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Leadership is an important factor in building collaborative governance, even leadership capacity would also affect the effectiveness of ongoing collaborations. This study aims to describe the map of leadership and collaborative governance studies through a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) over a period of 5 years. This period was chosen in connection with the transition period from Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs.) The literature studies that were conducted cover the years of 2013 to 2018. The results showed that research on leadership and collaborative governance varied greatly and it was necessary to do a mapping to see the trends. The most widely used research method is qualitative, and the trend of publication shows a very significant decline, especially in 2013-2018. Based on these results, research on leadership with a focus on collaborative governance research is important to be carried out in order to produce various innovations and scientific development (body of knowledge).

There was a growing realization that Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are overarching, ambitious, complex, and less impactful. Consequently, the 193 member countries of the United Nations (UN) came out with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a well‐thought‐out global development agenda in the year 2015. By involving the private sectors in the designing of SDGs, UN has rightly identified their potentials in offering solutions to the most relevant sustainability challenges. SDGs came into force in January 2016 across the globe when corporate social responsibility (CSR) was already legalized in India. There has been a whooping investment of approximately Rs. 15,000 crores by nearly 20,000 companies every year under CSR in the country. However, it is argued that the contributions to SDGs are not substantial. Based on review of relevant literature, the current paper makes a modest attempt to explore the connections between CSR and SDGs in contemporary India. Further, it critically examines how CSR in India contributes to SDGs. The paper also analyses the underlying reasons for the inadequate engagement of CSR with SDGs. Despite CSR practices in India having linkage with the SDGs, the outcomes are not as per the expectation as a number of firms operate with less involvement and strategic efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper aims to assess the progress in the provision of basic services in urban slums in Bangladesh during the transition period of millennium development goals (MDGs) to sustainable development goals (SDGs). Design/methodology/approach – The study used a mixed method of research. The empirical part of the research was conducted in three Blocks of Rupsha slum in Khulna city. Randomly selected 120 households were interviewed through a structured questionnaire; three focus group discussion sessions (FGDs) were also conducted. Progress in the slum residents’ access to basic services during the transition from MDGs to SDGs is tacked based on primary data. The User Satisfaction Index (USI) and Network Analysis tools in ArcGIS are used to identify the gaps in service provision. Findings – Findings show that a very significant proportion of families (56.67%) encounter an acute level of difficulties to gain smooth access to water services. About 89% of respondents have only access to a common or shared toilet facility where one common toilet is used by 20–25 persons. About 31% of families are unable to send their children to primary school even after four years of the adoption of SDGs. Achievements in most indicators of basic services in the slum are in general lower than the national level. Moreover, there exists spatial variability within the same slum. After four years of the transition from MDGs to SDGs, most of the services are poorly satisfying the residents of the Rupsha slum, and water service provision is in worse condition. The findings of this study have unveiled that while achievement in target areas is appreciable at the macro level, at the micro-level; however, good achievement in the provision of few basic services in the low-income settlement is more rhetoric than reality. Therefore, a lot more work needs to be done during the SDG phase to give the slum residents a decent quality of life as they have missed the MDGs’ train. Originality/value – Study single-out works need to be done during the SDGs phase to give the slum residents a decent quality of life as they have missed the MDGs’ train.

Healthy oceans and seas are essential to our existence. They cover 70 percent of our planet and we rely on them for food, energy and water. Yet, we have managed to do tremendous damage to these precious resources. We must protect them by eliminating pollution and overfishing and immediately start to responsibly manage and protect all marine life around the world. Everyone is responsible for to make sure that we meet the Global Goals. Following 10 targets to create action to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, such as (1) Reduce Marin Pollution, (2) Protect & Restore Ecosystem, (3) Reduce ocean Acidification, (4) Sustainable Fishing, (5) Conserve coastal & Marin areas, (6) End subsidies contributing to overfishing, (7) Increase the Economic benefits from sustainable use of Marin Resources, (8) Increase scientific knowledge, Research & Technology for Ocean Health, ((9) Support Small Scale Fisheries, (10) Implement & Enforce International Sea Law. SDG, is commonly popular as Global Goals, build on the success of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and aim to go further to end all forms of poverty. India is fully committed to follow. India has made steady progress towards achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in areas of health, energy, and infrastructure, as per NITI Aayog's latest SDG India Index. Overall objective of this paper to understand this interesting subject, role of UN and how India is responsibly responding to maintain sustainability in this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Achieving maternal health outcomes in the SDGs requires the implementation of more targeted policies and strategies. While the MDGs may have deepened our understanding in this regard, we know little about the trends in maternal health services utilisation among primigravidas, and how age and geographical regions could have influenced these trends. In this study, we examined utilisation of antenatal and skilled delivery services among primigravidas in Uganda, a country with one of the highest maternal mortality ratios, and where early childbearing and its attendant challenges are common. Methods Guided by Andersen’s Behavioural Model, we fitted multivariate regression models to a pooled dataset of the 2006, 2011 and 2016 Ugandan Demographic and Health Survey (n = 3477) to understand the dynamics in Antenatal Care (ANC) and Skilled Birth Attendance (SBAs) utilisation among primigravidas. Post-estimation margins were employed to further highlight the effect of age and geographical regions. Results The analyses show an improvement in access to maternal health services among primigravidas from 2006 to 2016. Compared to 2006, primigravidas in 2016 were 48%, 24% and 2.98 times more likely to have early ANC, four or more ANC visits, and SBAs, respectively. Altogether, a primigravida in 2016 relative to 2006 was 42% more likely to meet all three maternal health service indicators. Post-estimation margins analyses on age and geographical disparities revealed that younger primigravidas have lower probability, while primigravidas in Eastern Region, one of the most deprived in the country, have the lowest probability of accessing maternal health services. Also, the study found education, wealth, women’s household decision-making power, place of residence as important determinants of ANC visits and SBAs. Conclusions Based on our findings, it is important to address the vulnerabilities of primigravidas, particularly younger individuals, in accessing early ANC. Uganda should scale-up decentralisation and integration of maternal health delivery in local communities as a strategy of addressing lingering geographical disparities, and ultimately improve maternal health outcomes in the SDGs period.

