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Additional file 2. Study specific instruments of the P.E.L.I.O.N. trial.

Additional file 1. List of study sites.

Das nationalsozialistische Deutschland wollte sein Territorium erheblich erweitern und diese Expansionen dauerhaft sichern. Um eine gigantische und komplexe Um- und Ansiedlungsaktion in den durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg eroberten Gebieten in Osteuropa zu organisieren, beauftragte die Reichsführung Wissenschaftler der Universität in Berlin, einen sogenannten „Generalplan Ost“ zu entwickeln. Das in Zusammenarbeit von Wissenschaftlern, Reichsleitung, SS und Wehrmacht entstandene Konzept beschreibt präzise, wie deutschen Siedlern der neue „Lebensraum“ erschlossen werden sollte, indem man die Gebiete der slawischen Bevölkerung kolonisierte und die Menschen zur Arbeit zwang, deportierte oder ermordete. Dieses Buch beleuchtet einige Aspekte der Entstehung und Wirkung des Generalplans Ost und skizziert den problematischen Umgang mit diesem Kriegsverbrechen an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.

Nazistowskie Niemcy chciały znacznie poszerzyć swoje terytorium i na stałe zabezpieczyć tą ekspansję. W celu zorganizowania gigantycznej i złożonej akcji przesiedleńczej i osiedleńczej na podbitych podczas II wojny światowej terenach Europy Wschodniej, kierownictwo Rzeszy zleciło naukowcom z Uniwersytetu Berlińskiego opracowanie tzw. „Planu Generalnego Wschodniego“. Koncepcja ta, powstała we współpracy naukowców, kierownictwa Rzeszy, SS i Wehrmachtu, precyzyjnie opisuje, jak poprzez kolonizowanie obszarów słowiańskiego narodu, zmuszanie ludzi do pracy, deportowanie ich lub mordowanie, dla niemieckich osadników miała zostać stworzona nowa „przestrzeń życiowa“. Niniejsza książka naświetla niektóre aspekty powstawania i skutków Generalnego Planu Wschodniego oraz nakreśla problematyczny stosunek Uniwersytetu Humboldtów po II wojnie światowej do tych zbrodni wojennych.

National Socialist Germany wanted to considerably expand its territory and secure these expansions permanently. In order to organise a gargantuan and complex relocation and settlement campaign in the territories of Eastern Europe conquered as a result of the Second World War, the Reichsführung commissioned scientists from the University of Berlin to develop a so-called ‘Master plan for the East’ (‘Generalplan Ost’). This concept, which was developed in collaboration with scientists, the Reichsleitung (Reich leadership), the SS and the Wehrmacht, precisely describes how the new Lebensraum (living space) was to be made accessible to the German settlers by colonising the territories of the Slavic population and subjecting the people to forced labour, deporting them or murdering them. This book highlights some aspects of the origins and impact of the ‘Generalplan Ost’ and outlines the problematic handling of this war crime at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin after the Second World War.

Национал-социалистическая Германия желала значительно расширить свою территорию и закрепить данную экспансию в долгосрочной перспективе. В целях организации гигантской и комплексной акции по переселению и заселению территорий Восточной Европы, завоеванных во время Второй мировой войны, руководство Рейха поручило ученым Берлинского университета разработку так называемого «Генерального плана Ост». Концепция, разработанная в ходе сотрудничества между учеными, руководством Рейха, СС и вермахтом содержит точное описание того, каким образом должно быть освоено новое «жизненное пространство», а именно, путем колонизации территорий славянского населения и принуждения людей к работе, с применением депортации и убийств. В данной книге освещены некоторые аспекты возникновения и последствий «Генерального плана Ост», а также обозначены проблемные моменты процесса осмысления данного военного преступления в Берлинском университета им. Гумбольдта после Второй мировой войны.

