23 results on '"Lipp, O."'
Search Results
2. Catching up with wonderful women:The women-are-wonderful effect is smaller in more gender egalitarian societies
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Kuba, K., Capaldi, C., van Tilburg, W., Lipp, O. V., Bond, M. H., Vauclair, C.-M., Manickam, L. S. S., Dominguez-Espinosa, A., Torres, T, Lun, V. M.-C., Teyssier, J., Miles, L. K., Hansen, K., Park, J., Wagner, W., Yu, A. A., Xing, C., Wise, R., Sun, C.-R., Siddiqui, R. S., Salem, R., Rizwan, M., Pavlopoulos, V., Nader, M., Maricchiolo, F., Malbran, M., Javangwe, G., Isik, I., Igbokwe, D. O., Hur, T., Hassan, A., Gonzalez, A., Fulop, M., Denoux, P., Cenko, E., Chkhaidze, A., Shmeleva, E., Antalíkova, R., Ahmed, R. A., Krys, Kuba, Capaldi, Colin A., van Tilburg, Wijnand, Lipp, Ottmar V., Bond, Michael Harri, Vauclair, C. Melanie, Manickam, L. Sam S., Domínguez Espinosa, Alejandra, Torres, Claudio, Lun, Vivian Miu Chi, Teyssier, Julien, Miles, Lynden K., Hansen, Karolina, Park, Joonha, Wagner, Wolfgang, Yu, Angela Arriola, Xing, Cai, Wise, Ryan, Sun, Chien Ru, Siddiqui, Razi Sultan, Salem, Radwa, Rizwan, Muhammad, Pavlopoulos, Vassili, Nader, Martin, Maricchiolo, Fridanna, Malbran, María, Javangwe, Gwatirera, Işik, Idil, Igbokwe, David O., Hur, Taekyun, Hassan, Arif, Gonzalez, Ana, Fülöp, Márta, Denoux, Patrick, Cenko, Enila, Chkhaidze, Ana, Shmeleva, Eleonora, Antalíková, Radka, and Ahmed, Ramadan A.
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Cross-Cultural Comparison ,Gender stereotypes ,Psychology (all) ,Culture ,Gender stereotype ,Gender Identity ,Ciências Sociais::Psicologia [Domínio/Área Científica] ,Implicit attitude ,humanities ,Social cognition ,Social Perception ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Gender egalitarianism ,Humans ,Female ,Implicit attitudes - Abstract
Inequalities between men and women are common and well-documented. Objective indexes show that men are better positioned than women in societal hierarchies—there is no single country in the world without a gender gap. In contrast, researchers have found that the women-are-wonderful effect—that women are evaluated more positively than men overall—is also common. Cross-cultural studies on gender equality reveal that the more gender egalitarian the society is, the less prevalent explicit gender stereotypes are. Yet, because self-reported gender stereotypes may differ from implicit attitudes towards each gender, we reanalysed data collected across 44 cultures, and (a) confirmed that societal gender egalitarianism reduces the women-are-wonderful effect when it is measured more implicitly (i.e. rating the personality of men and women presented in images) and (b) documented that the social perception of men benefits more from gender egalitarianism than that of women. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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- 2018
3. In search of anticipation in unipolar affective disorder
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Papadimitriou, GN Souery, D Lipp, O Massat, I Mahieu, B and Van Broeckhoven, C Mendlewicz, J
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Controversial evidence exists regarding the presence of the phenomenon of anticipation in affective disorder. To further evaluate this hypothesis on the unipolar pattern of the disease, we examined 21 two-generation pairs of first and second degree relatives with unipolar recurrent major depression. Biases from index-patient and from unaffected sibs were taken into consideration. A significant difference in the age at onset and episode frequency (as measure of disease severity) between parental and offspring generation was observed. The median age at onset of the parental generation was 37 +/- 8.2 years compared to 22 +/- 8.3 years in the offspring generation (p = 0.001). The offspring generation also experienced an episode frequency two times greater than the parent generation (p = 0.001). Anticipation was demonstrated in 95% of pairs regarding age at onset and in 84% of pairs in episode frequency. However, the observation of a birth cohort effect may possibly explain the differences in age at onset between generations in our sample. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.