Abstract Background The role of global initiatives in catalyzing change within national contexts is complex and less understood. Addressing adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Kenya requires concerted efforts of both state and non-state actors and more importantly, a supportive environment. This paper deconstructs the moral and social narratives of adolescents’ and young people’s sexual and reproductive health (AYSRH) in Kenya as driven by the powerful discourse and ideologies pre- and within the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era. Methods Literature was systematically searched in PubMed and Medline with policy documents obtained from government agencies from the pre-MDG period (2000 and earlier) and within the MDG period (2001–2015). Literature with a substantial focus on SRH were eligible if they captured the different facets of ASRH in Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The results were reviewed and synthesized to disentangle the moral and social narratives of AYSRH in Kenya with an MDG lens. Results The evolution of AYSRH policies and programmes in Kenya was gradual and largely shaped by prevailing development threats and moral and social narratives. Pre-MDG period was dominated by issue-based policies of population growth and high fertility rates, with a focus on married population with strong cultural and religious barriers to AYSRH; early to mid-MDG was mainly influenced by the threat of HIV/AIDS, culminating in the first Adolescent Reproductive Health and Development Policy in 2003. However, the policies and subsequent programmes focused on abstinence only and medical narratives, with persistent religious and cultural opposition to AYSRH. Late-MDG saw more progressive policies (these are policies that refer to those that tends towards acceptance of liberal social reforms and which sometimes are contrary to entrenched social norms, beliefs and practices), high government commitment and a refocus on SRH issues due to sustained early childbearing, culminating in the revised Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Policy of 2015. Conclusion Debates in the translation of global goals and commitments to policy and practice at country level need to account for national level realities in AYSRH reforms. The findings contribute to critical evidence for strategic policy and programming approaches for AYSRH in Kenya and in SSA and for the realization of their rights within the context of sustainable development goals.

Kofi Annan, UN Secretary General from 1997 to 2006, was the most famous and charismatic of all UN SGs. How did he become SG, from his childhood in Ghana to his election as SG ? What appraisal of his 10 years as UN SG ?

Water, sanitation, and hygiene are rights to everybody no matter which country one belongs. In developing countries, people are being denied the rights. This has resulted in poverty, diseases, and death especially in children. In line with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the UNDP responded to one of the key issues by embarking on programs on water governance for poverty reduction in Africa, Asia, the Pacific and other areas where they fall short of water, sanitation, and hygiene. The paper aims to highlight the water-related challenges facing countries globally, Africa and Nigeria. To achieve this, the paper focuses on the effects lack of water has on women and children. The effects include sickness, death, loss of money on drugs, time wasting on sourcing for water, educational, other social and economic effects. Also, the causes of water, sanitation, hygiene, and poverty were discussed. From the foregoing, it was observed that most of the MDGs goals in developing countries recorded only substantive progress. It is hoped that if recommendations in this paper followed to the letter coupled with the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the world will be transformed in terms of water, sanitation, and hygiene.

