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We report a case of 42-year-old male presented with acute onset breathlessness and blurring of vision in both eyes. Upon evaluation, the patient is found to have vitamin B12 and iron deficiency anemia; ophthalmoscopic examination revealed bilateral preretinal hemorrhages and Roth spots. This case documents the occurrence of retinopathy in nutritional dimorphic anemia causing blindness which is reversible after correction of anemia.

INTRODUCTION Thyroid dysfunction in elderly is not uncommon. Thyroid abnormalities were more among females than in males. Clinical diagnosis is difficult to make but Thyroid Function Tests always help in diagnosing the disease. Subclinical state is equally common as clinical state in elderly population. As the age advances the incidence of thyroid disorders increase. The study was undertaken with an objective to study the spectrum of thyroid dysfunction in elderly and to correlate clinical symptoms with abnormal thyroid function. Thyroid disorders were present in 26%, overt hypothyroidism in 12%, subclinical hypothyroidism in 8% cases, hyperthyroidism in 3% and subclinical hyperthyroidism in 3% patients was noted. In this study, 36 patients were males and 64 were females. Females (20%) had high incidence of thyroid disorders than males (6%).

A key factor for the success or failure of a dental implant is the manner in which stresses are transferred to the surrounding bone. This depends on the type of loading, bone–implant interface, the shape and characteristics of the implant surface and the quality and quantity of the surrounding bone. This study was done to evaluate the pattern of stress distribution with two different implant designs in four different densities of bone using 3D finite element analysis. Graphic pre-processing software Ansys version 10 was used for creating the geometric configuration of a section of the mandible with a missing first molar. Eight 3D models of this section restored with implant-supported all ceramic crowns were created. Four of these models were created to simulate a single threaded implant placed in four different densities of bone (D1, D2, D3 and D4). The other four models were created to simulate a single cylindrical implant placed in four different densities of bone (D1, D2, D3, and D4). The Poisson’s ratio (μ) and Young’s modulus (E) of elasticity of the material were incorporated into the model. An average vertical load of 400 N was applied on the occlusal surface of the first molar between the buccal cusp, central fossa and the marginal ridge. Maximum Von Mises stresses in all the eight models were observed at the crestal region or neck of the implant. The stresses observed were more for the threaded implants in all the four densities of bone when compared to that of the cylindrical implants. The study concluded that the cylindrical implant design was more favorable in softer bone than the threaded implant design.

Aims and objectives To evaluate and compare the effect of fiber reinforcement on the dimensional changes of heat-cured poly (methyl methacrylate) resin after processing and immersion in water. Materials and methods Three different heat-cure resins were selected for the present study: (1) Nonreinforced heat-cure methyl methacrylate resin, (2) High Impact heat-cured methyl methacrylate resin and (3) Fiberglass reinforced methyl methacrylate resin. Ninety samples were prepared using three different resins and denture bases obtained for the same. The amount of space between the tissue surface and the cast in the anterior, middle and posterior regions is measured after processing and immersion in water for 17 days using a traveling microscope having a least count of 0.001 cm. Results Mean and standard deviation were calculated for the dimensional changes and were subjected to statistical analysis (Student t-test, unpaired). Among the three groups of resins, fiber reinforced heat-cured methyl methacrylate resin was found to be statistically highly significant in terms of dimensional changes when compared with the nonreinforced and high impact heat-cured resins. Conclusion Dimensional changes were evident in all the planes in the three groups studied and were in the following decreasing order—fiberglass reinforced heat-cured poly (methyl methacrylate) resin, high impact heat-cured poly (methyl methacrylate) resin and nonreinforced heat-cured poly (methyl methacrylate) resin. Clinical significance The fibers are added in order to increase the strength of acrylic resin. Considering only the strength may in turn affect the dimensional accuracy of the acrylic resin resulting in loss of retention and stability, affecting the fit of the denture. How to cite this article Ranganath LM, Shet RGK, AG Rajesh, Abraham S. The Effect of Fiber Reinforcement on the Dimensional Changes of Poly Methyl Methacrylate Resin after Processing and after Immersion in Water: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(4):305-317.