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- 2005
4. RWMODEL: A program in Turbo Pascal for simulating predictions based on the Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning
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Lachnit, H., Schneider, R. L., Lipp, O. V., and Kimmel, H. D.
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- 1988
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5. Linkage of mood disorders with D2, D3 and TH genes: a multicenter study
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Serretti, A Macciardi, F Cusin, C Lattuada, E Souery, D and Lipp, O Mahieu, B Van Broeckhoven, C Blackwood, D and Muir, W Aschauer, HN Heiden, AM Ackenheil, M Fuchshuber, S Raeymaekers, P Verheyen, G Kaneva, R Jablensky, A and Papadimitriou, GN Dikeos, DG Stefanis, CN Smeraldi, E and Mendlewicz, J
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Background: It has been suggested that the dopaminergic system is involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. We conducted a multicenter study of families with mood disorders, to investigate a possible linkage with genes coding for dopamine receptor D2, dopamine receptor D3 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Methods: Twenty three mood disorder pedigrees collected within the framework of the European Collaborative Project on Affective Disorders were analyzed with parametric and non-parametric linkage methods. Various potential phenotypes were considered, from a narrow (only bipolar as affected) to a broad (bipolar + major depressive + schizoaffective disorders) definition of affection status. Results: Parametric analyses excluded linkage for all the candidate genes, even though small positive LOD (Limit of Detection) scores were observed for TH in three families. Non-parametric analyses yielded negative results for all markers. Conclusion: The D2 and D3 dopamine receptors were, therefore, not a major liability factor for mood disorders in our sample, whereas TH may play a role in a subgroup of patients. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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- 2000
6. Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism and phenotypic heterogeneity in bipolar affective disorder: A multicenter association study
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Souery, D Lipp, O Rivelli, SK Massat, I Serretti, A and Cavallini, C Ackenheil, M Adolfsson, R Aschauer, H and Blackwood, D Dam, H Dikeos, D Fuchshuber, S Heiden, M and Jakovljevic, M Kaneva, R Kessing, L Lerer, B and Lonnqvist, J Mellerup, T Milanova, V Muir, W Nylander, PO Oruc, L Papadimitriou, GN Pekkarinen, P Peltonen, L and Pull, C Raeymaekers, P Shapira, B Smeraldi, E and Staner, L Stefanis, C Verga, M Verheyen, G Macciardi, F and Van Broeckhoven, C Mendlewicz, J
- Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of catecholamines, is considered a candidate gene in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and has been the subject of numerous linkage and association studies. Taken together, most results do not support a major gene effect for the TH gene in BPAD. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity may partially explain the difficulty of confirming the exact role of this gene using both association and linkage methods. Four hundred one BPAD patients and 401 unrelated matched controls were recruited within a European collaborative project (BIOMED1 project in the area of brain research, European Community grant number CT 92-1217, project leader: J. Mendlewicz) involving 14 centers for a case-control association study with a tetranucleotide polymorphism in the TH gene. Patients and controls were carefully matched for geographical origin. Phenotypic heterogeneity was considered and subgroup analyses were performed with relevant variables: age at onset, family history, and diagnostic stability. No association was observed in the total sample or for subgroups according to age at onset (n=172), family history alone (n=159), or high degree of diagnostic stability and a positive family history (n=131). The results of this association study do not confirm the possible implication of TH polymorphism in the susceptibility to BPAD. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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- 1999
7. European Collaborative Project on Affective Disorders: interactions between genetic and psychosocial vulnerability factors
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Souery, D Lipp, O Serretti, A Mahieu, B Rivelli, SK and Cavallini, C Ackenheil, M Adolfsson, R Aschauer, H and Blackwood, D Dam, H Delcoigne, B Demartelaer, V Dikeos, D Fuchshuber, S Heiden, M Jablensky, A Jakovljevic, M and Kessing, L Lerer, B Macedo, A Mellerup, T Milanova, V Muir, W Nylander, PO Oruc, L Papadimitriou, GN and Pekkarinen, P Peltonen, L de Azevedo, MHP Pull, C and Shapira, B Smeraldi, E Staner, L Stefanis, C Verga, M and Verheyen, G Macciardi, F Van Broeckhoven, C Mendlewicz, J
- Abstract
