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1. Evaluation of Performances of Calcined Laterite and Oyster Shell Powder Based Blended Geopolymer Binders

Author

Jordan Valdès Sontia Metekong, Judicaël Sandjong Kanda, Frances Jane Manjeh Ma-A, Lionel Jacques Ntamag, and Ludovic Ivan Ntom Nkotto

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Abstract

This work consisted in characterizing of calcined laterite and oyster shell powder based blended geopolymer binders. To do this, raw laterite taken from Soa in the city of Yaoundé and oyster shells extracted from Mouanko in the Sanaga-Maritime were initially air-dried, then dried at 105 °C, before being calcined at 500 °C and 200 °C respectively for 2 hours. These samples were subjected to preliminary studies, i.e. determination of their chemical and mineralogical compositions, particle size distributions, densities, as well as thermal analysis for the synthesis of geopolymer binders. X-ray diffractometry, thermal and gravimetric analysis were carried out on the oyster shell powder and laterite, in order to elucidate the time and degree of calcination of the two samples, the evolution of the linear shrinkage, the setting time as well as the compressive and flexural strengths of the geopolymer binders. The results obtained show that oyster shells are rich in CaCO3 and contain crystalline phases, while laterite is rich in silica, iron (FeCO3) and alumina (Al2O3). The geopolymer samples: Lat + 0% oyster shells have a setting time between 125 and 168 min for a compressive strength of about 47 MPa. The peak strength is observed around 15% addition of oyster shell powder, i.e. 53.5 MPa at 28 days with an increased setting time. This strength was decreased from 25 % of addition of oyster shells, despite the increase observed in the setting time. It appears from this study that the addition of 15% oyster shell increases the compressive strength of the geopolymer, but also leads to a considerable decrease in absorption rate. Above this rate, the compressive strength decreases drastically and concomitantly the setting time increases.

Published
2023
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2. The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: a consolidated design for the system requirement review of the preliminary definition phase

