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A sacrificial film of polystyrene nanoparticles was utilized to introduce nano-cavities in mesoporous metal oxide layers. This enabled the growth of larger perovskite crystals inside the oxide scaffold with significantly suppressed non-radiative recombination and improving device performance. This work exemplifies potential applications of such nanoarchitectonic approaches in perovskite opto-electronic devices., 4 pages

In this work we compare seven different types of natural and synthetic graphite particles and examine how their integration into the cathode of carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C–PSCs) is influencing their opto-electronic properties. By combining x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and 4-point probe measurements we show that the differences in graphite crystallinity significantly affect the sheet resistance of the carbon-based cathode. The most conductive carbon-based film with an exceptional sheet resistance of 4 Ω/sq. have been produced from scaly graphite with the crystallite dimensions of La = 60.6 nm and Lc = 28.6 nm. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy further revealed that charge transfer resistance at the perovskite/carbon contact differ for each graphite type. Overall, the pyrolytic graphite was found to be the best compromise between high conductivity and low charge transfer resistance leading to least series resistance losses and a fill factor (FF) above 74% (in perovskite solar cells with area of 0.64 cm2). However, an overall efficient hole extraction and lower non-radiative charge recombination in C–PSCs with scaly graphite resulted in the highest average power conversion efficiency and a champion device reaching 14.63%. All the C–PSCs show exceptional moisture stability for 5,000 h under ambient condition, with a PCE decrease of less than 3%.

While perovskite photovoltaic (PV) devices are on the verge of their commercialization, promising methods to recycle or remanufacture fully-encapsulated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are still missing. Through detailed life-cycle assessment shown in this work, we identify that the majority of the greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by re-using the glass substrate and parts of the PV cells. Based on these analytical findings, we develop a novel thermally-assisted mechanochemical approach to remove the encapsulants, the electrode and the perovskite absorber, allowing to re-use most of the device constituents for remanufacturing PSCs, which recovered nearly 90% of their initial performance. This remanufacturing strategy allows to save up to 33% of the module’s global warming potential. Finally, we demonstrate that the CO2-footprint of these remanufactured devices can become less than 30g/kWh, which is the value for state-of-the-art c-Si PV modules and can even reach 15g/kWh assuming a similar lifetime

Summary Although it still contributes to less than 2% of the worldwide electricity generation, photovoltaics (PVs) is on the way to becoming a key energy technology for a global future renewable energy infrastructure. We present projections of worldwide CO2 emissions of the future PV industry, finding that these emissions will likely surpass those caused by the global shipping or aviation sector. As an alternative, we propose a fully printed PV reverse manufacturing concept that minimizes the carbon footprint to the ultimate lower limit of the glass substrate fabrication. This so called “in situ” approach is based on a perovskite absorber that is highly durable and encapsulated with glass solder between float glass substrates, reducing the CO2-footprint of conventional PV modules by 1/20th. Yielding a certified stabilized efficiency of 9.3%, this record efficiency for glass-solder-encapsulated perovskite PV paves the way for future solar cells with the lowest carbon footprints.

Carbon-electrode-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) are promising candidates for commercialization due to their high stability. However, the absence of a hole selective layer (HSL) often limits their performance, yielding low fill factors (FFs). Herein, a certified FF of 78.8% obtained through HSL-free C-PSCs is focused. This is found to approach the highest values reported for metal-electrode-based PSCs employing highly selective HSLs. The loss mechanisms affecting the FF in fully printed HSL-free C-PSCs are thus investigated. Methods commonly used to analyze and quantify the impact of recombination and transport losses on the FF of established photovoltage devices are assessed, and their applicability in C-PSCs is examined. In the improved devices, non-radiative recombination contributes to only 3%abs loss with respect to the FF in the radiative limit, which is attributed to an optimal diode ideality factor approaching 1.0. Moreover, contributions of shunt resistive losses are determined to be negligible. Interfacial series resistance losses at the perovskite/carbon interface are identified as the main loss channel, highlighting the importance of the quality of the contact between the perovskite and the back-contact electrode.

