/necrosis, which remained localized within the infested area. Soybean leaf damage was almost negligible, and no nematode reproduction was observed in the inoculated soybean areas.

Cylicospirura Vevers, 1922 is a genus of gastrointestinal spirurid nematodes parasitizing mainly felid but also canid, hyaenid and dasyurid hosts. Presently, 11 species are recognized worldwide, of which 4, Cylicospirura subaequalis, Cylicospirura felinea, Cylicospirura crocutae and Cylicospirura pardalis, have been recorded from African carnivores. In the present study, we describe Cylicospirura phiri n. sp. from hyaenas, namely Crocuta crocuta (type host) in Zimbabwe and Hyaena hyaena in Cameroon. The new species is the second species in the genus with bicuspid teeth. Furthermore, it can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters, such as the absence of accessory teeth, the length and shape of the muscular oesophagus, position of the nerve ring, deirids and excretory pore in relation to the muscular oesophagus, the position of the vulva, spicule length and the shape of the female tail. Additionally, based on new material, detailed morphological descriptions are provided for C. crocutae and C. pardalis whose original descriptions were based on fragmented material. The material from Felis lybica, currently deposited as C. subaequalis, is described as C. felinea. First-time scanning electron micrographs are presented for the 4 species confirmed in African carnivores.

Sisyrinchium, a large genus of the Iridaceae family, is divided into ten sections and defined by genetic, morphological and phylogenetic traits. The section Viperella, though monophyletic, encounters taxonomic hurdles, particularly within the Sisyrinchium palmifolium L. and Sisyrinchium vaginatum Spreng complexes, resulting in numerous misidentifications. The taxonomic confusion in the group may stem from various factors, emphasizing extensive morphological variations, leading to overlapping characteristics. We used morphometric approaches to better characterize the species belonging to two complexes, assess their variation and identify diagnostic traits for taxonomy enhancement. We assessed 16 quantitative traits for the S. palmifolium complex and 15 for the S. vaginatum complex, totaling 652 specimens recorded across 15 herbaria covering the entire species' distribution area. In the S. vaginatum complex, 66.5% of the variations were accounted for in the first two axes, while in the S. palmifolium complex, the first two axes explained 55.3%. Our findings revealed that both complexes exhibited many morphological variations, leading to a characteristic overlap. These characteristics may have arisen due to recent diversifications of the group and niche overlaps. Additionally, we identified some morphological characteristics that are useful for distinguishing species. Finally, we compiled a section gathering all useful characteristics for species delimitation within the group, aiming to facilitate non-experts in deciphering this species complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain damage triggers diverse cellular and molecular events, with astrocytes playing a crucial role in activating local neuroprotective and reparative signaling within damaged neuronal circuits. Here, we investigated reactive astrocytes using a multidimensional approach to categorize their responses into different subtypes based on morphology. This approach utilized the StarTrack lineage tracer, single-cell imaging reconstruction and multivariate data analysis. Our findings identified three profiles of reactive astrocyte responses, categorized by their effects on cell size- and shape- related morphological parameters: "moderate", "strong," and "very strong". We also examined the heterogeneity of astrocyte reactivity, focusing on spatial and clonal distribution. Our research revealed a notable enrichment of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes within the "strong" and "very strong" response subtypes. Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of astrocyte heterogeneity in response to an injury. By characterizing the diverse reactive responses among astrocyte subpopulations, we provide insights that could guide future research aimed at identifying novel therapeutic targets to mitigate brain damage and promote neural repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to determine the morphometric characteristics of the fibular notch (FN). This study was carried out with 76 dry adult tibial bone specimens (right 38, left 38) with unknown age and sex collected from the Department of Anatomy, Cukurova University, Adana. The mean width of the FN was 23.04 ± 2.02 mm; the mean depth of the FN 3.63 ± 0.83 mm; the mean height of the FN was 41.76 ± 4.01 mm. The mean anterior facet length and posterior facet length was found to be 10.44 ± 1.94 mm and 13.93 ±1.63 mm, respectively. The mean value of the angle between the anterior and posterior facets was found to be 140.56° ± 11.72. The mean value of the angle between the anterior surface of the tibia and the intertubercular line was 75.5° ± 5.47. No statistically significant differences were detected between the right and left sides for all measurements. It is considered that knowing the morphometric and anatomical characteristics of the fibular notch in detail will help radiologists evaluate the talocrural region. It is also considered that these data will guide surgeons and help determine the appropriate size for ankle reconstruction operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exact three-dimensional (3D) structural information of developing organoids is key for optimising organoid generation and for studying experimental outcomes in organoid models. We set up a 3D imaging technique and studied complexly arranged native and experimentally challenged cardioids of two stages of remodelling. The imaging technique we employed is S-HREM (Scanning High Resolution Episcopic Microscopy), a variant of HREM, which captures