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Resumo Fundamento É desconhecido se a linfopenia é fator de risco para a reativação da doença de Chagas no transplante cardíaco (TxC), como recentemente descrito na reativação de citomegalovírus em pacientes transplantados. Objetivo Avaliar se a linfopenia no perioperatório do TxC está relacionada à parasitemia precoce pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. Métodos Amostra analisada (janeiro de 2014 a janeiro de 2023) em estudo observacional e retrospectivo. A parasitemia foi avaliada nos primeiros 3 meses após o TxC por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase sérica (PCR) e comparada com a contagem total de linfócitos no perioperatório do TxC por curvas ROC. Comparadas características de base com a PCR Chagas por modelos de risco proporcionais de Cox independentes. Nível de significância adotado de 5%. Resultados Amostra (n = 35) apresentou idade média de 52,5 ± 8,1 anos e PCR Chagas positiva em 22 pacientes (62,8%). As médias dos menores valores de linfócitos nos primeiros 14 dias do TxC foram 398 ± 189 e 755 ± 303 células/mm3 em pacientes com e sem parasitemia nos 3 meses após o TxC, respectivamente (área sob a curva = 0,857; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,996 a 0,718, sensibilidade e especificidade de 83,3% e 86,4%). Determinado valor de corte inferior a 550 linfócitos/mm3 como fator de risco para presença de parasitemia. Pacientes com linfócitos < 550 unidades/mm3 nos primeiros 14 dias do pós-TxC apresentaram PCR positiva em 80% dos casos. Para cada aumento de 100 linfócitos/mm3, o risco de positividade da PCR é reduzido em 26% (razão de riscos = 0,74; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,59 a 0,93, p = 0,009). Conclusão Houve associação entre a linfopenia no perioperatório do TxC com a parasitemia precoce pelo T. cruzi detectada por PCR.

Introducción: Los parámetros hematológicos proporcionan al equipo médico marcadores pronósticos útiles en la evolución clínica de la enfermedad de COVID-19. El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre la evolución desfavorable de los valores hematológicos y el óbito de los pacientes internados con COVID-19. Metodologia: El estudio es observacional, correlacional y longitudinal. Se realizó la revisión de fichas clínicas de los pacientes mayores a 18 años internados entre enero y marzo del 2021. Se registró en una planilla Excel el resultado de los parámetros hematológicos al ingreso, a las 48 horas, a los 8 días y al egreso. Los datos fueron analizados con Epi Info 7.1 (CDC, Atlanta) según estadística descriptiva. Resultados: De 144 pacientes, se observaron 68 (47,2%) muertes, con predominio del sexo masculino (63,2%) y, mayores a 60 años (47,1%). Los factores asociados a mortalidad fueron la hipertensión (52,9% vs 31,6%; p=0,009), la diabetes (50% vs 26,3%; p=0,003) y, la obesidad (41,2% vs 25%; p=0,039). Los parámetros hematológicos desfavorables asociados a la mortalidad se presentaron a partir de los 8 días de internación con leucocitosis (64,1% vs 33,3%; p=0,003), linfopenia (96,8% vs 79%; p=0,008), neutrofilia (98,5% vs 87,7%; p=0,029) y, un elevado índice neutrófilo/linfocito (INL) (96,9% vs 75,4%; p=0,001). Discusión: Los parámetros hematológicos que se asociaron con la mortalidad fueron leucocitosis con neutrofilia, linfopenia e INL elevado. Estos parámetros podrían tener valor pronóstico en el seguimiento para contribuir en el manejo de estos pacientes.