Most childhood cancers occur sporadically and cannot be explained by an inherited mutation or an unhealthy lifestyle. However, risk factors might trigger the oncogenic transformation of cells. Among other regulatory signals, hypermethylation of

The photocurrent density-voltage (J(V)) curve is the fundamental characteristic to assess opto-electronic devices, in particular solar cells. However, it only yields information on the performance integrated over the entire active device area. Here, a method to determine a spatially resolved photocurrent image by voltage-dependent photoluminescence microscopy is derived from basic principles. The opportunities and limitations of the approach are studied by the investigation of III-V and perovskite solar cells. This approach allows the real-time assessment of the microscopically resolved local J(V) curve, the steady-state Jsc, as well as transient effects. In addition, the measurement contains information on local charge extraction and interfacial recombination. This facilitates the identification of regions of non-ideal charge extraction in the solar cells and enables to link these to the processing conditions. The proposed technique highlights that, combined with potentiostatic measurements, luminescence microscopy turns out to be a powerful tool for the assessment of performance losses and the improvement of solar cells.

Background IgG4 is associated with two emerging groups of rare diseases: 1) IgG4 autoimmune diseases (IgG4-AID) and 2) IgG4-related diseases (IgG4-RLD). Anti-neuronal IgG4-AID include MuSK myasthenia gravis, LGI1- and Caspr2-encephalitis and autoimmune nodo-/paranodopathies (CNTN1/Caspr1 or NF155 antibodies). IgG4-RLD is a multiorgan disease hallmarked by tissue-destructive fibrotic lesions with lymphocyte and IgG4 plasma cell infiltrates and increased serum IgG4 concentrations. It is unclear whether IgG4-AID and IgG4-RLD share relevant clinical and immunopathological features. Methods We collected and analyzed clinical, serological, and histopathological data in 50 patients with anti-neuronal IgG4-AID and 19 patients with IgG4-RLD. Results A significantly higher proportion of IgG4-RLD patients had serum IgG4 elevation when compared to IgG4-AID patients (52.63% vs. 16%, p = .004). Moreover, those IgG4-AID patients with elevated IgG4 did not meet the diagnostic criteria of IgG4-RLD, and their autoantibody titers did not correlate with their serum IgG4 concentrations. In addition, patients with IgG4-RLD were negative for anti-neuronal/neuromuscular autoantibodies and among these patients, men showed a significantly higher propensity for IgG4 elevation, when compared to women (p = .005). Last, a kidney biopsy from a patient with autoimmune paranodopathy due to CNTN1/Caspr1-complex IgG4 autoantibodies and concomitant nephrotic syndrome did not show fibrosis or IgG4+ plasma cells, which are diagnostic hallmarks of IgG4-RLD. Conclusion Our observations suggest that anti-neuronal IgG4-AID and IgG4-RLD are most likely distinct disease entities.

Carbon-based electrodes have been widely applied in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of their chemical inertness and compatibility with up-scalable techniques, signifying their solid potential for mass-production. The material scarcity and complexity of metal ore extraction further highlights that conventionally used noble metal electrodes cannot represent a sustainable option for back-contact in PSCs, while cells with carbon-based electrodes represent an excellent solution to these problems. However, their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) still lag behind the traditionally processed cells with metal electrodes, resulting in a considerable efficiency gap. To overcome this issue, we propose the use of low-temperature carbon-based (LTCB) electrodes, which offer several key advantages in comparison to mesoscopic high-temperature treated ones: (1) larger choice of selective layers, (2) applicability to all perovskite crystallization methods, (3) compatibility with flexible substrates and (4) faster deposition process. In this review, we analyze numerous techniques to formulate the LTCB-paste and ways to deposit it on the cell stack which have been developed in order to improve the interfacial contact and electrode conductivity. Besides describing the current state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells with LTCB-electrodes, the most promising strategies to enhance the PCE of such photovoltaic (PV) devices are discussed. Overall, we emphasize that PSCs with a LTCB-electrode combine high device stability, low manufacturing costs and low environmental impact, while having options for pushing the efficiency of carbon-based PSCs closer to the record-breaking cells, all of which are vital in order to fulfill the true potential of perovskite PV.