Background: Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection are predisposed to numerous opportunistic infections due to decreased cell mediated immunity, Tuberculosis being most common. Low CD4 count is associated with low immunity and higher risk of tuberculosis.Methods: Author conducted a retrospective study in the department of Pulmonary medicine in a tertiary care teaching hospital during January to December 2017. Author collected data of all the patients with HIV diagnosed with Tuberculosis from the ART centre. Author collected demographic details including age, sex, symptoms at presentation, details of diagnosis of TB including type of tuberculosis, CBNAAT results, CD4 count at the diagnosis of TB, details of ART therapy and ATT therapy and outcomes of treatment.Results: Eighty one patients with HIV-TB co- infection were included in the study. Males (70.37%) were more affected than females. Mean age of the study group was 39.97±10 years. Sixty one patients (75.4%) were diagnosed with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and 20 (24.6%) patients were diagnosed with extra pulmonary TB. Mean CD4 counts of the cohort was 226±110/µl. Eighty percent of patients developed Tuberculosis with CD4 count

Electronmicroscopic study has revealed a dicentric chromosome in the root tip cells of diploid Aloe vera, hitherto unreported in somatic cells of plants. The morphological aspects are described and the implications of such structural features of the dicentric are addressed in a functional perspective. It is also proposed that the presence of two functional kinetochores need not invariably lead to chromosome instability and loss.

The widespread use of block-based interframe motion estimation for video sequence compression in both MPEG and H.263 standards is due to its effectiveness and simplicity of implementation. Nevertheless, the high computational complexity of the full-search algorithm has motivated a host of suboptimal but faster search strategies. A popular example is the three-step search (TSS) algorithm. However, its uniformly spaced search pattern is not well matched to most real-world video sequences in which the motion vector distribution is nonuniformly biased toward the zero vector. Such an observation inspired the new three-step search (NTSS) which has a center-biased search pattern and supports a halfway-stop technique. It is faster on average, and gives better motion estimation as compared to the well-known TSS. Later, the four-step search (4SS) algorithm was introduced to reduce the average case from 21 to 19 search points, while maintaining a performance similar to NTSS in terms of motion compensation errors. We propose a novel unrestricted center-biased diamond search (UCBDS) algorithm which is more efficient, effective, and robust than the previous techniques. It has a best case scenario of only 13 search points and an average of 15.5 block matches. This makes UCBDS consistently faster than the other suboptimal block-matching techniques. This paper also compares the above methods in which both the processing speed and the accuracy of motion compensation are tested over a wide range of test video sequences.

The permanent translocation heterozygote, Rhoeo spathacea shows a characteristic ring of all chromosomes at metaphase-I of male meiosis. Elimination of bivalent formation completely due to extreme heterozygosity poses a special problem for reductional division at meiosis-I where the maternal and the paternal sets need to be separated to different poles. Unlike bivalent meiosis, the functions of SC formation, pairing and recombination required for reductional segregation have to be fulfilled by only telomeres which are the only areas of contact among the chromosomes in the ring. The participation of telomeres in these events assumes significance in view of the balanced lethal gene system imposed by translocation heterozygosity, and the particular requirement that only alternate chromosomes segregated to the same pole results in fertile pollen. This paper throws some light on the telomere functions in R. spathacea in the light of our present understanding of telomere biology. The prospects of using R. spathacea as a model organism to dissect molecular aspects of several telomere related functions are also discussed.