Antecedentes: Las variantes en genes del transporte de calcio intracelular han sido asociadas a inmunodeficiencias sindrómicas con un fenotipo IDCG. Reporte de caso: Niña de siete años, de padres no consanguíneos, en Cartagena-Colombia. A los dos meses de vida, presenta hematoquecia y se diagnostica con proctolitis alimentaria sin mejoría con restricción a leche, trigo y huevo, desarrollando desnutrición. A los ocho meses, una biopsia de colon muestra hiperplasia linfoide crónica, cursa con anemia, eosinofilia, pero IgE total y específica a alimentos normales. A los cuatro años, el Servicio de Inmunología la encuentra asintomática, recuperada nutricionalmente y sin sensibilización alérgica, pero persiste eosinofilia y calprotectina elevada, sugiriendo una enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal de inicio temprano. Las inmunoglobulinas fueron normales, poblaciones linfocitarias con linfopenia CD3, CD4 y CD8. A los seis años, presenta dermatitis atópica, sigue con calprotectina elevada y linfopénica. El inmunofenotipo por citometría espectral mediante Cytek®cFluor®Immunoprofiling-Kit14, mostró linfopenia e inversión CD4/CD8. Los linfocitos T-vírgenes CD4+ y CD8+ estaban disminuidos, en cambio las poblaciones de memoria efectora T-CD8+CD45RA-CCR7- y T-CD8+CD45RA+CCR7– estaban expandidas. Los linfocitos T-CD4+ de memoria efectora y central, también estaban aumentados1 (Imagen 1). El exoma reveló una variante heterocigótica en el gen ITPR3 (padre portador), c.7571G>A, p.(Arg2524His); los predictores la clasifican como de potencial efecto deletéreo. Conclusiones: La clínica y el inmunofenotipo de esta variante candidata difiere de otras relacionadas con el transporte del calcio intracelular. Son necesarios estudios funcionales para validar su causalidad. Una paciente con una variante potencialmente deletérea, presenta un inmunofenotipo con linfopenia CD3 y activación persistente de los linfocitos.

Introduction: Immune dysfunction in critical patients has not been clearly defined and has been insufficiently researched, particularly in pediatrics. Guidelines to standardize the immune system assessment and for routine use in clinical practice are lacking. Objective: To determine the association between immune dysfunction (here understood as the reduction of immunoglobulins and/or of the absolute count or populations of lymphocytes) and the outcome of patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Materials and method: This was an observational, analytical, descriptive, retrospective study, conducted over four years. The records of all patients who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and had an immunity profile done were included in the database. Demographic and clinical variables were compared between patients with and without immune dysfunction. Results: A total of 188 patients with an immune profile were identified; 83% of patients had immune dysfunction and 65% had heart disease. The presence of immune dysfunction was associated with worse outcomes measured in mortality (37 vs. 9% p = 0.0021), length of stay greater than 14 days (46 vs. 14%; p < 0.0001) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (72 vs. 25%; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Immune dysfunction is frequent in patients with a difficult disease course and in our study sample. It was found to be associated with increased mortality, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit. Further prospective studies with other biomarkers are needed to determine the immune compromise and its impact on outcomes in the critically ill children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La COVID-19 es una enfermedad que afecta a la población mundial, representando un reto social y sanitario. El SARS-CoV-2 muestra afinidad por el sistema respiratorio, por ser la puerta de entrada y el sitio primario de replicación. Aunque las manifestaciones respiratorias sean las más frecuentes, se han reportado manifestaciones gastrointestinales, renales, neurológicas, cardiacas; entre otras. Un elemento que no ha recibido en la atención que merece es la reactivación y las coinfecciones virales. Como es bien sabido, el tratamiento de COVID-19 en sus formas graves y críticas incluyen productos biológicos, corticoesteroides, ventilación mecánica y la múltiple farmacoterapia, aunado a