This paper introduces the successful implementation of a fibre-optic sensing system for direct and distributed strain measurement within the shotcrete lining of a conventional tunnel drive. The shotcrete lining of the top-heading and the invert are equipped with two layers (rock side and cavity side) of fibre-optic sensing cables installed in circumferential and longitudinal direction. All cables are measured autonomously for several weeks to capture the strain evolution inside the lining from the day of the construction to a posterior, well-hardened state. An additional follow-up measurement is conducted 2 months afterwards. The measurements enable an assessment of the strain distribution inside the lining with a spatial resolution in the range of some centimetres and a measurement resolution of up to 1 µm/m. Besides the conventional monitoring targets used for displacement recordings, measurement equipment like strain gages and pressure cells are also installed in the cross-section under investigation. Back-calculated strain from absolute displacements and the readings from the strain gages show good agreement with the results of the conducted fibre-optic measurements and verify the suitability of the used system.

Herein, a simple way of tuning the optical and structural properties of porphyrin‐based hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) is reported. By inserting transition metal ions into the porphyrin cores of GTUB‐5 (p‐H8‐TPPA (5,10,15,20‐Tetrakis[p‐phenylphosphonic acid] HOF), the authors show that it is possible to generate HOFs with different band gaps, photoluminescence (PL) life times, and textural properties. The band gaps of the resulting HOFs (viz., Cu‐, Ni‐, Pd‐, and Zn‐GTUB‐5) are measured by diffuse reflectance and PL spectroscopy, as well as calculated via DFT, and the PL lifetimes are measured. Across the series, the band gaps vary over a narrow range from 1.37 to 1.62 eV, while the PL lifetimes vary over a wide range from 2.3 to 83 ns. These differences ultimately arise from metal‐induced structural changes, viz., changes in the metal‐to‐nitrogen distances, number of hydrogen bonds, and pore volumes. DFT reveals that the band gaps of Cu‐, Zn‐, and Pd‐ GTUB‐5 are governed by highest occupied/lowest unoccupied crystal orbitals (HOCO/LUCO) composed of π‐ orbitals on the porphyrin linkers, while that of Ni‐GTUB‐5 is governed by a HOCO and LUCO composed of Ni dorbitals. Overall, our findings show that metal‐insertion can be used to optimize HOFs for optoelectronics and small‐molecule capture applications.

Tremendous efforts have been dedicated toward minimizing the open-circuit voltage deficits on perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and the fill factors are still relatively low. This hinders their further application in large scalable modules. Herein, we employ a newly designed ammonium salt, cyclohexylethylammonium iodide (CEAI), for interfacial engineering between the perovskite and hole-transporting layer (HTL), which enhanced the fill factor to 82.6% and consequent PCE of 23.57% on the target device. This can be associated with a reduction of the trap-assisted recombination rate at the 3D perovskite surface, via formation of a 2D perovskite interlayer. Remarkably, the property of the 2D perovskite interlayer along with the cyclohexylethyl group introduced by CEAI treatment also determines a pronounced enhancement in the surface hydrophobicity, leading to an outstanding stability of over 96% remaining efficiency of the passivated devices under maximum power point tracking with one sun illumination under N-2 atmosphere at room temperature after 1500 h.

