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Malignant tumor seriously endangers human life and health. Radiotherapy is currently one of the most common treatments for malignant tumor. However, ionizing radiation (IR) can cause radiation resistance of tumor cells and damage normal tissue cells, thereby limiting the clinical application of radiotherapy. Natural polyphenols not only can improve the radiosensitivity of tumor cells, but also can alleviate the negative effects of IR on the body, thus playing an important role in tumor treatment. Dysregulation of non-coding RNA plays an important role in the occurrence and development of many diseases. In recent years, studies have found that the anti-tumor and radiosensitization effects of polyphenols are associated with non-coding RNA regulation. In this context, this paper reviews the anti-tumor and radiosensitization effects of natural polyphenols and their mechanisms, especially from the perspective of non-coding RNA regulation, in order to provide new ideas for the intervention and treatment of tumors and other diseases, as well as the development of food products for special medical purposes.

Objective: In order to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of edible mushrooms, the antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-radiation activities of water extracts from five edible mushrooms, including Volvariella volvacea, Grifola frondosa, Russula vinosa Lindblad, Coprinus comatus and Ganoderma applanatum were studied and compared with each other. Methods: the contents of total sugar, crude polysaccharide, total protein, total phenols and total flavonoids in water extracts from the five edible mushrooms were determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method, the Coomassie brilliant blue method, the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminium chloride method, respectively. their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated by 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging and total reducing power assays. their proliferative activities on macrophage RAW264.7 cells were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method. Their protective effects against 60Co γ irradiation-induced damage in mouse hepatocytes AML-12 were investigated in vitro. Results: Total sugar was the most abundant constituent in water extracts from Volvariella volvacea, Grifola frondosa, Russula vinosa Lindblad, Coprinus comatus and Ganoderma applanatum, accounting for (80.90 ± 1.20)%, (67.00 ± 2.48)%, (55.31 ± 0.55)%, (84.87 ± 7.31)% and (58.19 ± 1.50)% of the extracts, respectively. The crude polysaccharide content of water extract from Grifola frondosa was the highest, (61.28 ± 2.95)%. All the water extracts had good antioxidant activities, of which the water extract of Ganoderma applanatum had the best antioxidant activity. In addition, the water extracts at different concentrations (10–200 μg/mL) promoted the proliferation of RAW264.7 macrophages, and the effect of the water extract of Ganoderma applanatum at low concentrations was more significant. The decreased survival rate of AML-12 cells induced by 60Coγ radiation could be significantly improved by the water extract of Volvariella volvacea in the concentration range of 10–200 μg/mL. the water extract of Ganoderma applanatum had a significant protective effect against radiation-induced cell damage at low concentrations. Conclusion: The water extracts from the five edible mushrooms have different biological activities. Overall, the water extract from Ganoderma applanatum shows better antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory effect and anti-radiation activity, so it is worthy of further study.