la fisiopatología propia de la enfermedad que es caracterizada por una tormenta de citoquinas; conlleva a que se reactiven infecciones virales que se consideran latentes y crónicas, agravando aún más el cuadro clínico. En esta revisión sistemática se ha encontrado que eventos hematológicos como la leucopenia y linfopenia junto al uso desmedido de esteroides, y la larga estancia hospitalaria puede conllevar a la reactivación de virus que pertenecen a la familia Herperviridae (Virus Epstein-Barr (VEB), Citomegalovirus (CMV) y el virus del Herpes (VHS1/2)) así como virus hepatotropos (virus de la Hepatitis B (VHB) y C(VHC), que pueden complicar el pronóstico clínico

Introduction: COVID-19 in pediatric ages presents unique features; a small number of pediatric patients develop severe clinical status. Objectives: To evaluate whether lymphocytopenia is a predictor of severity in pediatric patients with COVID-19. Methods: In 706 patients were studied the variables age, sex, personal pathological history of childhood chronic diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus), comorbidities, clinical status, lymphocyte values, absolute lymphocyte count (= 1 x 109/L = lymphocytopenia). According to clinical status patients were grouped into 5 groups, from asymptomatic to critical. The correlation between clinical status and absolute lymphocyte count was determined; its discriminative capacity to estimate prognosis was determined. Results: The mean age was 8.6 years; 6.2% of patients progressed to severe or critical condition; 74.6% had normal lymphocyte values, 16.14% high and 9.2% low. Lymphocytopenia presented 4.2%; it was significantly correlated with severe condition, area under the curve of 0.711 (95% CI: 0.595-0.827); 46% sensitivity and 98% specificity. Conclusions: Lymphocytopenia is a biomarker that can estimate prognosis in pediatric patients with COVID-19 who develop severe clinical status.

Introducción: el Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico pediátrico (PIMS) asociado a Covid-19 está considerado como una complicación potencialmente mortal, post-COVID-19, que se caracteriza por un estado pro inflamatorio, con afectación a varios sistemas de órganos, de gravedad variable. La mayoría de la literatura publicada al respecto es de origen anglosajón, por lo que se hizo necesario investigar la literatura reportada en lengua hispana y lusófona, en América Latina. Metodos: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional, descriptivo. Se tomó como fuentes de información artículos científicos de investigaciones realizadas con la población pediátrica de países de habla hispana y lusófona, con diseño analítico, descriptivo, de series de casos. Se eliminaron revisiones sistemáticas, reportes de caso y artículos de pago. Se tomaron como resultados de interés las manifestaciones clínicas y de laboratorio; así como el tratamiento del PIMS. Resultados: Se incluyeron 15 investigaciones realizadas en países de América Latina.; con una población total de 305 pacientes en edad pediátrica con Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico asociado a Covid 19 (PIMS). Manifestaciones clínicas: fiebre (80 % al 100 %), dolor abdominal (36%-100%), diarreas (39 %-100 %), vómitos (40%-100 %), exantema (47%-100 %), inyección conjuntival (27%-100%), shock (10%-100%), enfermedad Kawasaki-like (59%-100%), manifestaciones neurológicas (25%-60%), cardiovasculares: derrame pericárdico (17%-40%), disfunción ventricular (30%-50%). Manifestaciones analíticas: leucocitosis, linfopenia, trombocitopenia; incremento de reactantes de fase aguda (proteína C reactiva, procalcitonina, ferritina sérica), incremento de dímero D y fibrinógeno. Tratamiento general: tratamiento del choque, estabilizando hemodinámica, algoritmo ABC (A: manejo de la vía aérea; B: ventilación; C: circulación. Tratamiento específico: inmunoglobulinas intravenosas y/o corticoides; antibioticoterapia empírica, ácido acetil salicílico, a dosis antiinflamatoria o antiagregante, y heparinas de bajo peso molecular. Manejo de las complicaciones. Conclusiones: En los países de habla hispana y lusófona de América Latina, la presentación clínica, analítica y el manejo de los pacientes pediátricos con síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a Covid-19; no difieren de las descripciones en la literatura anglosajona.