The main objective of the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Indonesia is to bring accelerated development in all aspects so that the poverty rate is expected to decrease even disappear. One of the programs that aimed to reduce poverty rates in Indonesia is the provision of housing for the community, especially the underprivileged. Moreover, it is a the million houses program that proclaimed by the Ministry of Public Works and People's Housing, and this program is correlated with the SDGS, especially goal 11 (sustainable cities and communities). The research is relying on secondary data basis primarily from books, journals, published reports and online news. It is expected that this study is able to provide a new insight for the government in building a community residential area, which is to integrate development plans into three dimensions (social, economic, and environment) which are the pillars of sustainable development. Unfortunately, nowadays the government is relying too hard on achieving quantity and a little focus on quality. Furthermore, an experience on the MDGs edition can be an important lesson for the government in realizing SDGs, especially now that SDGs are in line with the points that contained in the RPJMN. Therefore, if the government is able to maximise this global development agenda, it is not impossible that the million houses program can be one of the leading programs in overcoming the problem of poverty, especially housing shortage in Indonesia.

Pemerintah Kota Semarang sudah bersusah payah untuk membantu masyarakatnya dalam menanggulangi kemiskinan. Dengan menerbitkan beberapa program pengentasan kemiskinan diharapakan masyarakat bisa terentaskan dari lubang kemiskinan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui model KKN Posdaya MDGs untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan di Kota Semarang yang dilakukan oleh institusi perguruan tinggi Universitas PGRI Semarang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskripsi R and D (Research and Development) dengan sample adalah 5 kecamatan di Kota Semarang yaitu; Genuk, Gayamsari, Tembalang, Banyumanik dan Pedurungan. Subject dari penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa, DPL, Perangkat Lurah, Perangkat Kecamatan, Pejabat SKPD/Institusi pemerintah dan masyarakat. Hasil penelitan ini adalah bahwa Model KKN Posdaya MDGs Universitas PGRI Semarang memuat program-program dalam rangka mengentaskan kemiskinan seperti; membuat dan memajukan koperasi, membantu meningkatkan usaha peningkatan penghasilan keluarga prasejahtera, membantu usaha peningkatan penghasilan keluarga, dan membangun kelompok usaha bersama, serta mendirikan usaha ekonomi produktif.

Respectable progress was made towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The challenge that remains is two-fold: environmental sustainability and high inequality. However, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to be reached by 2030, dodge these challenges because the relevant targets lack precision and clarity. Agenda 2030 is not universal in scope because the few targets that are verifiable – those that contain conceptual clarity, numerical outcome and specific deadlines – apply primarily to developing countries. The omission of targets for overweight/obesity and breastfeeding exemplifies the reluctance of developed countries to commit themselves to specific, quantitative and time-bound targets. Most SDG targets that are verifiable are actually not dissimilar from the MDGs. They clearly constitute a difficult intergovernmental compromise, made increasingly arduous by the deepening North–South divide, a return of East-West tensions, and a resurging sense of nationalism in several member states. To a large extent, the context of weak multilateralism explains why the SDGs are not fit for purpose to address the dual challenge of environmental sustainability and high inequality. The article concludes by proposing two vital steps to help realize their transformative potential.