Author

Didier Barret, Vincent Albouys, Jan-Willem den Herder, Luigi Piro, Massimo Cappi, Juhani Huovelin, Richard Kelley, J. Miguel Mas-Hesse, Stéphane Paltani, Gregor Rauw, Agata Rozanska, Jiri Svoboda, Joern Wilms, Noriko Yamasaki, Marc Audard, Simon Bandler, Marco Barbera, Xavier Barcons, Enrico Bozzo, Maria Teresa Ceballos, Ivan Charles, Elisa Costantini, Thomas Dauser, Anne Decourchelle, Lionel Duband, Jean-Marc Duval, Fabrizio Fiore, Flavio Gatti, Andrea Goldwurm, Roland den Hartog, Brian Jackson, Peter Jonker, Caroline Kilbourne, Seppo Korpela, Claudio Macculi, Mariano Mendez, Kazuhisa Mitsuda, Silvano Molendi, François Pajot, Etienne Pointecouteau, Frederick Porter, Gabriel W. Pratt, Damien Prêle, Laurent Ravera, Kosuke Sato, Joop Schaye, Keisuke Shinozaki, Konrad Skup, Jan Soucek, Tanguy Thibert, Jacco Vink, Natalie Webb, Laurence Chaoul, Desi Raulin, Aurora Simionescu, Jose Miguel Torrejon, Fabio Acero, Graziella Branduardi-Raymont, Stefano Ettori, Alexis Finoguenov, Nicolas Grosso, Jelle Kaastra, Pasquale Mazzotta, Jon Miller, Giovanni Miniutti, Fabrizio Nicastro, Salvatore Sciortino, Hiroya Yamaguchi, Sophie Beaumont, Edoardo Cucchetti, Matteo D’Andrea, Megan Eckart, Philippe Ferrando, Elias Kammoun, Simone Lotti, Jean-Michel Mesnager, Lorenzo Natalucci, Philippe Peille, Jelle de Plaa, Florence Ardellier, Andrea Argan, Elise Bellouard, Jérôme Carron, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Mauro Fiorini, Pourya Khosropanah, Sylvain Martin, James Perry, Frederic Pinsard, Alice Pradines, Manuela Rigano, Peter Roelfsema, Denis Schwander, Guido Torrioli, Joel Ullom, Isabel Vera, Eduardo Medinaceli Villegas, Monika Zuchniak, Frank Brachet, Ugo Lo Cicero, William Doriese, Malcom Durkin, Valentina Fioretti, Hervé Geoffray, Lionel Jacques, Christian Kirsch, Stephen Smith, Joseph Adams, Emilie Gloaguen, Ruud Hoogeveen, Paul van der Hulst, Mikko Kiviranta, Jan van der Kuur, Aurélien Ledot, Bert-Joost van Leeuwen, Dennis van Loon, Bertrand Lyautey, Yann Parot, Kazuhiro Sakai, Henk van Weers, Shariefa Abdoelkariem, Thomas Adam, Christophe Adami, Corinne Aicardi, Hiroki Akamatsu, Pablo Eleazar Merino Alonso, Roberta Amato, Jérôme André, Matteo Angelinelli, Manuel Anon-Cancela, Shebli Anvar, Ricardo Atienza, Anthony Attard, Natalia Auricchio, Ana Balado, Florian Bancel, Lorenzo Ferrari Barusso, Arturo Bascuñan, Vivian Bernard, Alicia Berrocal, Sylvie Blin, Donata Bonino, François Bonnet, Patrick Bonny, Peter Boorman, Charles Boreux, Ayoub Bounab, Martin Boutelier, Kevin Boyce, Daniele Brienza, Marcel Bruijn, Andrea Bulgarelli, Simona Calarco, Paul Callanan, Alberto Prada Campello, Thierry Camus, Florent Canourgues, Vito Capobianco, Nicolas Cardiel, Florent Castellani, Oscar Cheatom, James Chervenak, Fabio Chiarello, Laurent Clerc, Nicolas Clerc, Beatriz Cobo, Odile Coeur-Joly, Alexis Coleiro, Stéphane Colonges, Leonardo Corcione, Mickael Coriat, Alexandre Coynel, Francesco Cuttaia, Antonino D’Ai, Fabio D’anca, Mauro Dadina, Christophe Daniel, Lea Dauner, Natalie DeNigris, Johannes Dercksen, Michael DiPirro, Eric Doumayrou, Luc Dubbeldam, Michel Dupieux, Simon Dupourqué, Jean Louis Durand, Dominique Eckert, Valvanera Eiriz, Eric Ercolani, Christophe Etcheverry, Fred Finkbeiner, Mariateresa Fiocchi, Hervé Fossecave, Philippe Franssen, Martin Frericks, Stefano Gabici, Florent Gant, Jian-Rong Gao, Fabio Gastaldello, Ludovic Genolet, Simona Ghizzardi, Ma Angeles Alcacera Gil, Elisa Giovannini, Olivier Godet, Javier Gomez-Elvira, Raoul Gonzalez, Manuel Gonzalez, Luciano Gottardi, Dolorès Granat, Michel Gros, Nicolas Guignard, Paul Hieltjes, Adolfo Jesús Hurtado, Kent Irwin, Christian Jacquey, Agnieszka Janiuk, Jean Jaubert, Maria Jiménez, Antoine Jolly, Thierry Jourdan, Sabine Julien, Bartosz Kedziora, Andrew Korb, Ingo Kreykenbohm, Ole König, Mathieu Langer, Philippe Laudet, Philippe Laurent, Monica Laurenza, Jean Lesrel, Sebastiano Ligori, Maximilian Lorenz, Alfredo Luminari, Bruno Maffei, Océane Maisonnave, Lorenzo Marelli, Didier Massonet, Irwin Maussang, Alejandro Gonzalo Melchor, Isabelle Le Mer, Francisco Javier San Millan, Jean-Pierre Millerioux, Teresa Mineo, Gabriele Minervini, Alexeï Molin, David Monestes, Nicola Montinaro, Baptiste Mot, David Murat, Kenichiro Nagayoshi, Yaël Nazé, Loïc Noguès, Damien Pailot, Francesca Panessa, Luigi Parodi, Pascal Petit, Enrico Piconcelli, Ciro Pinto, Jose Miguel Encinas Plaza, Borja Plaza, David Poyatos, Thomas Prouvé, Andy Ptak, Simonetta Puccetti, Elena Puccio, Pascale Ramon, Manuel Reina, Guillaume Rioland, Louis Rodriguez, Anton Roig, Bertrand Rollet, Mauro Roncarelli, Gilles Roudil, Tomasz Rudnicki, Julien Sanisidro, Luisa Sciortino, Vitor Silva, Michael Sordet, Javier Soto-Aguilar, Pierre Spizzi, Christian Surace, Miguel Fernández Sánchez, Emanuele Taralli, Guilhem Terrasa, Régis Terrier, Michela Todaro, Pietro Ubertini, Michela Uslenghi, Jan Geralt Bij de Vaate, Davide Vaccaro, Salvatore Varisco, Peggy Varnière, Laurent Vibert, María Vidriales, Fabrizio Villa, Boris Martin Vodopivec, Angela Volpe, Cor de Vries, Nicholas Wakeham, Gavin Walmsley, Michael Wise, Martin de Wit, Grzegorz Woźniak, Barret, Didier, Albouys, Vincent, Herder, Jan-Willem den, Piro, Luigi, Cappi, Massimo, Huovelin, Juhani, Kelley, Richard, Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel, Paltani, Stéphane, Rauw, Gregor, Rozanska, Agata, Svoboda, Jiri, Wilms, Joern, Yamasaki, Noriko, Audard, Marc, Bandler, Simon, Barbera, Marco, Barcons, Xavier, Bozzo, Enrico, Ceballos, Maria