Introduction: The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the influence of disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for MS on COVID-19 are unknown. To date, patients with MS have not been shown to present greater risk of COVID-19 or more severe progression of the disease. Methods: We performed a descriptive study of patients with MS presenting SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed with PCR. We analysed demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment variables in our sample. Presence of antibodies against the virus was also determined. Results: Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) was the most frequent form of MS in our sample. Prognosis was unfavourable in 10.2% of patients, and was associated with older age and higher scores on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 83.3% in our sample. Development of antibodies was not associated with DMT, lymphocytopaenia, or any of the other variables analysed. Conclusions: The incidence of COVID-19 was slightly higher in our sample than in the general population in our province. Unfavourable prognosis was associated with older age and higher EDSS scores. DMT and lymphocytopaenia did not influence the clinical course of COVID-19. Seroprevalence of antibodies against the virus in our sample was similar to that reported for the general population with positive PCR results for the virus; the influence of specific DMTs could not be determined. Resumen: Introducción: El efecto de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM) y la influencia de los tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad (TME) es desconocida. Hasta el momento no se ha observado que los pacientes con EM tengan mayor riesgo de infección por COVID-19 ni peor curso evolutivo de la misma. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de pacientes con EM e infección por SARS-CoV-2 diagnosticada mediante PCR. Hemos analizado variables demográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio y de tratamiento en nuestra muestra. Se ha determinado la presencia de anticuerpos frente SARS-CoV-2 en estos pacientes. Resultados: La forma de esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente (EMRR) fue la más frecuente en los pacientes con EM e infección por COVID-19. El 10.2% presentó una evolución desfavorable, relacionada con una mayor edad y una EDSS más elevada. La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos frente a SARS-CoV-2 en nuestro estudio ha sido del 83,3%. El desarrollo de anticuerpos no está relacionado con el TME, la presencia de linfopenia u otros factores analizados. Conclusiones: La incidencia de COVID-19 ha sido ligeramente superior a la de la población general de nuestra provincia. La evolución desfavorable se ha relacionado con una mayor edad y una puntuación elevada en la EDSS. El TME y la linfopenia no se han relacionado con el curso de la infección por COVID-19. La seroprevalencia es similar a la encontrada en población general con PCR positiva, sin poder determinar la influencia de los distintos TME.

Introducción: la asociación de leucopenia, linfopenia y neutropenia con la presencia de autoanticuerpos, manifestaciones clínicas e infecciones en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) no está bien establecida. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar los cambios en los recuentos de leucocitos y linfocitos en pacientes con LES y su asociación con manifestaciones clínicas, autoanticuerpos y riesgo de infecciones. Materiales y métodos: se recolectaron retrospectivamente los valores de leucocitos, linfocitos y neutrófilos. Se agruparon a los pacientes en cinco categorías: recuento de glóbulos blancos normales, leucopenia (persistente o intermitente) y linfopenia (persistente o intermitente). Se registraron las manifestaciones clínicas, los autoanticuerpos acumulados, el daño, la mortalidad, las infecciones y los tratamientos inmunosupresores recibidos de cada paciente.