Herein, the design and synthesis of a highly photoluminescent and electrically conductive metal–organic framework [Zn{Cu‐p‐H6TPPA}]⋅2 [(CH3)2NH] (designated as GTUB3), which is constructed using the 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis [p‐phenylphosphonic acid] porphyrin (p‐H8TPPA) organic linker, is reported. The bandgap of GTUB3 is measured to be 1.45 and 1.48 eV using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. The PL decay measurement yields a charge carrier lifetime of 40.6 ns. Impedance and DC measurements yield average electrical conductivities of 0.03 and 4 S m−1, respectively, making GTUB3 a rare example of an electrically conductive 3D metal–organic framework. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the organic components of GTUB3 are stable up to 400 °C. Finally, its specific surface area and pore volume are calculated to be 622 m2 g−1 and 0.43 cm3 g−1, respectively, using grand canonical Monte Carlo. Owing to its porosity and high electrical conductivity, GTUB3 may be used as a low‐cost electrode material in next generation of supercapacitors, while its low bandgap and high photoluminescence make it a promising material for optoelectronic applications.

Interface engineering and passivating contacts are key enablers to reach the highest efficiencies in photovoltaic devices. While printed carbon-graphite back electrodes for hole-transporting material (HTM)-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are appealing for fast commercialization of PSCs due to low processing costs and extraordinary stability, this device architecture so far suffers from severe performance losses at the back electrode interface. Herein, a 2D perovskite passivation layer as an electron blocking layer (EBL) at this interface to substantially reduce interfacial recombination losses is introduced. The formation of the 2D perovskite EBL is confirmed through X-ray diffraction, photoemission spectroscopy, and an advanced spectrally resolved photoluminescence microscopy mapping technique. Reduced losses that lead to an enhanced fill factor and V-OC are quantified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and J(SC)-V-OC measurements. This enables reaching one of the highest reported efficiencies of 18.5% for HTM-free PSCs using 2D perovskite as an EBL with a significantly improved device stability.

The determination of certified efficiency values for perovskite solar cells from current–voltage sweeps is under growing discussion. Here, we report for the first time a certified steady-state solar efficiency for a hole transport layer (HTL)-free perovskite cell of 12.6% measured continuously at maximum power point in an accredited laboratory. By applying a molten-salt-based MAPbI3 precursor solution, dense filling and improved perovskite crystallization inside the nanoporous graphite-based monolithic contact scaffold of the cell are achieved. A stabilized photovoltage as high as 1 V is achieved, representing the highest VOC reported for HTL-free MAPbI3-based devices. Charge transport properties are determined by switching from open- to short-circuit conditions. Strong and stable quenching of the photoluminescence indicates effective transportation and extraction of the photoexcited primary charge carriers. The existence of an efficient HTL-free device suggests that these cells are more of an n-p junctio...

The electrically insulating space layer takes a fundamental role in monolithic carbon-graphite based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and it has been established to prevent the charge recombination of electrons at the mp-TiO2/carbon-graphite (CG) interface. Thick 1 μm printed layers are commonly used for this purpose in the established triple-mesoscopic structures to avoid ohmic shunts and to achieve a high open circuit voltage. In this work, we have developed a reproducible large-area procedure to replace this thick space layer with an ultra-thin dense 40 nm sputtered Al2O3 which acts as a highly electrically insulating layer preventing ohmic shunts. Herewith, transport limitations related so far to the hole diffusion path length inside the thick mesoporous space layer have been omitted by concept. This will pave the way toward the development of next generation double-mesoscopic carbon-graphite-based PSCs with highest efficiencies. Scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and atomic force microscopy measurements show the presence of a fully oxidized sputtered Al2O3 layer forming a pseudo-porous covering of the underlying mesoporous layer. The thickness has been finely tuned to achieve both electrical isolation and optimal infiltration of the perovskite solution allowing full percolation and crystallization. Photo voltage decay, light-dependent, and time-dependent photoluminescence measurements showed that the optimal 40 nm thick Al2O3 not only prevents ohmic shunts but also efficiently reduces the charge recombination at the mp-TiO2/CG interface and, at the same time, allows efficient hole diffusion through the perovskite crystals embedded in its pseudo-pores. Thus, a stable V OC of 1 V using CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite has been achieved under full sun AM 1.5 G with a stabilized device performance of 12.1%.