Teresa, Charles, Ivan, Costantini, Elisa, Dauser, Thoma, Decourchelle, Anne, Duband, Lionel, Duval, Jean-Marc, Fiore, Fabrizio, Gatti, Flavio, Goldwurm, Andrea, Hartog, Roland den, Jackson, Brian, Jonker, Peter, Kilbourne, Caroline, Korpela, Seppo, Macculi, Claudio, Mendez, Mariano, Mitsuda, Kazuhisa, Molendi, Silvano, Pajot, Françoi, Pointecouteau, Etienne, Porter, Frederick, Pratt, Gabriel W., Prêle, Damien, Ravera, Laurent, Sato, Kosuke, Schaye, Joop, Shinozaki, Keisuke, Skup, Konrad, Soucek, Jan, Thibert, Tanguy, Vink, Jacco, Webb, Natalie, Chaoul, Laurence, Raulin, Desi, Simionescu, Aurora, Torrejon, Jose Miguel, Acero, Fabio, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, Ettori, Stefano, Finoguenov, Alexi, Grosso, Nicola, Kaastra, Jelle, Mazzotta, Pasquale, Miller, Jon, Miniutti, Giovanni, Nicastro, Fabrizio, Sciortino, Salvatore, Yamaguchi, Hiroya, Beaumont, Sophie, Cucchetti, Edoardo, D’Andrea, Matteo, Eckart, Megan, Ferrando, Philippe, Kammoun, Elia, Lotti, Simone, Mesnager, Jean-Michel, Natalucci, Lorenzo, Peille, Philippe, de Plaa, Jelle, Ardellier, Florence, Argan, Andrea, Bellouard, Elise, Carron, Jérôme, Cavazzuti, Elisabetta, Fiorini, Mauro, Khosropanah, Pourya, Martin, Sylvain, Perry, Jame, Pinsard, Frederic, Pradines, Alice, Rigano, Manuela, Roelfsema, Peter, Schwander, Deni, Torrioli, Guido, Ullom, Joel, Vera, Isabel, Villegas, Eduardo Medinaceli, Zuchniak, Monika, Brachet, Frank, Cicero, Ugo Lo, Doriese, William, Durkin, Malcom, Fioretti, Valentina, Geoffray, Hervé, Jacques, Lionel, Kirsch, Christian, Smith, Stephen, Adams, Joseph, Gloaguen, Emilie, Hoogeveen, Ruud, van der Hulst, Paul, Kiviranta, Mikko, van der Kuur, Jan, Ledot, Aurélien, van Leeuwen, Bert-Joost, van Loon, Denni, Lyautey, Bertrand, Parot, Yann, Sakai, Kazuhiro, van Weers, Henk, Abdoelkariem, Shariefa, Adam, Thoma, Adami, Christophe, Aicardi, Corinne, Akamatsu, Hiroki, Alonso, Pablo Eleazar Merino, Amato, Roberta, André, Jérôme, Angelinelli, Matteo, Anon-Cancela, Manuel, Anvar, Shebli, Atienza, Ricardo, Attard, Anthony, Auricchio, Natalia, Balado, Ana, Bancel, Florian, Barusso, Lorenzo Ferrari, Bascuñan, Arturo, Bernard, Vivian, Berrocal, Alicia, Blin, Sylvie, Bonino, Donata, Bonnet, Françoi, Bonny, Patrick, Boorman, Peter, Boreux, Charle, Bounab, Ayoub, Boutelier, Martin, Boyce, Kevin, Brienza, Daniele, Bruijn, Marcel, Bulgarelli, Andrea, Calarco, Simona, Callanan, Paul, Campello, Alberto Prada, Camus, Thierry, Canourgues, Florent, Capobianco, Vito, Cardiel, Nicola, Castellani, Florent, Cheatom, Oscar, Chervenak, Jame, Chiarello, Fabio, Clerc, Laurent, Clerc, Nicola, Cobo, Beatriz, Coeur-Joly, Odile, Coleiro, Alexi, Colonges, Stéphane, Corcione, Leonardo, Coriat, Mickael, Coynel, Alexandre, Cuttaia, Francesco, D’Ai, Antonino, D’anca, Fabio, Dadina, Mauro, Daniel, Christophe, Dauner, Lea, DeNigris, Natalie, Dercksen, Johanne, DiPirro, Michael, Doumayrou, Eric, Dubbeldam, Luc, Dupieux, Michel, Dupourqué, Simon, Durand, Jean Loui, Eckert, Dominique, Eiriz, Valvanera, Ercolani, Eric, Etcheverry, Christophe, Finkbeiner, Fred, Fiocchi, Mariateresa, Fossecave, Hervé, Franssen, Philippe, Frericks, Martin, Gabici, Stefano, Gant, Florent, Gao, Jian-Rong, Gastaldello, Fabio, Genolet, Ludovic, Ghizzardi, Simona, Gil, Ma Angeles Alcacera, Giovannini, Elisa, Godet, Olivier, Gomez-Elvira, Javier, Gonzalez, Raoul, Gonzalez, Manuel, Gottardi, Luciano, Granat, Dolorè, Gros, Michel, Guignard, Nicola, Hieltjes, Paul, Hurtado, Adolfo Jesú, Irwin, Kent, Jacquey, Christian, Janiuk, Agnieszka, Jaubert, Jean, Jiménez, Maria, Jolly, Antoine, Jourdan, Thierry, Julien, Sabine, Kedziora, Bartosz, Korb, Andrew, Kreykenbohm, Ingo, König, Ole, Langer, Mathieu, Laudet, Philippe, Laurent, Philippe, Laurenza, Monica, Lesrel, Jean, Ligori, Sebastiano, Lorenz, Maximilian, Luminari, Alfredo, Maffei, Bruno, Maisonnave, Océane, Marelli, Lorenzo, Massonet, Didier, Maussang, Irwin, Melchor, Alejandro Gonzalo, Le Mer, Isabelle, Millan, Francisco Javier San, Millerioux, Jean-Pierre, Mineo, Teresa, Minervini, Gabriele, Molin, Alexeï, Monestes, David, Montinaro, Nicola, Mot, Baptiste, Murat, David, Nagayoshi, Kenichiro, Nazé, Yaël, Noguès, Loïc, Pailot, Damien, Panessa, Francesca, Parodi, Luigi, Petit, Pascal, Piconcelli, Enrico, Pinto, Ciro, Plaza, Jose Miguel Encina, Plaza, Borja, Poyatos, David, Prouvé, Thoma, Ptak, Andy, Puccetti, Simonetta, Puccio, Elena, Ramon, Pascale, Reina, Manuel, Rioland, Guillaume, Rodriguez, Loui, Roig, Anton, Rollet, Bertrand, Roncarelli, Mauro, Roudil, Gille, Rudnicki, Tomasz, Sanisidro, Julien, Sciortino, Luisa, Silva, Vitor, Sordet, Michael, Soto-Aguilar, Javier, Spizzi, Pierre, Surace, Christian, Sánchez, Miguel Fernández, Taralli, Emanuele, Terrasa, Guilhem, Terrier, Régi, Todaro, Michela, Ubertini, Pietro, Uslenghi, Michela, de Vaate, Jan Geralt Bij, Vaccaro, Davide, Varisco, Salvatore, Varnière, Peggy, Vibert, Laurent, Vidriales, María, Villa, Fabrizio, Vodopivec, Boris Martin, Volpe, Angela, de Vries, Cor, Wakeham, Nichola, Walmsley, Gavin, Wise, Michael, de Wit, Martin, Woźniak, Grzegorz, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Astronomía y Astrofísica, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Centrum Astronomiczne im. M. Kopernika, Warszawa (CAMK), Faculty of Civil Engineering [Prague] (FSV CTU), Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU), Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory (CAL), Columbia University [New York], NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)