The establishment of the millennium development goals (MDGs) in 2000 and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in 2015 (several of which are relevant to food security) meant that countries may use these markers to evaluate their progress and development. In order to achieve the targets identified in the SDGs which focus on food security, two scenarios have been identified. The aim of this paper is to rank the scenarios which would better assist in achieving food security, the actors and the goals of food security, expecting that the results would serve to inform the motivation and information seeking habits of decision makers in three Caribbean countries. The analytic hierarchy process and point score analysis were used to analyse the ranks assigned by the respondents. It was found that overall for policymakers/stakeholders/experts, trade-based food security was ranked higher than self-sufficiency food security and that Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados ranked it more important than in Belize. Regarding actors in obtaining food security, government was ranked most important in Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados but Belize felt that farmers were more significant. The economic goals of food security were ranked higher than physical and political goals, with socio-cultural goals ranked least important. Of the sub-goals, post disaster food security (physical); ensuring a stable food supply (political); having optimum levels of productivity (economic); and decreasing chronic non-communicable diseases and obesity (socio-cultural goals) were rated most important. These results reflect the motivation and information seeking behaviour of decision makers. They illustrate the 'bias' in searching and selecting information and where balance would be needed to treat with all aspects of food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of global initiatives in catalyzing change within national contexts is complex and less understood. Addressing adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Kenya requires concerted efforts of both state and non-state actors and more importantly, a supportive environment. This paper deconstructs the moral and social narratives of adolescents' and young people's sexual and reproductive health (AYSRH) in Kenya as driven by the powerful discourse and ideologies pre- and within the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era. Methods: Literature was systematically searched in PubMed and Medline with policy documents obtained from government agencies from the pre-MDG period (2000 and earlier) and within the MDG period (2001–2015). Literature with a substantial focus on SRH were eligible if they captured the different facets of ASRH in Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The results were reviewed and synthesized to disentangle the moral and social narratives of AYSRH in Kenya with an MDG lens. Results: The evolution of AYSRH policies and programmes in Kenya was gradual and largely shaped by prevailing development threats and moral and social narratives. Pre-MDG period was dominated by issue-based policies of population growth and high fertility rates, with a focus on married population with strong cultural and religious barriers to AYSRH; early to mid-MDG was mainly influenced by the threat of HIV/AIDS, culminating in the first Adolescent Reproductive Health and Development Policy in 2003. However, the policies and subsequent programmes focused on abstinence only and medical narratives, with persistent religious and cultural opposition to AYSRH. Late-MDG saw more progressive policies (these are policies that refer to those that tends towards acceptance of liberal social reforms and which sometimes are contrary to entrenched social norms, beliefs and practices), high government commitment and a refocus on SRH issues due to sustained early childbearing, culminating in the revised Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Policy of 2015. Conclusion: Debates in the translation of global goals and commitments to policy and practice at country level need to account for national level realities in AYSRH reforms. The findings contribute to critical evidence for strategic policy and programming approaches for AYSRH in Kenya and in SSA and for the realization of their rights within the context of sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Achieving maternal health outcomes in the SDGs requires the implementation of more targeted policies and strategies. While the MDGs may have deepened our understanding in this regard, we know little about the trends in maternal health services utilisation among primigravidas, and how age and geographical regions could have influenced these trends. In this study, we examined utilisation of antenatal and skilled delivery services among primigravidas in Uganda, a country with one of the highest maternal mortality ratios, and where early childbearing and its attendant challenges are common.Methods: Guided by Andersen's Behavioural Model, we fitted multivariate regression models to a pooled dataset of the 2006, 2011 and 2016 Ugandan Demographic and Health Survey (n = 3477) to understand the dynamics in Antenatal Care (ANC) and Skilled Birth Attendance (SBAs) utilisation among primigravidas. Post-estimation margins were employed to further highlight the effect of age and geographical regions.Results: The analyses show an improvement in access to maternal health services among primigravidas from 2006 to 2016. Compared to 2006, primigravidas in 2016 were 48%, 24% and 2.98 times more likely to have early ANC, four or more ANC visits, and SBAs, respectively. Altogether, a primigravida in 2016 relative to 2006 was 42% more likely to meet all three maternal health service indicators. Post-estimation margins analyses on age and geographical disparities revealed that younger primigravidas have lower probability, while primigravidas in Eastern Region, one of the most deprived in the country, have the lowest probability of accessing maternal health services. Also, the study found education, wealth, women's household decision-making power, place of residence as important determinants of ANC visits and SBAs.Conclusions: Based on our findings, it is important to address the vulnerabilities of primigravidas, particularly younger individuals, in accessing early ANC. Uganda should scale-up decentralisation and integration of maternal health delivery in local communities as a strategy of addressing lingering geographical disparities, and ultimately improve maternal health outcomes in the SDGs period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the process of transition from the Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The authors have set an objective to demonstrate that SD as a future form of development of civilization from the very beginning had a “target orientation” and from the beginning and anticipated realization and staging of the whole hierarchy of objectives needed for the establishment of an effective global governance. In the future, global development in its “anthropogenic” aspect will be to implement the goals and principles of SD, which will be updated with each new stage of the implementation of this kind of socio-natural evolution. The paper argues the position that the concept of SD should be radically transformed into a “global dimension.” Attention is drawn to the fact that Russia recognized another distant, but very important in the conceptual and theoretical perspective, global goal of “sustainable transition” — formation of the noosphere.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was implemented in 2000 ostensibly to accelerate development within its 15 years plan of action. In the credence of this notion, Nigeria was one of the early countries that adopted the rational policy. Prior to the introduction of MDG, the country had implemented diverse developmental policies which are said not to have delivered the expected dividend. Hence, no sooner, the MDGs came to an end; the impulse of another developmental goal became necessary. Sustainable development Goals (SDGs) succeeding MDGs reiterates questions such as, how well did MDGs perform in developing countries? Where the aims of the MDGs met? If MDGs struggle to achieve 8 goals, how possible will SDGs 17 goals be realized? It is in this light, that the study using secondary data evaluate the MDG era in Nigeria, how far and how well they achieved their set target. The study suggests that although MDGs era in Nigeria recorded slight progress with regards to targeted goals, it did not meet the required plausible targets. Hence, as a very effective way of achieving sustainable development, the study recommends good governance and prioritizing of goals according to the country needs.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, Mozambique remains as one of the poorest countries in the region receiving large volumes of Development Assistance (DA) from the international donor community yet the majority of its population still continue to suffer from poverty. This article places much emphasis on efficient and effective Public Financial Management (PFM) as a key ingredient for the achievement of both the national and international development goals in Mozambique. Through a literature based study, the article acknowledges progress that has been recorded in the Millennium Development Goals. However, the paper considers the strengthening of PFM systems through enhanced accountability and transparency as essential elements in face of the recent global development commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. A reviewof challenges experienced in the era of MDGs in the country points to a need for greater transparency and accountability in the management of DA if the country is to achieve the SDGs. Thus, arguing on the basis of the Agency theory, the article proposes the adoption of a stringent governance mechanism for Public Financial Management measures to shape government and donor financial accountability frameworks with the view of creating an enabling environment aimed at ensuring the achievement of Agenda 2025 and the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets.