Despite strong evidence provided by genetic epidemiology of genetic involvement in the aetiology of bipolar and unipolar affective disorders, the exact nature of the predisposing gene(s) is still being investigated through linkage and association studies. The interaction of susceptibility genes and environmental factors in these diseases is also of fundamental importance and requires proper investigation. Interesting theories have recently been proposed examining the possible role of various chromosomal regions, candidate genes and mutations in affective disorders. Reliable multicentre-based methodology is currently being employed to examine these theories, with attention given to statistical analysis and the statistical power of the sample. The present article describes the European Collaborative Project on Affective Disorders (ECPAD) ‘Interactions between genetic and psychosocial vulnerability factors’, involving 15 European centres. A description is given of the association and family samples collected for the project and also the methodology used to analyse interactions in the gene-psychosocial environment. This material provides a powerful tool in the search for susceptibility genes in affective disorders and takes into account non-genetic aetiological factors. Psychiatr Genet 8:197-205 (C) 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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- 1998
8. Neural changes associated with appetite information processing in schizophrenic patients after 16 weeks of olanzapine treatment
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Stip, E, primary, Lungu, O V, additional, Anselmo, K, additional, Letourneau, G, additional, Mendrek, A, additional, Stip, B, additional, Lipp, O, additional, Lalonde, P, additional, and Bentaleb, L A, additional
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- 2012
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9. Of toothy grins and angry snarls--Open mouth displays contribute to efficiency gains in search for emotional faces
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Horstmann, G., primary, Lipp, O. V., additional, and Becker, S. I., additional
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- 2012
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10. Implicit semantic perception in object substitution masking
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Goodhew, S. C., primary, Visser, T. A. W., additional, Lipp, O. V., additional, and Dux, P. E., additional
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- 2011
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11. Lack of pain sensitization in schizophrenia is related to differences in supra-spinal but not spinal pain processing
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Levesque, M., primary, Lalonde, P., additional, Lipp, O., additional, Stip, E., additional, Potvin, S., additional, Marchand, S., additional, and Goffaux, P., additional
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- 2011
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12. Competing for consciousness: Reduced object substitution masking with prolonged mask exposure
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Goodhew, S., primary, Visser, T., additional, Lipp, O., additional, and Dux, P., additional
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- 2010
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13. Delayed reentrant processing impairs visual awareness: An object substitution masking study
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Dux, P. E., primary, Visser, T. A. W., additional, Goodhew, S. C., additional, and Lipp, O. V., additional
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- 2010
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14. TPH and suicidal behavior: a study in suicide completers
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Turecki, G, primary, Zhu, Z, additional, Tzenova, J, additional, Lesage, A, additional, Séguin, M, additional, Tousignant, M, additional, Chawky, N, additional, Vanier, C, additional, Lipp, O, additional, Alda, M, additional, Joober, R, additional, Benkelfat, C, additional, and Rouleau, G A, additional
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- 2000
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15. Hollow Silica Cubes with Customizable Porosity.
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Gallagher SH, Trussardi O, Lipp O, and Brühwiler D
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Hollow silica cubes were synthesized by a deposition of a thin silica shell onto micrometer-sized hematite cubes. Ordered mesopores with well-defined pore diameters of 2.8 nm and 3.8 nm were introduced into the silica shell by means of pseudomorphic transformation after removal of the hematite core. The particles retained their cubic morphology upon pseudomorphic transformation, allowing for the preparation of close-packed layers of the hollow mesoporous silica cubes by drop-casting and the visualization of the hollow core by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy.
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- 2020
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16. Violent Behavior Is Associated With Emotion Salience Network Dysconnectivity in Schizophrenia.
