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The moisture extraction rate (MER) and energy efficiency of domestic gas clothes dryers, heat-pump clothes dryers and electric clothes dryers were assessed. The assessment was performed with regard to five indices: the MER, specific MER, specific thermal energy consumption for dehumidification (mSPC), energy efficiency (ηt) and primary energy efficiency (η1). The effects of the dry mass of clothes (mBD) and the ambient temperature on the performance of the clothes dryers were evaluated. The experiments were divided into two parts. In the first part, the ambient temperature was 20°C, and mBD was set as 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 6 kg. In the second part, mBD was 3.5 kg, and the performance of the dryers was tested at ambient temperatures of 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 20°C. The experimental results indicated that the gas dryer had the highest MER the heat-pump dryer had the best performance with regard to energy conservation and all three types of dryers had a higher MER and energy efficiency when the ambient temperature increased. The performance of the gas dryer was lower than that of heat-pump dryer when the temperature was 20°C. But when the temperature was

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primers used in this study.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Summary of RNA-Seq data of the Colletotrichum aenigma isolate GC20190701 and C. gloeosporioides isolates FL180903, FL180906. Nine biological samples, three biological repeats for each isolate were sequenced using next generation sequencing on illumina sequence platform. Table S2. Gene annotation results of the sequenced isolates. Table S10. Primers used for real-time PCR to confirm RNA-Seq data.

Hydrogen production through electrolyzing water can transfer the energy from solar energy, wind energy and other sustainable energy to hydrogen, a clean energy carrier with high energy density. The NiP2 has attracted much attention as a cheap electrocatalyst with high catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this paper, the adsorption energy, Gibbs free energy and exchange current densities at different sites on NiP2 (100) surface are calculated. On this basis, the effect of strain and doping on the HER catalytic performance of NiP2 are studied. By calculation, we find that when H is adsorbed on the top site of P atom on NiP2 (100) surface, the exchange current density is the closest to the top of volcanic curve, so the top site of P atom on NiP2 (100) surface is the catalytic active site. The effect of doping and strain on the catalytic performance of NiP2 are analyzed. 1) According to the range of strain produced by the common experimental technology, the effects of 1% and 3% tensile and compressive strain are calculated. It is found that 1% compressive strain can improve the catalytic performance of NiP2, while when 3% compressive strain or a 1% or 3% tensile strain is applied, the catalytic performance of NiP2 is not enhanced. 2) The effects of doping transition metal elements (Co, Fe, Mn, Mo, Cu, W, Cr) and non-metallic elements (N, C, S) on the catalytic performance of NiP2 are calculated. It is found that doping non-metallic element S can significantly improve the HER catalytic performance of the top site of P atom, while the doping of transition metal elements Mn, Mo, W, Co, Cr, Fe, Cu and non-metallic elements N, C have no effect on this site. The doping of transition metal element (catalytic activity: Mn > Mo > W > Co > Cr > Fe > Ni) Mn can make the catalytic performance of inactive site improved to that of the active site, thus indirectly improving the catalytic performance of NiP2. Our work reveals the micro mechanism of the effect of doping and strain on the performance of HER electrocatalyst, which provides a new perspective for designing the high performance HER electrocatalyst.

Here, we report the genome sequence of grapevine virus T (GVT), a novel single-stranded RNA virus identified from a transcriptome of grapevine. The genome of GVT is 8,701 nucleotides in length and encodes five open reading frames. GVT is a putative member of the genus Foveavirus in the family Betaflexiviridae .

Parent education can help parents gain experiences of being competent parents and help people who want to be parents get ready to be good parents. The idea of parent education has been advocated in countries (areas) all over the world, especially in western society since 1930s. Parent education has obtained general concern and prosperous development in different levels of planning, research, legislation, practice and implementation. In last hundred years, surrounding “how to be good parents”, the study of parent education develops correspondingly accompanying with and leading practice to obtain rich achievements. In China mainland, “parent education” marked with the establishment of parent school was originated at the beginning of 1980s. At present, the coverage of family education services and guidance institutes in all levels expands gradually. Similar with foreign research, domestic research on parent education also develops successively with practice. All of these studies promote parent education develop from sensitization and socialization to professionalization, institutionalization and systematization, and from simple “skill training” to “all-round development”, and from “remedial and corrective” training to “preventive and developing” training. In the future, theoretical research and corresponding practice exploration of parent education should be launched as early as possible for future parents, “potential parents”. By understanding and grasping basic knowledge and skills of “pregnancy, birth, feeding, education and teaching”, these youth can give better education for their children and establish better family with good physical properties, ideas (especially values) and connotations in the future.