Subjects
X-IFU: The X-ray Integral Field Unit, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), The X-ray Integral Field Unit [X-IFU], Solar and stellar astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica, X-rays, SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Astrophysics of Galaxies, Athena: the advanced telescope for high energy astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysical phenomena, Space instrumentation, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, High energy, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], the advanced telescope for high energy astrophysics [Athena], Athena: the advanced telescope for high energy astrophysics · X-IFU: The X-ray Integral Field Unit · Space instrumentation · X-rays · Observatory, Observatory, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The Athena X-ray Integral Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer, studied since 2015 for flying in the mid-30s on the Athena space X-ray Observatory, a versatile observatory designed to address the Hot and Energetic Universe science theme, selected in November 2013 by the Survey Science Committee. Based on a large format array of Transition Edge Sensors (TES), it aims to provide spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV (up to 7 keV) over an hexagonal field of view of 5 arc minutes (equivalent diameter). The X-IFU entered its System Requirement Review (SRR) in June 2022, at about the same time when ESA called for an overall X-IFU redesign (including the X-IFU cryostat and the cooling chain), due to an unanticipated cost overrun of Athena. In this paper, after illustrating the breakthrough capabilities of the X-IFU, we describe the instrument as presented at its SRR, browsing through all the subsystems and associated requirements. We then show the instrument budgets, with a particular emphasis on the anticipated budgets of some of its key performance parameters. Finally we briefly discuss on the ongoing key technology demonstration activities, the calibration and the activities foreseen in the X-IFU Instrument Science Center, and touch on communication and outreach activities, the consortium organisation, and finally on the life cycle assessment of X-IFU aiming at minimising the environmental footprint, associated with the development of the instrument. Thanks to the studies conducted so far on X-IFU, it is expected that along the design-to-cost exercise requested by ESA, the X-IFU will maintain flagship capabilities in spatially resolved high resolution X-ray spectroscopy, enabling most of the original X-IFU related scientific objectives of the Athena mission to be retained. (abridged)., Comment: 48 pages, 29 figures, Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy with minor editing