multiple images of subsequently exposed surfaces of resin blocks and automatically combines them to large sized digital volume data of voxels sizes below 1 μm3. We provide precise volumetric information of the examined specimens and their single components and comparisons between stages in terms of volume and micro- and macroanatomic structure. We describe the 3D arrangement and lining of different types of cavities and their changes between day 10 and day 14 and map the various cell types to their precise spatial and structural environment. Exemplarily, we conducted semiautomatic counts of nuclei. In cryo-injured cardioids, we examined the extension and composition of the injured areas. Our results demonstrate the high quality and the great potential of digital volume data produced with S-HREM. It also provides sound metric and structural information, which assists production of native and experimentally challenged left ventricle cardioids and interpretation of their structural remodelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thought control ability (TCA) plays an important role in individuals' health and happiness. Previous studies demonstrated that TCA was closely conceptually associated with happiness. However, empirical research supporting this relationship was limited. In addition, the neural basis underlying TCA and how this neural basis influences the relationship between TCA and happiness remain unexplored. In the present study, the voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) method was adopted to investigate the neuroanatomical basis of TCA in 314 healthy subjects. The behavioral results revealed a significant positive association between TCA and happiness. On the neural level, there was a significant negative correlation between TCA and the gray matter density (GMD) of the bilateral amygdala. Split‐half validation analysis revealed similar results, further confirming the stability of the VBM analysis findings. Furthermore, gray matter covariance network and graph theoretical analyses showed positive association between TCA and both the node degree and node strength of the amygdala. Moderation analysis revealed that the GMD of the amygdala moderated the relationship between TCA and happiness. Specifically, the positive association between TCA and self‐perceived happiness was stronger in subjects with a lower GMD of the amygdala. The present study indicated the neural basis underlying the association between TCA and happiness and offered a method of improving individual well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the morphometric differences in the head of male and female Turi ducks. Ten male and ten female day-old ducks (DOD) were randomly selected by a lottery system from the population, raised, and had their head morphology measured using a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm on the first day, and at the age of 2, 4, 6, and 8weeks. The result showed that male Turi duck had wider (p <0.05) head at the ages of 1 day, 2 and 6 weeks, head length and head height at the ages of 1 day, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, rostrum width at the ages of 1 day, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, and rostrum length at the age of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. There were no significant differences (p >0.05) in the head width at the ages of 4 and 8 weeks, rostrum width at 2 weeks, and rostrum length at 1day old male and female Turi ducks. Morphometric growth pattern showed that older Turi ducks (at a range of 1 day to 8 weeks) had larger (p <0.05) head morphometry. However, the cephalic index in male and female Turi ducks was not significantly different (p > 0.05) at all ages. It could be concluded that in general head morphometry was useful for determining male and female Turi ducks at the ages of 1 day, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera latipons) is becoming an economically important species in global cereal production as it is being identified in many new cereal cultivated areas and causes significant losses. Consequently, understanding its biology becomes crucial for researchers in identifying its vulnerabilities and implementing effective control measures. In the current study, different morphological and biochemical changes of H. latipons cysts containing eggs with infective juveniles from a barley field in Jordan were studied during the summer of 2021, at two sample dates. The first, at the harvest of the cereal crop (June 2021), when the infective second-stage juveniles (J2s) were initiating diapause, and the second, before planting the sequent cereal crop (late October 2021), when the J2s were ending diapause. The studied population was characterized morphologically and molecularly, showing 98.4% molecular similarity to both JOD from Jordan and Syrian "300" isolates of H. latipons. The obtained results and observations revealed that there were dramatic changes in all the investigated features of the cysts and eggs they contained. Morphological changes such as cyst color, sub-crystalline layer, and thickness of the rigid eggshell wall were observed. A slight change in the emergence time of J2s from cysts was observed without any difference in the number of emerged J2s. The results of biochemical changes showed that the total contents of carbohydrates, glycogen, trehalose, glycerol, and protein were higher in cysts collected in October when compared to those cysts collected in June. The SDS-PAGE pattern indicated the presence of a protein with the size of ca. 100 kDa in both sampling dates, whereas another protein (ca. 20 kDa) was present only in the cysts of October. Furthermore, the expression of trehalase (tre) gene was detected only in H. latipons collected in October. The outcomes of this study provide new helpful information that elucidates diapause in H. latipons and may be used for the implementation of new management strategies of cyst nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]