We demonstrate the effect of sheet conductivity and infiltration using the example of two graphite types, showing that, in general, the graphite type is very important. Amorphous and pyrolytic graphite were applied to carbon electrodes in fully printable carbon-based multiporous-layered-electrode perovskite solar cells (MPLE-PSCs): &lt, glass/F-doped SnO2/compact-TiO2/porous-TiO2+perovskite/porous-ZrO2+perovskite/porous-carbon+perovskite&gt, The power conversion efficiency (PCE) using amorphous graphite-based carbon (AGC) electrode was only 5.97% due to the low short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) value, which was due to the low incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) in the short wavelength region caused by the poor perovskite filling into the porous TiO2-ZrO2 layers. Conversely, using pyrolytic graphite-based carbon (PGC) electrode, Jsc, open-circuit photovoltage (Voc), fill factors (FF), and PCE values of 21.09 mA cm−2, 0.952 V, 0.670, and 13.45%, respectively, were achieved in the champion device. PGC had poorer wettability and a small specific surface area as compared with AGC, but it had better permeability of the perovskite precursor solution into the porous TiO2/ZrO2 layers, and therefore a denser filling and crystallization of the perovskite within the porous TiO2/ZrO2 layers than AGC. It is confirmed that the permeability of the precursor solution depends on the morphology and structure of the graphite employed in the carbon electrode.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their interactions in developing countries in general, and in Egypt specifically, form the basis of our review. Issues of energy and water supply, linked to agriculture in rural areas, combine several of the SDGs. The current status and the challenges for solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and water supply technologies in rural areas are critically described and an outlook on future developments is provided. The framework of the water–energy–food nexus approach and its relation to the SDGs globally in the MENA region and in Egypt is presented and recommendations are given on institutional governance and research and development to overcome the silo mentality and enhance sector collaboration on all levels as prerequisite to achieving the SDGs. The latest technical developments in PV and water technologies and their opportunities for rural development are outlined. Combined technical solutions are highlighted with examples from Egypt. Specifically, installed systems in various rural locations are presented, and their advantages and shortcomings are discussed. The review provides a context for the studies presented in the Special Section on Solar Energy Solutions for Electricity and Water Supply in Rural Areas, Journal of Photonics for Energy , Volume 9, Issue 4.

In addition to maintaining the GenBank® nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site. NCBI resources include Entrez, the Entrez Programming Utilities, MyNCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central, Entrez Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link (BLink), Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, Spidey, Splign, Reference Sequence, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, Cancer Chromosomes, Entrez Genomes and related tools, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Trace Archive, Sequence Read Archive, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, HIV-1/Human Protein Interaction Database, Gene Expression Omnibus, Entrez Probe, GENSAT, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals, the Molecular Modeling Database, the Conserved Domain Database, the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool, Biosystems, Peptidome, Protein Clusters and the PubChem suite of small molecule databases. Augmenting many of the web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All these resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

An elegant solution for the power supply of sensor electronics is the application of power-by-light technology. With this technology several challenges related to conventional copper wiring are inherently overcome; benefits are galvanic isolation, the suppression of electromagnetic interference, and the possibility to combine power and bidirectional data transmission in a single fiber link. In order to power sensor electronics efficiently, a supply voltage in the range 3 to 12 V is typically required. This paper deals with the photovoltaic laser power converter used to convert the transmitted optical power back into electricity. The advanced cell concepts of multi-junction and multi-segment cells are discussed which both aim at an increased output voltage on the device level, thereby eliminating the need for additional DC/DC conversion. Modeling and experimental results of GaAs based cells are presented, namely of single-junction 2- to 12-segment cells as well as of a dualjunction single-segment structure. A discussion of the pros and cons of the different concepts is given, focusing on the consequences of misalignment and temperature changes.