Objective: Describing the occurrence of infections in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) treated with fingolimod and with different degrees of lymphopenia in our unit. Patients and Methods: Observational, descriptive, longitudinal, and retrospective study in the Hospital Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Patients with RRMS and treatment with fingolimod were grouped based on lymphocyte count and infections. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean, standard deviation, and interquartile range; qualitative variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Results: 110 patients, 76 (69.1%) female, 34 (30.9%) male, mean age 38.3 years (17-63, SD 9.85). Mean of initial expanded disability status scale 1.59 (0-5.5, SD 1.15) with a mean diagnosis time of 63.6 months (3-252, SD 50.96). Prior to starting fingolimod, 90.09% of patients had lymphocyte count >1,000. At six months of treatment, 35.64% had lymphocyte >1,000. At twelve months 32.95% had lymphocyte from 501 to 700. At 24 months, 34.21% had lymphocyte from 701 to 1,000. Of the 110 patients, 31.8% had mild infections, of which pharyngitis was reported in 10%, gastroenteritis 2.7%, urinary tract infection 10.9%, HPV infection 0.9%, SARS-CoV-2 infection 3.6%, ophthalmic herpes 0.9%, molluscum contagiosum 0.9%, oral candidiasis 0.9%. 68.18% did not present infections of any kind, no serious infections were reported even with lymphocyte levels below 200. Conclusions: Selective lymphopenia caused by fingolimod was not associated with infections of any kind in this population even at levels of 200-500 cells/mm³. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seguimiento de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis, diagnosticados con la COVID-19

Combined immunodeficiency (CID) due to DOCK8 deficiency is an inborn error of immunity (IBD) characterized by dysfunctional T and B lymphocytes; The spectrum of manifestations includes allergy, autoimmunity, inflammation, predisposition to cancer, and recurrent infections. DOCK8 deficiency can be distinguished from other CIDs or within the spectrum of hyper-IgE syndromes by exhibiting profound susceptibility to viral skin infections, associated skin cancers, and severe food allergies. The 9p24.3 subtelomeric locus where DOCK8 is located includes numerous repetitive sequence elements that predispose to the generation of large germline deletions and recombination-mediated somatic DNA repair. Residual production DOCK8 protein contributes to the variable phenotype of the disease. Severe viral skin infections and varicellazoster virus (VZV)-associated vasculopathy, reflect an essential role of the DOCK8 protein, which is required to maintain lymphocyte integrity as cells migrate through the tissues. Loss of DOCK8 causes immune deficiencies through other mechanisms, including a cell survival defect. In addition, there are alterations in the response of dendritic cells, which explains susceptibility to virus infection and regulatory T lymphocytes that could help explain autoimmunity in patients. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment; it improves eczema, allergies, and susceptibility to infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the use of a rapid immunochromatographic test, associated with a complete blood count and the search for viral inclusions as a method of diagnosing distemper in dogs. Materials and methods. Nineteen dogs, males and females, aged 2 to 120 months, with clinical suspicion of distemper, were examined at the UFFS Veterinary Hospital. Conjunctival swabs were collected to perform the rapid immunochromatographic test and 3-5 ml blood samples were drawn for complete blood count and Lentz corpuscle investigation. After performing the blood count, the blood was centrifuged, and the plasma was used to perform a second test. Results. Among the 19 suspect animals, 7 were positive in the rapid test, both in blood plasma and conjunctival swab material, in 2 of these Lentz bodies were observed. Conclusions. The association of the rapid immunochromatographic test with the complete blood count in dogs with clinical suspicion of distemper improves the chances of diagnosing the disease in the acute phase and the test can also be performed with blood plasma, using the same sample sent for complete blood count. The hematological study revealed that anemia and lymphopenia are the main changes in positive animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lyme borreliosis is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and affects humans and many other mammals, including horses. This disease is poorly studied and reported in horses, and epidemiological surveys are required to provide more precise information about the course of the disease. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of seropositive horses for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in São Paulo State, Brazil and to collect data on possible risk factors associated with the disease along with clinical and hematological changes in seropositive horses. There was verified that there was a high correlation between the occurrence of seropositive horses infested with Amblyomma sculptum ticks and the presence of capybaras on the property as well as the occurrence of abortion and retained placenta in mares. In terms of hematological alterations, the occurrence of lymphopenia was observed in seropositive animals. Borreliosis in horses from São Paulo, Brazil can be associated with presence of Amblyomma scupltum ticks, proximity with capybaras and can be manifested as alterations in reproduction of mares and lymphopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo. Evaluar el uso de una prueba inmunocromatográfica rápida, asociada con el recuento sanguíneo completo y la búsqueda de inclusiones virales como método de diagnóstico de moquillo en perros. Materiales y métodos. Diecinueve perros, machos y hembras, de 2 a 120 meses, con sospecha clínica de moquillo fueron examinados en el Hospital Veterinario de la UFFS. Se recogieron hisopos conjuntivales para realizar la prueba inmunocromatográfica rápida y también se sacaron muestras de 3 a 5 ml de sangre para el recuento sanguíneo completo y la investigación del corpúsculo de Lentz. Después de realizar el recuento sanguíneo, la sangre se centrifugó y el plasma se usó para realizar una segunda prueba. Resultados. De los 19 animales sospechosos, 7 fueron positivos en la prueba rápida, tanto en plasma sanguíneo como en material de torunda conjuntival, en 2 de estos se observaron cuerpos de Lentz. Conclusiones. La asociación de la prueba inmunocromatográfica rápida con el recuento sanguíneo completo en perros con sospecha clínica de moquillo mejora las posibilidades de diagnóstico de la enfermedad en la fase aguda y la prueba también se puede realizar con plasma sanguíneo, utilizando la misma muestra enviada para el recuento sanguíneo completo. El estudio hematológico reveló que la anemia y la linfopenia son los principales cambios en los animales positivos.