Published
2023
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3. The Solar Orbiter EUI instrument: The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager

Author

J. Hansotte, R. Müller, M. Hailey, P. Schlatter, A. Lawrenson, M. Monecke, Hardi Peter, Julien Rosin, Koen Stegen, Jean-Claude Vial, S. Parenti, Ali BenMoussa, Etienne Renotte, N. Szwec, Marie-Laure Hellin, R. Enge, M. Haberreiter, A. Philippon, P. Coker, B. Giordanengo, L. Dolla, K. Heerlein, Werner Schmutz, Matthew J. West, K. Ruane, J.-F. Hochedez, M. Chaigneau, M. Kahle, Emmanuel Mazy, J. Scanlan, J. Tandy, J. Barbay, B. Chares, T. Appourchaux, Laurence Rossi, C. Dumesnil, E. Pylyser, R. Aznar Cuadrado, Louise K. Harra, S. Meyer, F. Cabé, Benoit Marquet, Evgueni Meltchakov, Andrei Zhukov, D. Westwood, Bogdan Nicula, G. Willis, M.-F. Ravet-Krill, B. Borgo, S. Hemsley, Isabelle Tychon, N. Guerreiro, D. Linder, R. Mercier, Sylvie Liébecq, Thomas Wiegelmann, Philip J. Smith, M. Gyo, L. Mountney, G. Davison, Frédéric Rabecki, Jean-Marie Gillis, P. Langer, P. Roth, Sami K. Solanki, Luciano Rodriguez, Jean-Philippe Halain, L. Cadiergues, P. Addison, V. Büchel, D. Markiewicz-Innes, X. Zhang, Daniel Pfiffner, M. Roulliay, Antoine Rousseau, Stéphane Roose, Udo Schühle, M. Spescha, Jean-Yves Plesseria, Lionel Jacques, J. C. Le Clec’h, Yvan Stockman, G. Del Zanna, T. Kennedy, C. Beurthe, B. Mampaey, Franck Delmotte, C. Theobald, C. Choque Cortez, S. Meining, S. François, David Long, M. Bergmann, F. Rouesnel, S. Koller, C. Tamiatto, M. Bouzit, David Berghmans, D. Bates, L. Bradley, E. Kotsialos, A. Hafiz, D. Davies, J. B. L. Jones, S. Smit, Véronique Delouille, Gilles Morinaud, Aline Hermans, S. Coumar, J. Rebellato, Yvette Houbrechts, Stephan Werner, Werner Curdt, J. Cutler, K. Bonte, Daniel B. Seaton, Jean-Marc Defise, F. Moron, M. Klaproth, Eric Buchlin, J.-J. Fourmond, I. Phillips, Jörg Büchner, Pierre Rochus, M. Kolleck, Christophe Hecquet, Sarah A. Matthews, L. van Driel-Gesztelyi, Lucie M. Green, Cis Verbeeck, S. Gissot, F. Dürig, M. Condamin, Cedric Lenaerts, F. Auchère, K. Ihsan, K. Silliman, A. Guilbaud, Luca Teriaca, E. Kraaikamp, F. Monfort, A. Jérôme, Andreas Zerr, E. Marsch, Berend Winter, D. N. Baker, Alexandra Mazzoli, A. Spencer, V. Hervier, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL), Université de Liège, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Laboratoire Charles Fabry / Optique XUV, Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF), Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Faculty of mathematics Centre for Mathematical Sciences [Cambridge] (CMS), and University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Field of view, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Aerospace engineering, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Chromosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, business.industry, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Ecliptic, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Corona, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Extreme ultraviolet, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Heliosphere
Abstract

Context.The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) is part of the remote sensing instrument package of the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission that will explore the inner heliosphere and observe the Sun from vantage points close to the Sun and out of the ecliptic. Solar Orbiter will advance the “connection science” between solar activity and the heliosphere.Aims.With EUI we aim to improve our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the solar atmosphere, globally as well as at high resolution, and from high solar latitude perspectives.Methods.The EUI consists of three telescopes, the Full Sun Imager and two High Resolution Imagers, which are optimised to image in Lyman-αand EUV (17.4 nm, 30.4 nm) to provide a coverage from chromosphere up to corona. The EUI is designed to cope with the strong constraints imposed by the Solar Orbiter mission characteristics. Limited telemetry availability is compensated by state-of-the-art image compression, onboard image processing, and event selection. The imposed power limitations and potentially harsh radiation environment necessitate the use of novel CMOS sensors. As the unobstructed field of view of the telescopes needs to protrude through the spacecraft’s heat shield, the apertures have been kept as small as possible, without compromising optical performance. This led to a systematic effort to optimise the throughput of every optical element and the reduction of noise levels in the sensor.Results.In this paper we review the design of the two elements of the EUI instrument: the Optical Bench System and the Common Electronic Box. Particular attention is also given to the onboard software, the intended operations, the ground software, and the foreseen data products.Conclusions.The EUI will bring unique science opportunities thanks to its specific design, its viewpoint, and to the planned synergies with the other Solar Orbiter instruments. In particular, we highlight science opportunities brought by the out-of-ecliptic vantage point of the solar poles, the high-resolution imaging of the high chromosphere and corona, and the connection to the outer corona as observed by coronagraphs.