The NIH Xenopus Initiative is establishing many of the genetic and genomic resources that have been recommended by the Xenopus research community. These resources include cDNA libraries, expressed sequence tags, full-length cDNA sequences, genomic libraries, pilot projects to mutagenize and phenotype X. tropicalis, and sequencing the X. tropicalis genome. This review describes the status of these projects and explains how to access their data and resources. Current information about these activities is available on the NIH Xenopus Web site (http://www.nih.gov/science/models/xenopus/).

For aligning DNA sequences that differ only by sequencing errors, or by equivalent errors from other sources, a greedy algorithm can be much faster than traditional dynamic programming approaches and yet produce an alignment that is guaranteed to be theoretically optimal. We introduce a new greedy alignment algorithm with particularly good performance and show that it computes the same alignment as does a certain dynamic programming algorithm, while executing over 10 times faster on appropriate data. An implementation of this algorithm is currently used in a program that assembles the UniGene database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Objectives: Intracranial infections due to multidrug- resistant (MDR) gram-negative pathogens are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. As therapeutic options are limited and systemic drug penetration into the infection focus is difficult, intraventricular therapy has been described. Methods: We report on a patient with intracranial abscess caused by MDR Acinetobacter baumannii. Results: He was treated with high doses of intravenous and intraventricular colistin resulting in microbiological clearance and clinical cure. Therapy was controlled by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of serum and liquor colistin levels. About 100 cases with intraventricular or intrathecal colistin are reported in literature but data on TDM are sparse. Conclusions: This is one of the first cases providing data on TDM for locally administered high dose colistin therapy for the treatment of intracranial abscess formations. Based on these findings, increasing the intraventricular application interval paralleled with intravenous colistin could possibly be sufficient to achieve appropriate therapeutic drug levels. Further studies are needed to support alternative dosing strategies in similar cases.

Since its start, the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) has sought to provide at least one full-protein-coding sequence cDNA clone for every human and mouse gene with a RefSeq transcript, and at least 6200 rat genes. The MGC cloning effort initially relied on random expressed sequence tag screening of cDNA libraries. Here, we summarize our recent progress using directed RT-PCR cloning and DNA synthesis. The MGC now contains clones with the entire protein-coding sequence for 92% of human and 89% of mouse genes with curated RefSeq (NM-accession) transcripts, and for 97% of human and 96% of mouse genes with curated RefSeq transcripts that have one or more PubMed publications, in addition to clones for more than 6300 rat genes. These high-quality MGC clones and their sequences are accessible without restriction to researchers worldwide.

The National Institutes of Health's Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) project was designed to generate and sequence a publicly accessible cDNA resource containing a complete open reading frame (ORF) for every human and mouse gene. The project initially used a random strategy to select clones from a large number of cDNA libraries from diverse tissues. Candidate clones were chosen based on 5′-EST sequences, and then fully sequenced to high accuracy and analyzed by algorithms developed for this project. Currently, more than 11,000 human and 10,000 mouse genes are represented in MGC by at least one clone with a full ORF. The random selection approach is now reaching a saturation point, and a transition to protocols targeted at the missing transcripts is now required to complete the mouse and human collections. Comparison of the sequence of the MGC clones to reference genome sequences reveals that most cDNA clones are of very high sequence quality, although it is likely that some cDNAs may carry missense variants as a consequence of experimental artifact, such as PCR, cloning, or reverse transcriptase errors. Recently, a rat cDNA component was added to the project, and ongoing frog (Xenopus) and zebrafish (Danio) cDNA projects were expanded to take advantage of the high-throughput MGC pipeline.