Summary: During the immune response, B cells can enter the memory pathway, which is characterized by class switch recombination (CSR), or they may undergo plasma cell differentiation (PCD) to secrete immunoglobulin. Both of these processes occur in activated B cells, which are reported to relate to membrane‐association proteins and adaptors. Protein 4.1R acts as an adaptor, linking membrane proteins to the cytoskeleton, and is involved in many cell events such as cell activation and differentiation, and cytokine secretion. However, the effect of 4.1R on regulating B‐cell fate is unclear. Here, we show an important association between B‐cell fate and 4.1R. In vitro, primary B cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide combined with interleukin‐4; results showed that 4.1R‐deficient (4.1R–/–) cells compared with wild‐type (4.1R+/+) B cells augmented expression of activation‐induced cytidine deaminase and germline, resulting in increased IgG1+ B cells, whereas the secretion of IgG1 and IgM was reduced, and CD138+ B cells were also decreased. Throughout the process, 4.1R regulated canonical nuclear factor (NF‐κB) rather than non‐canonical NF‐κB to promote the expression of CSR complex components, leading to up‐regulation of B‐cell CSR. In contrast, 4.1R‐deficient B cells showed reduced expression of Blimp‐1, which caused B cells to down‐regulate PCD. Furthermore, over‐activation of canonical NF‐κB may induce apoptosis signaling to cause PCD apoptosis to reduce PCD number. In summary, our results suggest that 4.1R acts as a B‐cell fate regulator by inhibiting the canonical NF‐κB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionizing radiation (IR) is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. However, IR can cause damage to human health by producing reactive oxygen species. Lactococcus lactis is a type of microorganism that is beneficial to human health and has a strong antioxidant capacity. In this study, the protective effect of normal and IR-induced L. lactis IL1403 cell-free extracts (CFE and IR-CFE, respectively) against oxidative damage in vitro and the radioprotective effect of IR-CFE in vivo was evaluated using 60 Coγ-induced oxidative damage model in mice. Results showed that IR-CFE exhibited a stronger oxidative damage-protective effect than CFE for L. lactis IL1403 under H 2 O 2 in vitro. Moreover, IR-CFE also showed strong radioprotective effect on hepatocyte cells (AML-12) under radiation condition, and the effect was better than that of CFE. Animal experiment indicated that IR-CFE could reduce the IR-induced damage to the hematopoietic system by increasing the number of white blood cells and red blood cells in peripheral blood of irradiated mice. It was also observed that IR-CFE could markedly alleviate the 60 Coγ-induced oxidative stress via increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, enhancing the levels of glutathione, and decreasing the contents of malondialdehyde in serum, liver, and spleen. In addition, IR-CFE also could reduce the activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum, thereby reducing radiation damage to the liver. These results suggested that IR-CFE could be considered as potential candidates for natural radioprotective agents. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the application of lactic acid bacteria., (Copyright © 2021 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Melanoma is a common and malignant cutaneous tumor, which is responsible for a large proportion of skin cancer deaths. Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines have achieved positive results in the treatment of melanoma because of their ability to induce cytotoxic response to facilitate tumor elimination., Objective: To improve the efficacy of dendritic cell-based vaccines by the adjuvant activity of Helicobacter pylori neutrophil activating protein (HP-NAP)., Methods: The recombinant HP-NAP (rHP-NAP) was expressed by using prokaryotic expression system. DCs were cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4. After treating with rHP-NAP, the maturation of DCs and dendritic cell-based vaccine were assayed by using flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. The activation and proliferation of T cells were measured by FCM, ELISA and MTT methods. The tumor specific cytotoxic response to resistant B16F10 was detected by using lactate dehydrogenase-release assay and qRT-PCR., Results: The rHP-NAP, prepared from E. coli prokaryotic expression system, was able to significantly promote the maturation of dendritic cell-based vaccine loaded with tumor cell lysate (TCL) of B16F10 (DC-B16F10-TCL). Furthermore, it effectively induced the activation and proliferation of T cells and tumor specific cytotoxic response to resistant B16F10 melanoma tumor cells., Conclusion: These results suggested that rHP-NAP possesses the potential for use as an adjuvant of dendritic cell-based vaccine in anti-melanoma treatment.

Excessive reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) produced by ionizing radiation (IR) can cause human body to serious oxidative damage, leading to oxidation-reduction (REDOX) system imbalance and immune system damage. Here, the radioprotection of EGCG was studied through a model of oxidative damage in 60 Coγ radiation mice. Firstly, the weights and the main organs indexes of mice, including the liver index, spleen index and pancreas index, indicated preliminarily the safety and protection of EGCG. Then, the radioprotection of EGCG based on immune-regulation on radiation mice was further investigated. Results suggested that EGCG could prevent significantly the immune system damage caused by 60 Coγ via increasing the immune organ index, inducing the transformation of spleen cells into T- and B-lymphocytes, and enhancing the macrophage phagocytosis, compared with model group. In addition, EGCG could also protect spleens of radiation mice from 60 Coγ-induced the imbalance of REDOX system by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increasing the level of glutathione (GSH), suppressing lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde, MDA). The antioxidant enzymes activities of serum and livers were also increased markedly. Taken together, our results indicated that EGCG possessed the excellent potential to serve as a natural radioprotector against IR-induced damage., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Ionizing radiation (IR) resistance and toxicity to normal cells are the main problems in radiotherapy for cancer. In this study, we demonstrated that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) could inhibit effectively IR-induced damage to mouse normal hepatic cells AML-12, and improve dramatically the radiosensitivity of mouse hepatoma cells H22 to 60 Coγ. In addition, the different effects of EGCG and underlying molecular mechanisms based on microRNA-34a (miR-34a) and apoptosis-related proteins were investigated by cells viability analysis, quantitative realtime PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot and cells transfection. The results indicated EGCG played the key role of radiosensitization on H22 cells by activating the miR-34a/Sirt1/p53 signaling pathway. Besides, EGCG could down-regulate the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and up-regulate the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Caspase-3 in H22 cells. Interestingly, EGCG showed contrary results on AML-12 cells. Therefore, radiation protection and radiosensitization of EGCG were associated with apoptosis regulated by miR-34a/Sirt1/p53 signaling pathway., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)