Published
2020
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4. Finite element model reduction for space thermal analysis

Author

Gaëtan Kerschen, Lionel Jacques, and Eric Béchet

Subjects
Mathematical optimization, Engineering, business.industry, Applied Mathematics, Monte Carlo method, General Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Mixed finite element method, Thermal conduction, 01 natural sciences, Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Finite element method, 010101 applied mathematics, Reduction (complexity), Matrix (mathematics), 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, 0101 mathematics, Cluster analysis, business, Algorithm, Analysis, Extended finite element method
Abstract

To alleviate the computational burden of the finite element method for thermal analyses involving conduction and radiation, this paper proposes an automatic conductive-radiative reduction process based on the clustering of a detailed mesh coming from a structural model for instance. The proposed method leads to a significant reduction of the number of radiative exchange factors (REFs) to compute and size of the corresponding matrix. It further keeps accurate conduction information by introducing the concept of physically meaningful super nodes. The REFs between the super nodes are computed through Monte Carlo ray-tracing on the partitioned mesh, preserving the versatility of the method. The resulting conductive-radiative reduced model is solved using standard iterative techniques and the detailed mesh temperatures can be recovered from the super nodes temperatures for further thermo-mechanical analysis. The proposed method is applied to a structural component of the Meteosat Third Generation mission and is benchmarked against ESATAN-TMS, the standard thermal analysis software used in the European aerospace industry.

Published
2017
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5. Optical alignment of the Solar Orbiter EUI flight instrument

Author

Raymond Mercier, Jean-Philippe Halain, C. Dumesnil, Lionel Jacques, Julien Barbay, Marie-Laure Hellin, Alexandra Mazzoli, Stéphane Roose, S. Meining, Etienne Renotte, Gilles Morinaud, Pierre Rochus, Frédéric Auchère, A. Philippon, and Udo Schühle

Subjects
Physics, Wavefront, business.industry, law.invention, Telescope, Orbiter, Interferometry, Optics, law, Laser tracker, Extreme ultraviolet, Astronomical interferometer, business, Theodolite
Abstract

The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) instrument for the Solar Orbiter mission will image the solar corona in the extreme ultraviolet (17.1 nm and 30.4 nm) and in the vacuum ultraviolet (121.6 nm). It is composed of three channels, each one containing a telescope. Two of these channels are high resolution imagers (HRI) at respectively 17.1 nm (HRI-EUV) and 121.6 nm (HRI-Ly∝), each one composed of two off-axis aspherical mirrors. The third channel is a full sun imager (FSI) composed of one single off-axis aspherical mirror and working at 17.1 nm and 30.4 nm alternatively. This paper presents the optical alignment of each telescope. The alignment process involved a set of Optical Ground Support Equipment (OGSE) such as theodolites, laser tracker, visible-light interferometer as well as a 3D Coordinates Measuring Machine (CMM). The mirrors orientation have been measured with respect to reference alignment cubes using theodolites. Their positions with respect to reference pins on the instrument optical bench have been measured using the 3D CMM. The mirrors orientations and positions have been adjusted by shimming of the mirrors mount during the alignment process. After this mechanical alignment, the quality of the wavefront has been checked by interferometric measurements, in an iterative process with the orientation and position adjustment to achieve the required image quality.

Published
2019
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6. The EUI flight instrument of Solar Orbiter: from optical alignment to end-to-end calibration

Author

Alexander Gottwald, T. Kennedy, David Berghmans, Xiang Zhang, M. Gyo, Marie-Laure Hellin, Udo Schühle, Jean-Philippe Halain, C. Dumesnil, V. Hervier, B. Giordanengo, Raymond Mercier, K. Heerlein, Philip J. Smith, Werner Schmutz, Luca Teriaca, Alexandra Mazzoli, Lionel Jacques, Aline Hermans, Etienne Renotte, R. Aznar Cuadrado, Frank Scholze, Laurence Rossi, Stéphane Roose, F. Auchere, S. Meining, Franck Delmotte, Cis Verbeeck, S. Gissot, Pierre Rochus, L. K. Harra, Christian Laubis, A. Philippon, and J. Barbay

Subjects
Optical alignment, Spacecraft, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, law.invention, Telescope, Orbiter, Optics, law, Extreme ultraviolet, Physics::Space Physics, Thermal, Calibration, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Environmental science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, Flight instruments
Abstract

The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) instrument for the Solar Orbiter mission will image the solar corona in the extreme ultraviolet (17.1 nm and 30.4 nm) and in the vacuum ultraviolet (121.6 nm) spectral ranges. The development of the EUI instrument has been successfully completed with the optical alignment of its three channels’ telescope, the thermal and mechanical environmental verification, the electrical and software validations, and an end-toend on-ground calibration of the two-units’ flight instrument at the operating wavelengths. The instrument has been delivered and installed on the Solar Orbiter spacecraft, which is now undergoing all preparatory activities before launch.