Plasmons are the collective oscillation of free electrons in materials. They concentrate light into nanoscale volumes and trigger optical processes in nearby materials. My thesis is devoted to the understanding of optical processes that are mediated by localized surface plasmons. The fundamental excitation of plasmonic modes and the enhancement of optical absorption and Raman scattering in nanoscale materials are studied using experimental and theoretical approaches. I introduce a novel type of plasmonic excitation in layered films of metallic nanoparticles. Because of field retardation, incident light induces antiparallel dipoles in adjacent layers of metallic nanoparticles exciting a dark interlayer plasmon. It benefits from reduced radiative damping and efficient light absorption as I demonstrate with simulations and experiments. The self-assembled nanoparticle films pave the way for large-area coatings with tunable plasmon resonances. An application is the decay of plasmons into hot charge carriers that trigger photocatalytic reactions in molecules. I propose dark interlayer plasmons as ideal excitation channels for hot electrons because of their small radiative damping. Using plasmonic nanostructures for photodetection and sensing requires an understanding of the interaction with adjacent materials. I introduce microscopic theories for the enhancement of optical absorption and Raman scattering by localized surface plasmons. The plasmonic near field of nanoparticle arrays induced non-vertical optical transitions in graphene in dependence of the periodicity of the plasmonic lattice. For plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering I developed a general theoretical framework using perturbation theory. It provides analytic expressions for the enhanced Raman cross section. In a molecular dipole coupled to a plasmonic nanoparticle the enhancement is strongly affected by interference between different scattering channels. Plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering is an ideal tool to study the properties of materials interfaced with plasmonic nanostructures. I analyzed nanoscale strain and doping in graphene on top of a gold nanostructure. I developed a method for separating the contributions from strain and doping in the Raman spectrum of graphene, which is applicable to graphene on arbitrary substrates and in arbitrary strain configurations., Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein besseres Verständnis von optischen Prozessen zu erlangen, die durch lokalisierte Oberflächenplasmonen gesteuert werden. Dafür habe ich grundlegende Anregungsmechanismen von Plasmonmoden, sowie die Verstärkung von optischer Absorption und Ramanstreuung, mit experimentellen und theoretischen Methoden untersucht. Ich stelle eine neuartige plasmonische Anregung in geschichteten Filmen von metallischen Nanopartikeln vor. Dieses dunkle Plasmon besteht aus antiparallelen plasmonischen Dipolen in den Nanopartikeln benachbarter Lagen und kann aufgrund von Feldretardierung direkt mit Licht angeregt werden. Ich zeige mit Experimenten und Simulationen, dass diese Anregung eine reduzierte Strahlungsdämpfung aufweist und zu einer ausgeprägten, durchstimmbaren Lichtabsorption im nahinfraroten Spektralbereich führt. Da die Nanopartikelfilme mittels Selbstorganisation von Nanopartikeln hergestellt werden können, eignen sie sich für die großflächige Beschichtung von Oberflächen. Aufgrund der unterdrückten radiativen Dämpfung sind dunkle Plasmonen in Nanopartikelfilmen ein idealer Anregungskanal für heiße Elektronen, mit Anwendungen in der Fotokatalyse. Mit mikroskopischen Theorien habe ich die Interaktion von plasmonischen Nanostrukturen mit angrenzenden Nanomaterialien untersucht. Ich zeige, dass das plasmonische Nahfeld eines Gitters von Goldnanopartikeln nicht-vertikale optische Übergänge in Graphen anregt. Die Auswahlregeln für diese Übergänge hängen von der Periodizität der plasmonischen Nanostruktur ab. Die mikroskopische Theorie führt zu einem besseren Verständnis der Photostromentstehung in Graphen-basierten optoelektronischen Detektoren. Als Zweites stelle ich ein allgemeines Konzept zur Beschreibung von plasmon-verstärkter Ramanstreuung mit Störungstheorie vor. Die analytischen Ausdrücke aus dieser Theorie eignen sich, um die Abhängigkeit der plasmonischen Verstärkung von der Anregungsenergie zu untersuchen. Mittels einer Implementierung für ein Molekül nahe eines plasmonischen Nanopartikels zeige ich, dass die Verstärkung stark von der Interferenz verschiedener Streuprozesse beeinflusst wird. Plasmon-verstärkte Ramanstreuung ist ideal, um zu untersuchen, wie Materialeigenschaften von einer angrenzenden plasmonischen Nanostruktur beeinflusst werden. Das zeige ich für Materialverspannungen und Dotierung in Graphen durch eine Gold-Nanostruktur. Ich habe dafür eine allgemeine Methodik entwickelt, mit der die Beiträge von Verspannung und Dotierung zum Ramanspektrum von Graphen voneinander getrennt und quantifiziert werden können. Diese eignet sich zur Auswertung von unbekannten Verspannungs-Konfigurationen in Graphen auf verschiedensten Substraten.

We study variation of peer effects in rooftop photovoltaic adoption by households. Our investigation employs geocoded data on all potential adopters and on all grid-connected photovoltaic systems set up in Germany through 2010. We construct an individual measure of peer effects for each potential adopter. For identification, we exploit exogenous variation in two dimensions of photovoltaic system roof appropriateness of neighbors: their inclination and their orientation. Using discrete choice models with panel data, we find evidence for causal peer effects. However, the impact of one previously installed PV system on current adoption decreases over time. We also show that visible PV systems cause an increase in the odds of installing which is up to three times higher in comparison to all PV systems. At rural locations visibility may be less important, which indicates that word-of-mouth communication plays a stronger role.

Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2019; Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2019, The development of a biogenous value chain is a current challenge of society. Fermentatively preparable carboxylic acids, such as itaconic acid (IA), are potential platform chemicals that can be converted by a catalytic reaction into high-value fuels, solvents or fine chemicals. In the present work, the reaction network of itaconic acid dehydrogenation with the commercial Ru (5 wt.-%)/C catalyst was first examined in more detail. After optimization of the reaction parameters, supported noble metal catalysts based on acidic or basic support materials were developed for the selective synthesis of methyl-γ-butyrolactone (MGBL), methyl-1,4-butanediol (MBDO) and 3-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF).The conversion of IA to MGBL proceeds through a series of hydrogenation and dehydration reactions. An effective catalyst must therefore have a transition metal for hydrogenation and acidic sites for dehydration. The synthesis of the metal in the form of nanoparticles could be achieved in this work by the electrostatic adsorption. Smaller metal particles had the largest possible surface area relative to their particle mass, resulting in higher activity. Especially by using a WO3-ZrO2 mixed oxide, the MGBL yield could be increased. From the NH3 and CO2 TPD profiles it was found that for a good MGBL selectivity, especially medium-strong acid centers were needed in the absence of strongly basic centers. These acid sites activated the carbonyl group, facilitating a nucleophilic attack on the C=O bond. To investigate the influence of metals on IA hydrogenation, alternative metals were tested as ruthenium. Although it had a high activity, but the MGBL yield was due to occurring follow and side reactions very low. A better alternative was the Pt (5 wt.-%) / C catalyst, which did not catalyze any side reactions, resulting in a better MGBL yield. For selective MBDO synthesis, catalysts based on Pd, Pt and Rh were tested. For the Pd and Pt catalysts in the aqueous reaction medium, especially the subsequent reaction to the MTHF led to a reduction of the MBDO yield. To prevent the acid-catalyzed cyclization to MTHF, working in a basic reaction medium was necessary. MTHF itself could be obtained from the MBDO by acid additives with almost no yield loss at 190°C.A major cost factor in the synthesis of fermentation products is the downstream processing. Therefore, in the last part of this work, Pd (4 wt.-%) - Ru (1 wt.-%)/C was tested in the IA direct hydrogenation of a filtered fermentation solution in the presence of fermentation salts and residual glucose. The influence of different nutrient salts on IA hydrogenation was investigated. A high salt content in the reaction solution was not generally problematic. The only decisive factor was which ions were involved. Glucose residues in the fermentation solution dramatically reduced catalyst activity, presumably due to blocking of the pore system due to formed oligomers. Based on this, IA direct hydrogenation with high MGBL yields without pretreatment of the fermentation solution was not possible. A more effective approach to processing the fermentation solution was the combination of ion exchange and carbon filtration. The acidic or basic Amberlyst could separate the remaining nutrient salts and thus prevent irreversible adsorption on the precious metal. Filtration through an activated charcoal packed column removed the oligomeric impurities which resulted in blockage of the pore system.

The Institute of Space Systems at Technische Universität Braunschweig has long-term experience in the field of space debris modeling. This article reviews the current state of ongoing research in this area. Extensive activities are currently underway to update the European space debris model MASTER. In addition to updating the historical population, the future evolution of the space debris environment is also being investigated. The competencies developed within these activities are used to address current problems with regard to the possibility of an increasing number of catastrophic collisions. Related research areas include, for example, research in the field of orbit determination and the simulation of sensor systems for the acquisition and cataloging of orbital objects. In particular, the ability to provide simulated measurement data for object populations in almost all size ranges is an important prerequisite for these investigations. Some selected results on the distribution of space debris on Earth orbit are presented in terms of spatial density. Furthermore, specific fragmentation events will be discussed.

We study spatio-temporal variation of peer effects in rooftop photovoltaics adoption of households. Our investigation employs locational data on potential adopters and a geocoded data set of all grid-connected photovoltaic systems set up in Germany through 2010. The detailed locational data allows us to construct an individual measure of peer effects for each potential adopter across Germany. Based on a discrete choice model with panel data, our analysis reveals that peer effects are mostly localized within a range of 0-0.2 km. Within this range they deflate slowly in a non-linear manner. We also find that the peer effect decreases over time.