La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana es el factor de riesgo principal para desarrollar criptococosis meníngea; sin embargo, existe una entidad poco conocida, la linfopenia T-CD4+ idiopática, que genera un inexplicable déficit de células T-CD4+ circulantes predisponiendo a variadas complicaciones, entre ellas la infección por gérmenes oportunistas. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con criptococosis meníngea secundaria a una linfopenia T-CD4+ idiopática, que a nuestro conocimiento es el primer caso reportado en el Perú. Esta enfermedad debería considerarse en pacientes negativos para el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, que cursen con infecciones infrecuentes del sistema nervioso central, ya que la evolución, manejo y pronóstico podrían ser distintos en pacientes con esta condición.

Currently there are 430 primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) also called innate immunity errors, resulting from more than 320 identified mutations, which together affect at least 1 in 500 live newborns and are therefore no longer considered rare diseases. Many doctors do not suspect these pathologies, which generates delay in diagnosis and treatment, generating a poor prognosis for life quality and death, for which reason the objective of this article is to transmit the key points for their suspicion and reference to a specialized center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actualmente nos encontramos en una carrera logística respecto a la enfermedad COVID-19. Uno de los signos característicos en pacientes severos son las alteraciones en el recuento de linfocitos. El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar y relacionar la evidencia científica disponible sobre la relación existente entre la linfopenia y los casos severos de la enfermedad COVID-19. Para poder llevar a cabo la investigación, se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos consultando la base de datos PubMed, en los idiomas español e inglés. Hay estudios que sugieren vías por las cuales el virus SARS-CoV2 induce una linfopenia por lisis directa de los linfocitos, una disminución indirecta, mediante la afectación de órganos linfáticos o inducción de vías apoptóticas. Mientras que otras publicaciones describen un fenotipo exhausto de la población linfoide, presentando habilidad reducida en cuadros severos de COVID-19. Finalmente, se describe también como causa potencial de la disminución de linfocitos T circulantes al secuestro o redistribución de dichos linfocitos T hacia sitios de inflamación. Los estudios sobre COVID-19 han permitido determinar la linfopenia como un signo frecuente en cuadros severos de la enfermedad. Convirtiendo así esta alteración en el hemograma en un factor pronóstico de la enfermedad. Es evidente la necesidad de investigación adicional respecto a los muchos factores causantes de la linfopenia, ya que por el momento no es posible aclarar cuales subpoblaciones de pacientes desarrollarán cuadros severos con los hallazgos y la bibliografía disponible a la fecha.