Published
2018
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7. Direction and surface sampling in ray tracing for spacecraft radiative heat transfer

Author

Luc Masset, Lionel Jacques, and Gaëtan Kerschen

Subjects
Physics, Spacecraft, business.industry, Computation, Aerospace Engineering, Sampling (statistics), Finite element method, Computational physics, law.invention, Ray tracing (physics), Orbiter, Optics, law, Radiative transfer, business, Distributed ray tracing
Abstract

This paper addresses the computation of radiative exchange factors through Monte Carlo ray tracing with the aim of reducing their computation time when dealing with the finite element method. Both direction and surface samplings are studied. The recently-introduced isocell method for partitioning the unit disk is applied to the direction sampling and compared to other direction sampling methods. It is then combined to different surface sampling schemes with either one or multiple rays traced per surface sampling point. Two promising approaches present better performances than standard spacecraft thermal analysis software. The first approach combines a Gauss surface sampling strategy with a local isocell direction sampling, whereas the second approach fires one ray per surface points using a global isocell direction sampling scheme. The advantages and limitations of the two methods are discussed, and they are benchmarked against a standard thermal analysis software using the entrance baffle of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager instrument of the Solar Orbiter mission.

Published
2015
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8. The extreme UV imager telescope on-board the Solar Orbiter mission: overview of phase C and D

Author

C. Dumesnil, T. Kennedy, Aline Hermans, Etienne Renotte, Jean-Philippe Halain, J. Tandy, Philip J. Smith, David Berghmans, Cis Verbeeck, Louise K. Harra, Raymond Mercier, Andrei Zhukov, P. Rochus, Lionel Jacques, F. Delmotte, Udo Schühle, R. Aznar Cuadrado, M. Gyo, Werner Schmutz, F. Auchere, Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL), Université de Liège, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Laboratoire Charles Fabry / Optique XUV, Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS), Fineschi, and Fennelly

Subjects
Flight Model, Physics, Scientific instrument, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Spacecraft, Engineering Model, business.industry, Structural-Thermal Model, Extreme Ultraviolet Telescope, Ecliptic, Qualification Model, Orbital mechanics, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Telescope, Orbiter, law, Extreme ultraviolet, Solar Orbiter, Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], business, Remote sensing
Abstract

International audience; The Solar Orbiter mission is composed of ten scientific instruments dedicated to the observation of the Sun's atmosphere and its heliosphere, taking advantage of an out-of ecliptic orbit and at perihelion reaching a proximity close to 0.28 A.U. On board Solar Orbiter, the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) will provide full-Sun image sequences of the solar corona in the extreme ultraviolet (17.1 nm and 30.4 nm), and high-resolution image sequences of the solar disk in the extreme ultraviolet (17.1 nm) and in the vacuum ultraviolet (121.6 nm). The EUI concept uses heritage from previous similar extreme ultraviolet instrument. Additional constraints from the specific orbit (thermal and radiation environment, limited telemetry download) however required dedicated technologies to achieve the scientific objectives of the mission. The development phase C of the instrument and its sub-systems has been successfully completed, including thermo-mechanical and electrical design validations with the Structural Thermal Model (STM) and the Engineering Model (EM). The instrument STM and EM units have been integrated on the respective spacecraft models and will undergo the system level tests. In parallel, the Phase D has been started with the sub-system qualifications and the flight parts manufacturing. The next steps of the EUI development will be the instrument Qualification Model (QM) integration and qualification tests. The Flight Model (FM) instrument activities will then follow with the acceptance tests and calibration campaigns.

Published
2015
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9. Space radiation parameters for EUI and the Sun Sensor of Solar Orbiter, ESIO, and JUDE instruments

Author

Denis Grodent, Etienne Renotte, Laurence Rossi, Lionel Jacques, Jean-Philippe Halain, and Tanguy Thibert

Subjects
Physics, Spacecraft, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Orbital mechanics, law.invention, Jupiter, Orbiter, Sun sensor, law, Geostationary orbit, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, Remote sensing, Space environment
Abstract

This paper presents predictions of space radiation parameters for four space instruments performed by the Centre Spatial de Liege (ULg – Belgium); EUI, the Extreme Ultra-violet Instrument, on-board the Solar Orbiter platform; ESIO, Extreme-UV solar Imager for Operations, and JUDE, the Jupiter system Ultraviolet Dynamics Experiment, which was proposed for the JUICE platform. For Solar Orbiter platform, the radiation environment is defined by ESA environmental specification and the determination of the parameters is done through ray-trace analyses inside the EUI instrument. For ESIO instrument, the radiation environment of the geostationary orbit is defined through simulations of the trapped particles flux, the energetic solar protons flux and the galactic cosmic rays flux, taking the ECSS standard for space environment as a guideline. Then ray-trace analyses inside the instrument are performed to predict the particles fluxes at the level of the most radiation-sensitive elements of the instrument. For JUICE, the spacecraft trajectory is built from ephemeris files provided by ESA and the radiation environment is modeled through simulations by JOSE (Jovian Specification Environment model) then ray-trace analyses inside the instrument are performed to predict the particles fluxes at the level of the most radiation-sensitive elements of the instrument.