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Tikàsz A, Potvin S, Dugré JR, Fahim C, Zaharieva V, Lipp O, Mendrek A, and Dumais A
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Background: Despite individuals with schizophrenia being at an elevated risk of violence compared to the general population, limited efforts have been invested in investigating the neurobiological etiology explaining the increase. Among the few studies examining functional disruptions pertaining to violent schizophrenia patients using fMRI, only one study has considered functional connectivity. The current state of knowledge does not allow to infer deficits in functional connectivity specific to distinct cognitive/emotional states that have been associated with the emergence of violence in schizophrenia, such as negative emotion processing. This study sought to identify disrupted connectivity among men with schizophrenia and a history of violence (SCZ+V), compared to men with schizophrenia without a history of violence (SCZ-V) and healthy controls, during negative emotion processing using fMRI. Methods: Twenty SCZ+V, 19 SCZ-V, and 21 healthy men were scanned while viewing negative images. Results: Negative images elicited an increased connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the bilateral rostral prefrontal cortex (rPFC), as well as a decreased functional connectivity between the frontal regions (bilateral rPFC and dACC) and the putamen and hippocampus in SCZ+V men as compared to SCZ-V men and healthy controls. Concurrently, the centrality of the dACC within the network was reduced in SCV+V subjects. Conclusions: These results suggest an inefficient integration of the information by the dACC between frontal and limbic regions in SCZ+V men during negative emotion processing and highlight the importance of the ACC in the neurobiological bases of violent behavior in schizophrenia., (Copyright © 2020 Tikàsz, Potvin, Dugré, Fahim, Zaharieva, Lipp, Mendrek and Dumais.)
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- 2020
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17. Impaired Coupling between the Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex and the Amygdala in Schizophrenia Smokers Viewing Anti-smoking Images.
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Potvin S, Tikàsz A, Lungu O, Stip E, Zaharieva V, Lalonde P, Lipp O, and Mendrek A
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Background: Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent in schizophrenia and is one of the main factors contributing to the significantly decreased life expectancy in this population. Schizophrenia smokers, compared to their counterparts with no comorbid psychiatric disorder, are largely unaware and indifferent to the long-term negative consequences of cigarette smoking. The objective of this study was to determine, for the first time, if these meta-cognitive deficits are associated with neuro-functional alterations in schizophrenia smokers., Methods: Twenty-four smokers with no psychiatric disorder and 21 smokers with schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging and exposed to anti-smoking images. Granger causality analyses were used to examine the effective connectivity between brain regions found to be significantly activated., Results: Across groups, potent activations were observed in the left ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex, the left amygdala (AMG), and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). Using the dmPFC as a seed region, we found an abnormal negative connectivity from the dmPFC to the AMG in schizophrenia smokers during the viewing of anti-smoking stimuli. This abnormal connectivity was not present during the viewing of aversive stimuli unrelated to tobacco., Discussion: Given the well-established roles of the dmPFC in social cognition and of the AMG in emotional processing, our results suggest that the relative indifference of schizophrenia smokers regarding the negative consequences of tobacco smoking could be explained by a cognitive-affective dissonance.
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- 2017
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18. The neural correlates of mental rotation abilities in cannabis-abusing patients with schizophrenia: an FMRI study.
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Potvin S, Bourque J, Durand M, Lipp O, Lalonde P, Stip E, Grignon S, and Mendrek A
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Growing evidence suggests that cannabis abuse/dependence is paradoxically associated with better cognition in schizophrenia. Accordingly, we performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of visuospatial abilities in 14 schizophrenia patients with cannabis abuse (DD), 14 nonabusing schizophrenia patients (SCZ), and 21 healthy controls (HCs). Participants performed a mental rotation task while being scanned. There were no significant differences in the number of mistakes between schizophrenia groups, and both made more mistakes on the mental rotation task than HC. Relative to HC, SCZ had increased activations in the left thalamus, while DD patients had increased activations in the right supramarginal gyrus. In both cases, hyper-activations are likely to reflect compensatory efforts. In addition, SCZ patients had decreased activations in the left superior parietal gyrus compared to both HC and DD patients. This latter result tentatively suggests that the neurophysiologic processes underlying visuospatial abilities are partially preserved in DD, relative to SCZ patients, consistently with the findings showing that cannabis abuse in schizophrenia is associated with better cognitive functioning. Further fMRI studies are required to examine the neural correlates of other cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia patients with and without comorbid cannabis use disorder.