Large numbers of MS/MS peptide spectra generated in proteomics experiments require efficient, sensitive and specific algorithms for peptide identification. In the Open Mass Spectrometry Search Algorithm (OMSSA), specificity is calculated by a classic probability score using an explicit model for matching experimental spectra to sequences. At default thresholds, OMSSA matches more spectra from a standard protein cocktail than a comparable algorithm. OMSSA is designed to be faster than published algorithms in searching large MS/MS datasets. Keywords: protein identification • algorithm • bioinformatics • mass spectrometry • proteomics • significance testing

The human genome sequence defines our inherent biological potential; the realization of the biology encoded therein requires knowledge of the function of each gene. Currently, our knowledge in this area is still limited. Several lines of investigation have been used to elucidate the structure and function of the genes in the human genome. Even so, gene prediction remains a difficult task, as the varieties of transcripts of a gene may vary to a great extent. We thus performed an exhaustive integrative characterization of 41,118 full-length cDNAs that capture the gene transcripts as complete functional cassettes, providing an unequivocal report of structural and functional diversity at the gene level. Our international collaboration has validated 21,037 human gene candidates by analysis of high-quality full-length cDNA clones through curation using unified criteria. This led to the identification of 5,155 new gene candidates. It also manifested the most reliable way to control the quality of the cDNA clones. We have developed a human gene database, called the H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB; http://www.h-invitational.jp/). It provides the following: integrative annotation of human genes, description of gene structures, details of novel alternative splicing isoforms, non-protein-coding RNAs, functional domains, subcellular localizations, metabolic pathways, predictions of protein three-dimensional structure, mapping of known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), identification of polymorphic microsatellite repeats within human genes, and comparative results with mouse full-length cDNAs. The H-InvDB analysis has shown that up to 4% of the human genome sequence (National Center for Biotechnology Information build 34 assembly) may contain misassembled or missing regions. We found that 6.5% of the human gene candidates (1,377 loci) did not have a good protein-coding open reading frame, of which 296 loci are strong candidates for non-protein-coding RNA genes. In addition, among 72,027 uniquely mapped SNPs and insertions/deletions localized within human genes, 13,215 nonsynonymous SNPs, 315 nonsense SNPs, and 452 indels occurred in coding regions. Together with 25 polymorphic microsatellite repeats present in coding regions, they may alter protein structure, causing phenotypic effects or resulting in disease. The H-InvDB platform represents a substantial contribution to resources needed for the exploration of human biology and pathology., An international team has systematically validated and annotated just over 21,000 human genes using full-length cDNA, thereby providing a valuable new resource for the human genetics community

In addition to maintaining the GenBank(R) nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides data analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through NCBI's website. NCBI resources include Entrez, PubMed, PubMed Central, LocusLink, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link (BLink), Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, Spidey, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (CCAP), Entrez Genomes and related tools, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, SARS Coronavirus Resource, SAGEmap, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB), the Conserved Domain Database (CDD) and the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool (CDART). Augmenting many of the web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All of the resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

In addition to maintaining the GenBank(R) nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides data analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through NCBI's Web site. NCBI resources include Entrez, PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), LocusLink, the NCBITaxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link (BLink), Electronic PCR (e-PCR), Open Reading Frame (ORF) Finder, References Sequence (RefSeq), UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), Human/Mouse Homology Map, Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (CCAP), Entrez Genomes and related tools, the Map Viewer, Model Maker (MM), Evidence Viewer (EV), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, SAGEmap, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB), the Conserved Domain Database (CDD), and the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool (CDART). Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All of the resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

The National Institutes of Health Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) Program is a multiinstitutional effort to identify and sequence a cDNA clone containing a complete ORF for each human and mouse gene. ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones, which then were sequenced to high accuracy. The MGC has currently sequenced and verified the full ORF for a nonredundant set of >9,000 human and >6,000 mouse genes. Candidate full-ORF clones for an additional 7,800 human and 3,500 mouse genes also have been identified. All MGC sequences and clones are available without restriction through public databases and clone distribution networks (see http://mgc.nci.nih.gov ).