Published
2014
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10. Solar simulation test up to 13 solar constants for the thermal balance of the Solar Orbiter EUI instrument

Author

Jean-Philippe Halain, Laurence Rossi, Marie-Laure Hellin, Pierre Rochus, Sylvie Liébecq, Lionel Jacques, Alexandra Mazzoli, Maria zhukova, Etienne Renotte, and Pierre Jamotton

Subjects
Physics, Solar constant, Spacecraft, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Flux, Solar irradiance, law.invention, Orbiter, law, Extreme ultraviolet, Physics::Space Physics, Thermal, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Solar simulator, Aerospace engineering, business, Remote sensing
Abstract

Solar Orbiter EUI instrument was submitted to a high solar flux to correlate the thermal model of the instrument. EUI, the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager, is developed by a European consortium led by the Centre Spatial de Liege for the Solar Orbiter ESA M-class mission. The solar flux that it shall have to withstand will be as high as 13 solar constants when the spacecraft reaches its 0.28AU perihelion. It is essential to verify the thermal design of the instrument, especially the heat evacuation property and to assess the thermo-mechanical behavior of the instrument when submitted to high thermal load. Therefore, a thermal balance test under 13 solar constants was performed on the first model of EUI, the Structural and Thermal Model. The optical analyses and experiments performed to characterize accurately the thermal and divergence parameters of the flux are presented; the set-up of the test, and the correlation with the thermal model performed to deduce the unknown thermal parameters of the instrument and assess its temperature profile under real flight conditions are also presented.

Published
2014
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11. The extreme UV imager of solar orbiter: from detailed design to flight model (Orale)

Author

P. Rochus, Udo Schühle, F. Auchere, Louise K. Harra, Lionel Jacques, Philip J. Smith, M. Gyo, Raymond Mercier, Laurence Rossi, C. Dumesnil, J. Tandy, Francis Verbeeck, K. Heerlein, F. Delmotte, Werner Schmutz, R. Aznar Cuadrado, S. Meining, Michel Thome, Etienne Renotte, Aline Hermans, Jean-Philippe Halain, Andrei Zhukov, Berend Winter, David Berghmans, T. Kennedy, Alexandra Mazzoli, Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL), Université de Liège, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Laboratoire Charles Fabry / Optique XUV, Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Takahashi, DenHerder, JWA, Bautz, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)

Subjects
Computer science, telescope, 7. Clean energy, metal filter, law.invention, Telescope, Orbiter, law, Calibration, baffle, Aerospace engineering, Extreme Ultraviolet Imager, Ultraviolet radiation, Remote sensing, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, door mechanism, Breadboard, multilayer coating, CMOS-APS camera, Vacuum ultraviolet, Extreme ultraviolet, Solar Orbiter, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Lyman-alpha
Abstract

International audience; The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on-board the Solar Orbiter mission will provide full-sun and high-resolution image sequences of the solar atmosphere at selected spectral emission lines in the extreme and vacuum ultraviolet. After the breadboarding and prototyping activities that focused on key technologies, the EUI project has completed the design phase and has started the final manufacturing of the instrument and its validation. The EUI instrument has successfully passed its Critical Design Review (CDR). The process validated the detailed design of the Optical Bench unit and of its sub-units (entrance baffles, doors, mirrors, camera, and filter wheel mechanisms), and of the Electronic Box unit. In the same timeframe, the Structural and Thermal Model (STM) test campaign of the two units have been achieved, and allowed to correlate the associated mathematical models. The lessons learned from STM and the detailed design served as input to release the manufacturing of the Qualification Model (QM) and of the Flight Model (FM). The QM will serve to qualify the instrument units and sub-units, in advance of the FM acceptance tests and final onground calibration.

Published
2014
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12. The technical challenges of the Solar-Orbiter EUI instrument

Author

David Berghmans, Ali Ben Moussa, Lionel Jacques, Jean-Philippe Halain, Laurence Rossi, Thierry Appourchaux, Louise K. Harra, Jean-Marc Defise, Karl Fleury-Frenette, Etienne Renotte, Frédéric Auchère, J.-F. Hochedez, Pierre Rochus, Andrei Zhukov, and Udo Schühle

Subjects
Physics, Orbiter, CMOS sensor, law, Stray light, Extreme ultraviolet lithography, Extreme ultraviolet, Spectral bands, Radiation hardening, Remote sensing, Space environment, law.invention
Abstract

The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) onboard Solar Orbiter consists of a suite of two high-resolution imagers (HRI) and one dual-band full Sun imager (FSI) that will provide EUV and Lyman-α images of the solar atmospheric layers above the photosphere. The EUI instrument is based on a set of challenging new technologies allowing to reach the scientific objectives and to cope with the hard space environment of the Solar Orbiter mission. The mechanical concept of the EUI instrument is based on a common structure supporting the HRI and FSI channels, and a separated electronic box. A heat rejection baffle system is used to reduce the Sun heat load and provide a first protection level against the solar disk straylight. The spectral bands are selected by thin filters and multilayer mirror coatings. The detectors are 10μm pitch back illuminated CMOS Active Pixel Sensors (APS), best suited for the EUI science requirements and radiation hardness. This paper presents the EUI instrument concept and its major sub-systems. The current developments of the instrument technologies are also summarized.

Published
2010
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