The international development agenda (2000-2015) that was hailed in Uganda was unsuccessful and powerless in elevating individuals and groups to a place of comfort through the achievement of the MDGs. Hence, according to a survey of the Directorate of Social Protection in 2012, 67% of citizens of Uganda are either highly vulnerable to remaining in poverty or being poor. This study therefore assesses the gains of the global development agenda (2000 – 2015) in Uganda. The study relies heavily on review papers, secondary dataset and material, and quasi-quantitative method in analyzing the research aim. Results show that ambiguous and unrealistic targets of the MDGs did not take into cognizance the structures, institutions, and interaction of systems and governance issues in Uganda. Despite these, the gains were also shortchanged as a result of drought, flood, and high prices of commodities, due to low farm production in most (rural) areas in Uganda. In addition to the drought and the negative effects of climate change, other challenges include deficient access to markets and market place, lack of motorized and non-motorized load-carrying wheel vehicles, lack of capacity and infrastructure, lack of mechanized farming implements, and the lack of access to credit reduced the potency of the achievement of most of its goals. However, significant strides were attempted and the country was able to achieve several targets, which are worth celebrating. The study contends that the realization of the SDGs will only be wishful thinking, if challenges of rural poverty, governance and institution are not put in check. Shared progress and prosperity as acclaimed by the World Bank will never be visible in Uganda.

If developing economies keep growing between 4 and 8 %, their current GDP will double between 2025 and 2034. By 2030, they will have already reached incomes above all reasonable poverty thresholds. Does this predict the end of poverty by 2030? By correcting mean income from inequality and comparing its growth to that of the overall GDP, this paper analytically shows that it depends on how such new wealth will be shared. It confirms that it will be the case if growth patterns will be creating jobs and opportunities for the less-well off and hence pull up their revenues. Applying this to sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), empirical results underpin that since 2000 SSA meets such a shared prosperity pattern. However, although forecasted to last and eradicate poverty by 2030, this pattern is not robust to crisis periods because it seems that people with lower incomes bear most of the burdens of recession.

It is important to assess whether regional progress toward achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs) has contributed to human development and whether this has had an effect on the triple burden of disease in the continent. This analysis investigates the association between the human development index (HDI) and co-occurrence of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and malaria as measured by MDG 6 indicators in 35 selected sub-Saharan African countries from 2000 to 2014. The analysis used secondary data from the United Nations Development Programme data repository for HDI and disease data from WHO Global Health observatory data repository. Generalized Linear Regression Models were used to analyze relationships between HDI and MDG 6 indicators. HDI was observed to improve from 2001 to 2014, and this varied across the selected sub-regions. There was a significant positive relationship between HDI and HIV prevalence in East Africa (b = 0.048 [95% CI: 0.040–0.056], p < 0.001) and Southern Africa (b = 0.032 [95% CI: 0.002–0.062], p = 0.034). A significant positive relationship was observed with TB incidence (b = 0.009 [95% CI: 0.003–0.015], p = 0.002) and a significant negative relationship was observed with malaria incidence (b = −0.020 (95% CI: −0.029 to −0.010, p < 0.001) in East Africa. Observed improvements in HDI from the year 2000 to 2014 did not translate into commensurate progress in MDG 6 goals.