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- 2013
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19. Pain perception in schizophrenia: evidence of a specific pain response profile.
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Lévesque M, Potvin S, Marchand S, Stip E, Grignon S, Pierre L, Lipp O, and Goffaux P
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- Adult, Case-Control Studies, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Hyperalgesia complications, Male, Pain Measurement, Pain Threshold, Psychotic Disorders complications, Psychotic Disorders physiopathology, Reflex, Schizophrenia, Paranoid complications, Sural Nerve, Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, Hyperalgesia physiopathology, Pain Perception, Schizophrenia, Paranoid physiopathology
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Objective: Ever since the characterization of schizophrenia, clinicians have noted abnormal pain sensitivity in their patients. The published literature, however, is inconsistent concerning the nature of the change reported. The objective of this study was to characterize the pain response profile of schizophrenic patients by providing both acute and prolonged (i.e., rapidly repeating) painful stimuli to schizophrenic participants and control subjects., Participants: Twelve schizophrenic subjects and eleven controls were included in the final analysis. Diagnosis was made according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders-4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria., Methods: Intermittent, transcutaneous stimulations of the left sural nerve were administered to all participants. Painful sural nerve stimulations provoked a nociceptive flexion reflex response which was measured using an electromyographic recording of the bicep femoris muscle. Pain ratings were obtained using a 0-10 verbal numerical scale. Among schizophrenic participants, the relationship between subjective pain, reflex amplitude, and clinical features was investigated. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, and Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia were used to evaluate clinical features., Results: Compared with controls, schizophrenic subjects showed increased sensitivity to acute pain (i.e., lower pain thresholds; P = 0.019), but decreased subjective pain sensitization (P = 0.027). Group differences in subjective pain sensitization were not accompanied by group differences in nociceptive reflex activity (P = 0.260), suggesting supraspinal origins to the change in pain experienced by schizophrenic subjects. Moreover, positive symptoms correlated negatively with pain threshold values among schizophrenic participants (r = -0.696, P = 0.012), suggesting that distortions of thought and function relate to pain sensitivity in schizophrenic patients., Conclusion: Results indicate that schizophrenic subjects present a specific experimental pain response profile, characterized by elevated sensitivity to acute pain but reduced sensitivity to prolonged pain., (Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
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- 2012
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20. Plasma Endocannabinoid Alterations in Individuals with Substance Use Disorder are Dependent on the "Mirror Effect" of Schizophrenia.
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Desfossés J, Stip E, Bentaleb LA, Lipp O, Chiasson JP, Furtos A, Venne K, Kouassi E, and Potvin S
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Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder strongly associated with substance use disorders. Theoretically, schizophrenia and SUD may share endocannabinoid alterations in the brain reward system. The main endocannabinoids, anandamide, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, are lipids which bind cannabinoid receptors. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), a fatty-acid ethanolamide, binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. The endocannabinoid system has been shown to be impaired in schizophrenia, and recently, our group has shown that schizophrenia patients with SUD have elevated peripheral levels of anandamide and OEA that do not normalize after 3-month treatment with quetiapine. Objective For comparative purposes, we aimed to measure endocannabinoids in non-psychosis substance abusers and non-abusing schizophrenia patients. Methods Using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, we measured plasma levels of anandamide and OEA in non-psychosis SUD patients, non-abusing schizophrenia patients, and healthy controls. In an open-label manner, all patients received 12-week treatment with quetiapine. Results Anandamide and OEA were reduced in substance abusers without schizophrenia, relative to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Both endocannabinoids were unchanged in non-abusing schizophrenia patients. After quetiapine, anandamide, and OEA levels remained significantly reduced the SUD group (p < 0.05). Discussion Taken together with results of our previous study performed in dual-diagnosis patients, our results suggest that peripheral anandamide and OEA levels are impaired in patients with SUD in opposite ways according to the presence or absence of schizophrenia. Endocannabinoid alterations did not change with treatment, suggesting that they are trait markers. Further studies are necessary to understand the role of endocannabinoids in substance abusers with and without schizophrenia and to examine therapeutic implications.