Institution is an important factor restricting university development. Since the previous and current theoretical and practical circles mainly discuss university institutions in the perspective of university institutions and do not have an in-depth understanding on or pay enough attention to the relationship between institutions and university development, this article advocates carrying out “university institution research linked to and oriented to development” to deeply investigate the relationship between university institutions and university development, the mechanism of influences of university institutions on university development, the mechanism of transition of university institutions along with university development and the mechanism of innovation for university development and build ideal institutions appropriate for the development of Chinese universities of different types and design institution innovation plans tending to ideal institutions. Institution is the source of economic growth, and it is important for economic development and enterprise development. Likewise, institution is important for education development and school development. Institution is a method, means or tool for guaranteeing and promoting social development. Since the previous and current theoretical and practical circles mainly discuss university institutions in the perspective of university institutions and do not have an in-depth understanding on or pay enough attention to the relationship between institutions and university development, this article advocates regarding the institution theory as “a perspective, a method and a research paradigm”[1], interpreting university development from the perspective of institutions, deeply exploring the relationship between university institutions and university development, the mechanism of influences of university institutions on university development, the mechanism of transition of university institutions along with university development and the mechanism of innovation for university development so as to expand the modern university institution researches and enrich university development theories and higher education management theories and build ideal institutions appropriate for the development of Chinese universities of different types, and with that as reference, explore the current “institution gap” of development of various universities in China and raise institution innovation plans with strong operability to consequently ensure and promote the scientific development of various universities in China, as well as the construction of a strong higher education country.

Facing the target of comprehensive higher education quality guarantee system, it is essential to establish a new mode that the macro-quality control by government, quality regulation by society and quality management by universities organically coordinate with each other and run smoothly. Because the quality of higher education is finally formed in the process of education activities, it is the premise of and key to the assurance of higher education quality that universities establish their own quality assurance system. Therefore, they shall actively assume the significant responsibility in higher education quality assurance, and shall, as the entity of running school, give full play to their initiative, specify the mission and target, strengthen specialty construction, carry out teaching research and development and establish, perfecting the internal education quality assurance system that universities, society and market form a virtuous circle. As to teacher dimension, it is essential to try every means to arouse the education and teaching enthusiasm of teachers. As to student dimension, it is essential to stress student-orientated, introduce the students’ perspective and highlight students’ experience and feeling. As to management dimension, it is essential to mainly play the role of system guarantee and condition guarantee.

Under the two-level administration system, the appraisal and comparison of colleges’ performance is supposed to be an important way for universities to strengthen macro-control and colleges to consolidate self–management. The subjects, perspectives, scope, ways, means and techniques are the key considerations when appraising the college’s performance, and each of them also has many dimensions which decide the multi–paths of colleges’ performance appraisal and comparison.

It is essential to establish a multi-element quality assurance entity consisting of government, society and school. As the entity of running school, universities shall arouse the education and teaching enthusiasm of teachers, stress student-orientated and highlight students’ experience and feeling, plays the management staff’s role of system guarantee and condition guarantee. Government shall change the management function, reduce the authorization and approval matters for universities’ running of school, mainly play the roles of “navigator”, “controller” and “patron”, start the building of national higher education quality assurance data information platform, legally ensure the financial investment in higher education. Society shall fully play roles of “supplier”, “direction instrument” and “supervisor”, build accountability system and relatively independent intermediary organizations of education assessment, utilize public opinions to urge and promote universities to put the problems reflected by public opinions on the agenda and solve them. This paper can not only provides basic information for other theoretical research, and provides theoretical guidance for practical exploration, but also provides basic information for the international comparative study of the quality assurance of higher education. With the establishment and improvement of socialist market economy system and the deepening of higher education management system reform, the mode that the higher education quality was fully guaranteed by government in the past has not met the need of new situation. Accordingly, “it is essential to establish a multi-element quality assurance entity consisting of government, society and school”[1] and “establish a new mode that the macro-quality control by government, quality regulation by society and quality management by universities organically coordinate with each other and run smoothly.”[2]

College culture is university subculture, and a unique organization culture form is created, discovered and developed from long-term teaching management practice, generally accepted, recognized and followed by teachers and students of college/school/department. To better build up college culture not only can enrich the cultural connotation of the university, carry forward the university spirit, and maintain university tradition, but also plays an important role in constructing college core values, enhancing college’s soft power, optimizing college educational environment, highlighting college characteristics, cultivating college teamwork spirit, shaping college external image, building a harmonious collective life. From three aspects of content, principle, approaches, college cultural construction in universities and in vocational colleges is respectively analyzed.