This study assessed residents' access to domestic water supply and sanitation in different residential areas of Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. The aim is to provide information capable of suggesting policy response towards meeting the SDGs on water supply and sanitation in the metropolis. Out of the 16 local government areas (LGAs), Agege, Kosofe and Ojo LGAs were randomly selected to represent high, medium and low residential areas, respectively. Questionnaires were administered on 878 residents comprising 458, 306 and 114 in Agege, Kosofe and Ojo LGAs, respectively. Data collected were analysed using crosstabulation, Chi-square tests (with eta2) and analysis of variance (with Bonferroni post hoc test). Findings revealed common sources of water but variation in quantity of water residents consumed across the residential areas with average household water consumption of 171.8, 227.2 and 279.8 L in high-, medium- and low-density areas, respectively. The results of ANOVA (F = 54.482; ρ = 0.000) also indicated that volume of water consumed varied significantly across the residential density areas of the study area. For sanitation, the study found that significant portion of the residents (21.3%) made use of inadequate sanitation, mainly located outdoor (53.7%). The quality of these toilets varied with residential zones with high-density area having significant proportion of inadequate toilets (34.5%). This was further established by the result of Chi-square tests (χ = 197.265(li), ρ = 0.000). These findings have implications for policy making towards effective and sustainable intervention strategies for water supply and sanitation in Lagos and other cities with similar background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to assess whether regional progress toward achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs) has contributed to human development and whether this has had an effect on the triple burden of disease in the continent. This analysis investigates the association between the human development index (HDI) and co-occurrence of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and malaria as measured by MDG 6 indicators in 35 selected sub-Saharan African countries from 2000 to 2014. The analysis used secondary data from the United Nations Development Programme data repository for HDI and disease data from WHO Global Health observatory data repository. Generalized Linear Regression Models were used to analyze relationships between HDI and MDG 6 indicators. HDI was observed to improve from 2001 to 2014, and this varied across the selected sub-regions. There was a significant positive relationship between HDI and HIV prevalence in East Africa (β = 0.048 [95% CI: 0.040–0.056], p < 0.001) and Southern Africa (β = 0.032 [95% CI: 0.002–0.062], p = 0.034). A significant positive relationship was observed with TB incidence (β = 0.009 [95% CI: 0.003–0.015], p = 0.002) and a significant negative relationship was observed with malaria incidence (β = -0.020 (95% CI: -0.029 to -0.010, p < 0.001) in East Africa. Observed improvements in HDI from the year 2000 to 2014 did not translate into commensurate progress in MDG 6 goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respectable progress was made towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The challenge that remains is two-fold: environmental sustainability and high inequality. However, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to be reached by 2030, dodge these challenges because the relevant targets lack precision and clarity. Agenda 2030 is not universal in scope because the few targets that are verifiable - those that contain conceptual clarity, numerical outcome and specific deadlines - apply primarily to developing countries. The omission of targets for overweight/obesity and breastfeeding exemplifies the reluctance of developed countries to commit themselves to specific, quantitative and time-bound targets. Most SDG targets that are verifiable are actually not dissimilar from the MDGs. They clearly constitute a difficult intergovernmental compromise, made increasingly arduous by the deepening North-South divide, a return of East-West tensions, and a resurging sense of nationalism in several member states. To a large extent, the context of weak multilateralism explains why the SDGs are not fit for purpose to address the dual challenge of environmental sustainability and high inequality. The article concludes by proposing two vital steps to help realize their transformative potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MDGs 2015 are the program for the welfare of society. The countries that show the great achievement of MDGs goals remain the successful of the government of the countries. This paper aimed to provide the knowledge regarding the achievement of Indonesia in MDGs goals. The achievement could be seen from the distribution of poverty, Health development index, Nutritional status, maternal mortality, and Malaria status in Indonesia.

Abstract Background Maternal socio-demographic and health profiles are important determinants of malnutrition in children. In the 1990s, malnutrition was associated with low-birth-weight, young mothers and low maternal socio-economic status at Princess Marie Louise Children’s Hospital (PML). It is not known how this has changed by efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. We examined socio-demographic and health profiles of mothers of children with acute malnutrition and those without the condition to identify risk factors for malnutrition and focus on preventive efforts. Methods An unmatched case–control study was conducted in 2013 at PML, the largest facility for treating malnourished children in Ghana in 2013. Mothers of children with moderate and severe acute malnutrition were compared with mothers of well-nourished children. Weight-for-height was used to classify malnutrition. Record forms and a semi-structured questionnaire were used for data collection. An analysis was done with Stata 11.0 software. Results Altogether, 371 mothers were studied consisting of 182 mothers of malnourished children and 189 mothers of well-nourished children. Mothers of malnourished children were more likely to be unmarried or cohabiting, have lower family incomes, HIV infection and chronic disease. They were less likely to stay with or provide alternative care for their child. Awareness and use of social services, health insurance and a cash transfer programme were low. A remarkable reduction in the number of malnourished children occurred when families earned more than $250 USD a month. Over-nutrition was present in both groups of mothers. Conclusion Low family income, unmarried status and type of child care were the main social determinants of malnutrition. There appears to be a reduction in the number of other poor socio-demographic characteristics in both the study and control groups compared to results from a previous study at the same centre, probably because of efforts toward attaining the MDGs. These findings suggest that prevention and optimum management need to involve multidisciplinary teams consisting of health professionals, social workers and/or key workers to enable families at risk to access social care and social protection interventions (MDG 1). This will make the management of malnutrition more effective, prevent relapse, protect the next child and address maternal over-nutrition.