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is the serious condition of coronavirus (COVID-19) caused by SARS-COV-2 which causes respiratory infections in humans, and whose transmission is given mainly through the contact. this virus enters into the host cell due to the spike protein (S) interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is not only present in the respiratory tract but also monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, the heart, and gastrointestinal tract. The increase in INF stops viral replication and activates the adaptive immune response. The infection's clinic manifestations often occur in the respiratory tract; however, other systems like the hematopoietic may be affected. Altered cell counts, mainly leukocytes and platelets, are seen on the blood count. Lymphopenia and neutrophilia are associated with severe disease; thrombocytopenia is present in a heterogeneous way in the infection. Among the disease's complications are the Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) that results when monocytes and endothelial cells are activated because of the release of cytokines, causing endothelial damage, with the synthesis of the tissue factor, tissue factor discharge, platelet activation, and the von Willebrand factor release, generating a hyperfibrinolytic condition especially in the infection's late-stage. Laboratory tests such as D-dimer (D-D), Fibrinogen Degradation Products (FDP), Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) among others, are essential to the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Variants in intracellular calcium transport genes have been associated with syndromic immunodeficiencies with a SCID phenotype. Case report: Seven-year-old girl of non-consanguineous parents, in Cartagena-Colombia. At two months of age, he presented hematochezia and was diagnosed with alimentary proctolitis without improvement with restriction to milk, wheat and eggs, and malnutrition developed. At eight months, a colon biopsy shows chronic lymphoid hyperplasia, presenting with anemia, eosinophilia, but total and specific IgE to normal foods. After four years, the Immunology Service found her asymptomatic, nutritionally recovered and without allergic sensitization, but eosinophilia and elevated calprotectin persisted, suggesting an early-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Immunoglobulins were normal, lymphocyte populations with CD3, CD4 and CD8 lymphopenia. At six years old, she presented atopic dermatitis, still had elevated calprotectin and was lymphopenic. Immunophenotyping by spectral cytometry using Cytek®cFluor®Immunoprofiling-Kit14 showed lymphopenia and CD4/CD8 inversion. Naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were decreased, while T-CD8+CD45RA-CCR7-and T-CD8+CD45RA+CCR7- effector memory populations were expanded. Effector and central memory CD4+ T-lymphocytes were also increased1 (Image 1). The exome revealed a heterozygous variant in the ITPR3 gene (carrier father), c.7571G>A, p.(Arg2524His); predictors classify it as having a potential eliminating effect. Conclusions: The clinical features and immunophenotype of this candidate variant differ from others related to intracellular calcium transport. They are functional studies necessary to validate their causality. A patient with a potentially deleted variant presents an immunophenotype with CD3 lymphopenia and persistent lymphocyte activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Médica Peruana is the property of Colegio Medico del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study provides evidence that activated spleen lymphocytes from Walker 256 tumor bearing rats are more susceptible than controls to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)-induced necrotic cell death in vitro. The iron chelator and antioxidant deferoxamine, the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA, the L-type Ca2+ channel antagonist nifedipine or the mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor cyclosporin A, but not the calcineurin inhibitor FK-506, render control and activated lymphocytes equally resistant to the toxic effects of t-BOOH. Incubation of activated lymphocytes in the presence of t-BOOH resulted in a cyclosporin A-sensitive decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. These results indicate that the higher cytosolic Ca2+ level in activated lymphocytes increases their susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced cell death in a mechanism involving the participation of mitochondrial permeability transition.O presente estudo demonstra que linfócitos ativados de baço de ratos portadores do tumor de Walker 256 são mais susceptíveis à morte celular necrótica induzida por tert-butil hidroperóxido (t-BOOH) in vitro quando comparados aos controles. O quelante de ferro e antioxidante deferoxamina, o quelante intracelular de Ca2+ BAPTA, o antagonista de canal de Ca2+ nifedipina ou o inibidor da transição de permeabilidade mitocondrial ciclosporina-A, mas não o inibidor de calcineurina FK-506, inibiram de maneira similar a morte celular induzida por t-BOOH em linfócitos ativados e controles. Os linfócitos ativados apresentaram redução do potencial de membrana mitocondrial induzida por t-BOOH num mecanismo sensível a ciclosporina-A. Nossos resultados indicam que o aumento da concentração de Ca2+ citosólico em linfócitos ativados aumenta a susceptibilidade dos mesmos à morte celular induzida por estresse oxidativo, num mecanismo envolvendo a participação do poro de transição de permeabilidade mitocondrial.