In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides data analysis and retrieval resources that operate on the data in GenBank and a variety of other biological data made available through NCBI's web site. NCBI data retrieval resources include Entrez, PubMed, LocusLink and the Taxonomy Browser. Data analysis resources include BLAST, Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), Human Genome Sequencing, Human MapViewer, Human inverted exclamation markVMouse Homology Map, Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (CCAP), Entrez Genomes, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, SAGEmap, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB) and the Conserved Domain Database (CDD). Augmenting many of the web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All of the resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

The RIKEN Mouse Gene Encyclopaedia Project, a systematic approach to determining the full coding potential of the mouse genome, involves collection and sequencing of full-length complementary DNAs and physical mapping of the corresponding genes to the mouse genome. We organized an international functional annotation meeting (FANTOM) to annotate the first 21,076 cDNAs to be analysed in this project. Here we describe the first RIKEN clone collection, which is one of the largest described for any organism. Analysis of these cDNAs extends known gene families and identifies new ones.

Gene expression quantifying techniques promise to shape our understanding of the distribution and regulation of the products of transcription in normal and abnormal cell types. cDNA microarray (DeRisi 1997), high-density oligo DNA array (Wodicka 1997) and serial analysis of gene expression (Velculescu 1995) techniques have all been developed to quickly and efficiently survey genome-wide transcript expression. However, each of these techniques has the potential to produce, in a single experiment, vast amounts of data which must be sifted and ordered for useful information to become apparent. Additional challenges are met when attempts are made to compare, merge and contrast data from experiments conducted under differing conditions and locales. As a prototype for the handling, analysis and exchange of gene expression data in the public forum, we have undertaken the production of a public repository and resource for a particular set of gene expression data, i.e., serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) data. This repository was designed initially to archive SAGE data produced through the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) (Strausberg 1997; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cgap) but is now capable of accepting submissions of SAGE sequence data from any source, without fee or restriction on dissemination or use. It is our goal to provide free and open access to raw SAGE sequence data, precomputed tag extractions, and several modest analysis tools. This resource currently contains over two million tags from 47 SAGE libraries. We call this resource SAGEmap. Its two online components are available via the World Wide Web (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sage) and anonymous FTP (ftp://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/sage).

cDNA clones have long been valuable reagents for studying the structure and function of proteins. With recent access to the entire human genome sequence, it has become possible and highly productive to compare the sequences of mRNAs to their genes, in order to validate the sequences and protein-coding annotations of each (1,2). Thus, well-characterized collections of human cDNAs are now playing an essential role in defining the structure and function of human genes and proteins. In this review, we will summarize the major collections of human cDNA clones, discuss some limitations common to most of these collections and describe several noteworthy proteomics applications, focusing on the detection and analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPI). These human cDNA collections contain principally two types of cDNA clones. The largest collections comprise cDNAs with full-length protein coding sequences (FL-CDS). Some but not all of these cDNA clones may represent the entire mRNA sequence, but many are missing considerable non-coding UTR sequence, usually at the 5' end. A second type of cDNA clone, a 'full-ORF' (F-ORF) expression clone, is one where the annotated protein-coding sequence, excised of 5' UTR and 3' UTR sequence, has been transferred to a vector designed to facilitate transfer to other vectors for protein expression.

The liquefaction and recrystallization of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite with methylamine – MA0/CH3NH2 gas in solar cells have been intensively studied in the past years, yet the exact mechanisms remained hypothesized and unclear due to lack of experimental evidence. The investigation presented in this work connects the interatomic bonding in the methylamine–MAPbI3 complex during liquefaction and recrystallization with the crystal morphology and the lifetime of photo-generated carriers in planar and mesoporous layer structures. Raman shift analysis and XRD structural investigation have been performed, showing that MA0 gas forms a complex with MAPbI3via chemisorption of gas molecules to the perovskite crystal surface by replacing I− atoms in the PbI6 octahedra and via coordination of MA+. Through real-time photoluminescence, the changes in bonding during the liquid–solid transition are related to the radiative charge carrier recombination during the liquefaction and recrystallization. We found that the amount of MA0 gas reacting with perovskite determines the crystal morphology, pore-filling and, most importantly, the charge carrier lifetime.