It is estimated that about 25% of humanity is infected with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. That is about 2 billion people. Several new vaccines will pass Phase I clinical trials in the next few years. This paper briefly summarizes past and present challenges to developing a vaccine against tuberculosis as well as treating tuberculosis. TB is a pathogen that infects more individuals globally than any other communicable disease. TB is particularly devastating in poor developing countries, notably in Africa and Southeast Asia. Despite the WHO's efforts to overcome TB, Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) TB and Extremely Drug Resistant (XDR) TB are huge challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community health centers have the primary duty as a basic level of health care centers. In performing its duties require professional health workers. Bachelor of public health is one of the health workers who have the ability to move people to live healthy. Strategies to improve health care in community health centers, such as health mapping capabilities, cooperation with other parties, implementing continuous surveillance and conduct health education efforts.

in process

Objective: In Nigeria, wide disparities exist between the different parts of the country, with the states in the North East zone having poor health resources. The objective of this study is to assess whether women’s biological, sociocultural, and economic characteristics are associated with utilization of ante natal care services as measured by number of antenatal care (ANC) visits in Yobe State. Methods: This is a secondary data analysis of the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey with records from 33,385 women between 15-49 years who had given birth between January 2003 and December 2008 in Yobe State. Bivariate Pearson’s Chi square test and two stages of Multivariate regression analysis were conducted. Results: Women with at least primary level education (adjusted OR (AOR) = 2.40; CI 1.24 – 4.67), belonging to professional employment category (AOR = 12.07; CI 0.19 – 75.74) and those who had access to skilled health workers (AOR = 5.13; CI 2.50 – 10.52) are more likely to make the required number of ANC visits compared to those who are illiterates, unemployed and had no access to skilled health workers. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: This study demonstrated that educational level, family wealth income, and availability of skilled health worker were consistently associated with the number of ANC visits even after controlling for covariates. These three covariates are in tandem with the Millenium Development Goals (MDG) 1 – eradication of extreme poverty and hunger; MDG 2 – universal basic education; MDG 3 – gender equality; and MDG 4 – maternal mortality. There is the need for inter-sectoral holistic intervention approach.

Abstract As part of the MASCOT/WOTRO multinational team conducting the maternal health literature mapping, four Latin American researchers were particularly interested in analysing information specific to their region. The mapping started with 45,959 papers uploaded from MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, LILACAS, PopLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Knowledge. From these, 4175 full texts were reviewed and 2295 papers were subsequently included. Latin America experienced an average maternal mortality decline of 40% between 1990 and 2013. Nevertheless, the region’s performance was below the global average and short of the 75% reduction set in Millennium Development Goal 5 for 2015. The main outcomes show that research on maternal health in the countries where the most impoverished populations of the world are living is not always aligned with their compelling needs. From another perspective, the review made it possible to recognize that research funding as well as the amount of scientific literature produced concentrate on issues that are not necessarily among the main causes of maternal deaths. Even though research on maternal health in Latin America has grown from an average of 92.5 publications per year in 2000-2003 to 236.7 between 2008 and 2012, it’s not satisfactorily keeping pace with other regions. In conclusion, it is critical to effectively orient research funding and production to respond to the health needs of the population. At the same time, there is a need for innovative mechanisms to strengthen the production and uptake of scientific evidence that can properly inform public health decision making.

In the 1960s, development paradigms considered only economic growth. In the 1980s and the 1990s, development paradigms added social development and then human development. This set the tone for the types of goals later embodied in the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals. A third change is now taking place. Human Rights Instruments have generally recognised that a modern developed society also needs political processes that are transparent and participatory, good governance, a belief that justice will be served, and requires that all forms of discrimination should be recognised and eliminated. International Human Rights Instruments, such as the Convention for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child require regular reporting on progress to independent monitoring bodies in Geneva. Currently, there is low awareness, and low participation, of evaluators in these reporting processes. This article flags some of the conceptual and operational differences between the human rights approach and a ‘development goals’ approach. In each area of difference, it identifies some of the subjects of analysis that will require evaluators to develop new methods, new allies and even new conceptual frameworks to operate in this new paradigm.

This paper explores aid effectiveness by studying the effect of aid, aid volatility, and key development indicators, focusing on safe access to water and sanitation (W&S) in both urban and rural areas. Despite the importance of official development assistance (ODA) for these two subsectors, little global attention is given to its importance and its connectivity with different socio economic factors. In this study, we focus on the countries that receive aid for water and sanitation. We find that aid does have a discernible impact on access to W&S, particularly in rural areas, but that this impact is reduced by aid volatility, there is a clear evidence that ODA for water and sanitation lacks the appropriate orientation, and is not targeting most of the areas that are really in need.