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- 2012
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21. Progesterone and Cerebral Function during Emotion Processing in Men and Women with Schizophrenia.
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Champagne J, Lakis N, Bourque J, Stip E, Lipp O, and Mendrek A
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Schizophrenia has been associated with disturbed levels of sex-steroid hormones, including estrogen and testosterone. In the present study we have examined the implication of a less studied hormone progesterone. Forty-three patients with schizophrenia (21 women) and 43 control participants (21 women) underwent functional MRI while viewing emotionally positive, negative, and neutral images. Blood samples were taken prior to the scanning session to evaluate progesterone levels. Simple regression analyses between levels of progesterone and brain activations associated with emotion processing were performed using SPM5. A positive correlation was found between progesterone levels and brain activations during processing of emotionally charged images in both healthy and schizophrenia men, but no significant relationship was revealed in women. These preliminary results indicate that progesterone is significantly associated with brain activations during processing of positive and negative affect in healthy and schizophrenia men, but not in women. Further investigation is warranted.
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- 2012
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22. Evolution of Substance use, Neurological and Psychiatric Symptoms in Schizophrenia and Substance use Disorder Patients: A 12-Week, Pilot, Case-Control Trial with Quetiapine.
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Zhornitsky S, Stip E, Desfossés J, Pampoulova T, Rizkallah E, Rompré PP, Bentaleb LA, Lipp O, Chiasson JP, Gendron A, and Potvin S
- Abstract
Neurological and psychiatric symptoms are consequences of substance abuse in schizophrenia and non-schizophrenia patients. The present case-control study examined changes in substance abuse/dependence, and neurological and psychiatric symptoms in substance abusers with [dual diagnosis (DD) group, n = 26] and without schizophrenia [substance use disorder (SUD) group, n = 24] and in non-abusing schizophrenia patients (SCZ group, n = 23) undergoing 12-week treatment with the atypical antipsychotic, quetiapine. Neurological and psychiatric symptoms were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale, and the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale. At endpoint, DD and SCZ patients were receiving significantly higher doses of quetiapine (mean = 554 and 478 mg/day, respectively), relative to SUD patients (mean = 150 mg/day). We found that SUD patients showed greater improvement in weekly dollars spent on alcohol and drugs and SUD severity, compared to DD patients. At endpoint, there was no significant difference in dollars spent, but DD patients still had a higher mean SUD severity. Interestingly, DD patients had significantly higher parkinsonism and depression than SCZ patients at baseline and endpoint. On the other hand, we found that SUD patients had significantly more akathisia at baseline, improved more than SCZ patients, and this was related to cannabis abuse/dependence. Finally, SUD patients improved more in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive scores than DD and SCZ patients. Taken together, our results provide evidence for increased vulnerability to the adverse effects of alcohol and drugs in schizophrenia patients. They also suggest that substance abuse/withdrawal may mimic some symptoms of schizophrenia. Future studies will need to determine the role quetiapine played in these improvements.
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- 2011
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23. RWMODEL II: computer simulation of the Rescorla-Wagner model of Pavlovian conditioning.
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Lipp OV, Stephens J, and Smith TA
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- Animals, Humans, Computer Simulation, Conditioning, Classical, Models, Psychological, Software
- Abstract
RWMODEL II simulates the Rescorla-Wagner model of Pavlovian conditioning. It is written in Delphi and runs under Windows 3.1 and Windows 95. The program was designed for novice and expert users and can be employed in teaching, as well as in research. It is user friendly and requires a minimal level of computer literacy but is sufficiently flexible to permit a wide range of simulations. It allows the display of empirical data, against which predictions from the model can be validated.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
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