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OBJETIVO: analisar evolutivamente aspectos clínicos e hematológicos de crianças expostas à transmissão vertical do HIV-1 e comparar as que se infectaram com aquelas que não se infectaram, ou soro-reversoras. MÉTODOS: trata-se de estudo prospectivo, descritivo, longitudinal. Foram analisadas 79 crianças, filhas de mães infectadas pelo HIV-1, sob seguimento entre março de 1996 a novembro de 1997, no Ambulatório de Imunodeficiência do Hospital de Clínicas da Unicamp. RESULTADOS: houve comprometimento pôndero-estatural em ambos os grupos, sendo maior nos soro-reversores. No grupo das crianças infectadas, 23 mães não fizeram terapia com AZT na gestação, 16 pacientes (61,5%) foram amamentados ao seio, quatro foram classificadas na categoria clínica N, sete na A, e 15 na B. Manifestações clínicas antes de um ano de idade ocorreram em 18 lactentes (69,2%). Anemia se manifestou em 73,1% das crianças infectadas, e em 41,5% das com soro-reversão (P < 0,008). A comparação entre os grupos mostrou que as alterações mais freqüentes nos infectados foram microcitose e hipocromia (P < 0,05), linfopenia entre 15 e 18 meses (P < 0,05), monocitose entre os 9 e 12 meses (P < 0,05) e uma tendência de altos níveis séricos de ferritina, mas sem significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: anemia microcítica e hipocrômica ocorreu em ambos os grupos, sendo ferropriva entre os soro-reversores, e anemia de doença crônica, entre os infectados. Nesse referido grupo, monocitose e linfopenia foram manifestações precoces.OBJECTIVE: to analyze the evolution of clinical and hematological aspects of children exposed to the vertical transmission of HIV-1, comparing infected patients with uninfected ones or seroreverters. METHODS: prospective, descriptive, longitudinal study. We analyzed 79 children born from HIV-1 infected mothers, under clinical follow up from March, 1996 until November, 1997, at the Immunodeficiency division of the Hospital de Clínicas da Unicamp (State University Hospital of Campinas). RESULTS: failure to thrive was observed in both groups, but was greater among seroreverters. Among the infected children, 23 mothers did not use AZT during pregnancy, 16 of them (61.5%) had been breastfed, four were classified into clinical category N, seven into A and fifteen into B. Clinical manifestations in patients younger than one year were seen in 18 infected children (69.2%). Anemia was observed in 73.1% of the infected group and in 41.5% of the seroreverters (P < 0.008). The comparison between the groups showed that the most common hematologic alterations in the infected children was microcytosis and hypochromia (P < 0.05), lymphopenia between 15 and 18 months (P < 0.05), monocytosis between 9 and 12 months (P < 0.05) and a tendency towards high ferritin levels, with no statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: microcytic and hypochromic anemia were observed in both groups: iron deficiency in the uninfected children, and chronic disease anemia in the infected ones. The infected children presented with monocytosis and lymphopenia at an earlier stage.

Introduction: The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the influence of disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for MS on COVID-19 are unknown. To date, patients with MS have not been shown to present greater risk of COVID-19 or more severe progression of the disease., Methods: We performed a descriptive study of patients with MS presenting SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed with PCR. We analysed demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment variables in our sample. Presence of antibodies against the virus was also determined., Results: Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) was the most frequent form of MS in our sample. Prognosis was unfavourable in 10.2% of patients, and was associated with older age and higher scores on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 83.3% in our sample. Development of antibodies was not associated with DMT, lymphocytopaenia, or any of the other variables analysed., Conclusions: The incidence of COVID-19 was slightly higher in our sample than in the general population in our province. Unfavourable prognosis was associated with older age and higher EDSS scores. DMT and lymphocytopaenia did not influence the clinical course of COVID-19. Seroprevalence of antibodies against the virus in our sample was similar to that reported for the general population with positive PCR results for the virus; the influence of specific DMTs could not be determined., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)