Poverty is a global phenomenon and is observed to be the greatest socioeconomic challenge of the twenty-first century, plaguing both developing and developed countries. For this purpose, several international poverty reduction strategies have been proposed and adopted in Africa. The rate and levels of poverty on the African continent, with particular attention given to the Sub-Saharan Africa is on the rise. The questions addressed in this paper are threefold: What are the challenges of international development strategies for poverty alleviation in local context? What are the contours to poverty measurement and conceptualization globally and in South Africa? How do we understand the unidimensional analysis of poverty and how it affects poverty reduction strategies? It uses existing statistics and research data from Statistics South Africa and other indexes cushioned with over 150 research papers to generate data for the paper. Theme and narrative analysis were used to analyse the data for this paper. In conclusion, the paper contends that the development initiatives implemented in most developing countries, especially in Africa, were unsuitable, where it neither took cognizance of structures, culture nor the dynamics of poverty on the African continent. Consequently, it complicated and compounded the woes of those in poverty in Africa. This is because the policies and programmes adopted tend to favour the West and its allies, the East and its allies, China and its allies, and local bourgeoisie and the elite, at the expense of the local people and those in poverty on the African continent.

The United Nations (UN) Rio+20 summit obligated nations to develop set of universal development goals as indicated in the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs). These goals were designated to enhance and further improve strategies cope with failures of the expired millennium development goals (MDGs) (Under-Secretary-General, 2013). Researches and other official reports at present indicate that SDGs are the extension or the continuation of the expired MDGs. The MDGs were mostly relief projects toward improving human life through aid based approach. The MDGs projects did not thus so far remarkably improve the target sectors but alleviated hunger and reduced extreme poverty in some countries while countries like Somaliland, hunger and poverty are on the increase. This doesn’t mean that MDGs were totally failed projects, but to indicate that the set targets were not improved as supposed to be due to lack of context based national strategic framework. Additional monitoring and evaluation of MDGs was haphazard since there had not been specific indicators adopted to report the progress. The SDGs signed up by the Somaliland government this year (2017) would inherit challenges hindered MDGs to produce the anticipated outcomes if they are not strategically avoided. Socioeconomic development and national sustainability are often posed as being in conflict because of tradeoffs between the growing demands of least developed counties like Somaliland as well as lower standards of living and poor capacity of the national institutions. This review paper suggests a need to adopt an indigenous integrated framework, which ensures that synergy is exploited and collaborative strategies are put in place towards achieving SDG targets. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework and key recommendations focusing on filling the gaps left in the MDGs and accelerate in achieving the new goals and targets of SDGs.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are milestones on a long road to global development. They were adopted by consensus in 2000 as a policy framework to guide the global development process, ending poverty as the overarching goal. Time-bound, with quantified targets for addressing extreme poverty in its many dimensions, the goals have successfully drawn the attention of the world to the virulence of grinding poverty in low-income countries. However, with the deadline in plain sight it has become clear that many of the quantified targets set out in the Millennium Declaration (MD) in the year 2000 are no longer realistic. Recent reviews of the progress so far in achieving these goals suggest a marked discrepancy in outcomes across the regions. Besides, there are concerns that even if these set goals are met, new challenges have emerged with the potential of reversing whatever progress that has been made under the current development framework. For example, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as a region seems to be off-track in meeting these goals. While other regions of the world have made significant progress in achieving many of the goals, there is a widespread shortfall in the achievement of most of the MDGs in SSA countries. It is against this backdrop that there is an on-going process of articulating a new development agenda to consolidate and build on the successes of this current development framework, address new, pressing global concerns, and confront the shortfalls and gaps in the outcomes of the MDG framework. This paper argues that law has an inherent development function and can play a significant role in driving the proposed post-2015 development agenda. The paper therefore seeks to make a case for the adoption of a development-driven approach to law as a linchpin for the post-2015 development agenda.

The purpose of this evaluation is to find out the effectiveness of implementing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in education aspect at Kuningan Regency, West Java. Evaluation models that is used are Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP). Data were obtained through interviews, questionnaires and documents. The results of the evaluation on the aspects: (1) context, local governments follow up with local policies, (2) inputs, the implementation of the guidelines does not have a strong force of law, (3) process, increasing the access to school for the people's, and (4) product, increasing enrollment in primary education. Increasing effectiveness can be done with a stronger regional policies, monitoring, coordination of bureaucratic structure, socializing the concept of MDGs to executor and developing people perception on education.

The objective of this paper is to examine the achievements of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and India Vision 2020 in the context of the slums of Varanasi city. India has been facing the problem of growing urban poverty due to rapid urbanisation. According to the Census of India 2011, about 65 million people live in urban slums, which are overcrowded, polluted, unhygienic, and deprived of basic services. This paper compares the goals and targets of UN MDGs and India Vision 2020 with the status of the slum dwellers of Varanasi city. The study is based on primary data, which includes survey of 150 households of five different slums of Varanasi city. The study reveals that more than 70% people are illiterate, less than 35% of population access government health facilities, only 36% household use tap water, etc. This comparison portrays a pathetic picture of slums and the inabilities to achieve both MDGs and national goals.

The MDGs have pointed out the large unfinished agenda of improving child health services. This short communication shows simple ways to expand and improve child health programs by improving prevention, education and early detection. The article presents a simple checklist to start improving the consistency, quality and efficiency of child healthcare delivery.