Aim To evaluate the influence of salivary contamination during dentin bonding procedures on shear bond strength and to investigate the effect of contaminant-removing treatments on the recovery of bond strength for two dentin-bonding agents. Materials and methods Seventy-seven human maxillary and mandibular molars were randomly divided into two groups for total-etch adhesive (Single bond-3M ESPE, USA) and self-etch primer (UniFil Bond-GC, Tokyo, Japan) and subjected to contamination with saliva. The data for each group were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Student Newman-Keuls test to make comparisons among the groups (p < 0.05). Results Salivary contamination had less adverse effect on the shear bond strength of single bond total-etch adhesive when it was blot dried or washed. UniFil bond was tolerant of salivary contamination, except when contamination occurred after application of the primer. Conclusion In single bond adhesive, when the etched surface is contaminated by saliva, blotting the surface and applying the primer can recover the bond strength. Complete drying of the salivary contaminated surface should be avoided. In the UniFil bond groups, the repriming treatment (UF-V and UF-VI) resulted in the recovery of shear bond strength in the specimens contaminated after priming. Clinical significance The results of this study showed that total- etch adhesive (single bond) was not affected by salivary contamination on the etched surface when the bonding surface was kept moist. Self-etch adhesive (UniFil bond) also tolerated salivary contamination except when the contamination occurred after application of the primer. How to cite this article Justin RM, Paranthaman H, Rajesh AG, Varghese RP, Ranganath LM. Effect of Salivary Contamination on the Bond Strength of Total-etch and Selfetch Adhesive Systems: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(5):655-660.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the morphological and structural changes of the enamel induced by three bleaching agents namely old McInnes solution, modified McInnes solution and 10% carbamide peroxide gel at different time intervals. Materials and methods Fifteen freshly extracted noncarious human central incisors with intact enamel surface were selected. The teeth were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction separating the crown portion from the root using a diamond separating disk. Following this, the samples were subjected to three different bleaching agents: Group 1: Old McInnes solution, group 2: modified McInnes solution and group 3: 10% carbamide peroxide for a period of 15, 30 and 60 minutes, 24 and 30 hours time interval. The sample stubs were subjected to scanning electron microscope and were photographed at 2000 and 10,000 magnifications. Conclusion The present study revealed no indication of either etching or significant change in surface morphology of enamel when evaluated under scanning electron microscope after 6 weeks treatment with various bleaching agents. Clinical significance Morphological alterations in bleached enamel are both concentration and time dependent. How to cite this article Rajesh AG, Ranganath LM, Kumar KSP, Rao BS. Surface Morphological Changes in Human Enamel Following Bleaching: An in vitro Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(3):405-415.

Saliva plays a vital role in oral health as patients strive to maintain a healthy dentition throughout their lives. It is nature's primary defense mechanism for the oral environment, and is particularly important for protecting exposed tooth surfaces. While internal protection for dentin comes from odontoblasts and the dental pulp, the body's external protection for enamel comes from saliva. The noninvasive nature of salivary testing has made it an effective alternative to blood and urine testing and home testing kits have made it possible for people to monitor their own health using this diagnostic medium. This paper presents what saliva can reveal about general and oral health as well as highlights the current use and potential clinical and research applications, of diagnostics based on oral fluids. Clinical significance Early detection always minimizes the need for more invasive treatment. It prevents oral health disease at an early stage and provides a good oral health in rejuvenated state. If you stick and follow regular professional care, prevention maintenance appointments, prevention counseling, good home care and oral hygiene, diet habits you will be free from oral health illness and you can experience the harmonious and rejuvenated state of good oral health. How to cite this article Ranganath LM, Shet RGK, Rajesh AG. Saliva: A Powerful Diagnostic Tool for Minimal Intervention Dentistry. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):240-245.

Karyotypes of six species of Barleria L. occurring in South India viz., B. acuminata, B. buxifolia, B. gibsoni, B. involucrata var. elata, B. noctiflora and B. strigosa are studied. All the six species have the same chromosome number of 2n=40. However, each species is distinct in respect of relative positions of centromere, presence/absence and position of satellites and total haploid chromatin length. The diagnostic value of the karyomorphological details in these taxa is discussed.