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In the current scenario of field hockey, players are continuously looking for new ways to improve their performance on the field, particularly in terms of power moves. Throughout this exploration, the current study examined the specific effects of complex and contrast training on field hockey player's physiological and biochemical responses. A total of 45 male field hockey players (mean (SD); weight: 63.62 (4.54) kg, height: 1.67(0.06) cm, and age: 19.42(1.18) yrs.) were randomly assigned to three equal groups namely complex training group (COM), contrast training group (CNST) and control group (CON). All the selected physiological and biochemical outcome measures have been tested baseline (T1) and after 12-weeks of training intervention (T2) assessments. Since the CON group was practicing field hockey every day, they were regarded as an active CON group. The intervention in the given period significantly improved VC and VO2max, positively impacting respiratory function. However, no notable changes were observed in RHR, HDL, and LDL levels. Forthcoming research may emphasize the refining of intervention protocols to address these areas and further understand the underlying mechanisms for optimal cardiovascular health and performance enhancement for field hockey players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is increasingly taking an important stage as a cause of death worldwide, and interventions with a good cost‐effectiveness ratio are needed. Psychotria densinervia is one of these natural products with health benefits. Objective. The present study evaluated the cytotoxicity, antiadipogenic, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), oxidation inhibitory activities, and acute toxicity of Psychotria densinervia hydroethanolic leaf and bark extracts. Methods: The cytotoxicity evaluation of the extracts (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 μg/mL) using the MTT assay and the antiadipogenic activity (25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) using oleic acid were carried out in SW‐872 cells. Copper sulfate (CuSO4)‐induced oxidation was used in the evaluation of the effect of extracts (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL) against LDL oxidation. The oral acute toxicity evaluation of a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of the extracts was performed in Wistar albino rats weighing 127 ± 2 g. Results: The leaf and bark extracts did not show any sign of cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. The best antiadipogenic activity was observed by the standard orlistat (38.45 ± 1.70 μg/mL), followed by the leaf extract (IC50: 41.47 ± 0.50 μg/mL) and the least the bark extract (IC50: 107.50 ± 0.90 μg/mL). At a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the leaf extract presented an oxidation lag time of 130 min, which was higher and better than that of the bark extract (120 min). Quercetin (standard) presented an oxidation lag time longer than 3 h. The oral acute toxicity evaluation did not show any signs of toxicity indicating that the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, the P. densinervia hydroethanolic leaf extract possesses a better antioxidant and antiadipogenic activities than the bark extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to imbalanced demand favoring egg whites, the egg industry faces a surplus of egg yolk, limiting overall growth. This study designed a feasible process for the crude extraction of livetins and phosvitin (PV) and revealed the related separation mechanisms. Our method utilized a 1:9 egg yolk dilution at pH 6.15–6.29, incubated at 4–7.5 °C, to reduce the dispersibility of lipoproteins in the water-soluble fraction (WSF). Adding 0.04–0.05% (w/v) sodium alginate to WSF at pH 5.40 effectively removed suspended low-density lipoprotein (LDL) through electrostatic complexation, increasing livetins electrophoretic bands from 51.90% to 91.04%. The dispersion of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-PV complex was jointly affected by NaCl and pH, with phosphocalcic bridges fully disrupted when NaCl concentration exceeded 7.5% (w/v). Na+ and Ca2+ were adsorbed onto the negatively charged protein surface at pH 5–8, inducing strong hydration repulsion, thereby resulting in the individual dispersion of HDL and PV. Based on the solubility difference in low ionic strength solutions at neutral pH, HDL could be effectively removed after dialysis, increasing PV electrophoretic bands from 8.45% to 61.50%. This simple and feasible separation process may provide a reliable foundation for further purification via membrane filtration and chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the potential influence of serum biochemical factors, specifically lipid profile parameters, on visual outcomes in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Patients and Methods: All patients diagnosed with NAION at Rajavithi Hospital between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome was defined as visual recovery, measured by an improvement of at least 0.2 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) in their best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the 12-weeks follow-up visit compared to the initial visit and determine whether those lipid profiles parameters are predictive of 12 weeks-visual outcomes. Factors of an initial poor VA were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results: In this study, 84 patients with NAION were included to assess the impact of lipid parameters on visual outcomes. Majority of participants were male. The group with initial VA worse than 20/200 had significantly higher mean age of 58.3± 7.6 years and levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (all p < 0.05 respectively). Throughout 12 weeks, a significant difference in change of BCVA between the two groups of initial VA was observed (p< 0.001). Regarding lipid parameters on visual prognosis, lipid profile between the two groups of VA improvement of 0.2 logMAR was comparable different. The probability of VA improvement showed a weak association with TC levels. A gradual increase in probability slightly related to LDL parameter, while TG showed an inverse relationship. At elevated lipid levels, there was a greater degree of uncertainty in predicting visual outcomes. Conclusion: While older age and elevated lipid levels, specifically TC, TGs, and LDL, were correlated with poorer initial visual acuity in NAION patients, no significant associations were identified between lipid parameters and long-term visual recovery. Early detection for individuals with dyslipidemia (DLP) and advanced age merit attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Over the past few decades, many studies have been conducted to explore the link between tinnitus and lipid metabolism, yielding inconsistent results. In our current study, we compared the prevalence of various lipid metabolism abnormalities in patients with chronic subjective idiopathic tinnitus (CSIT) to the official prevalence data of dyslipidaemia in the general adult Hungarian population. To counteract the distorting effect of the co-increase in both conditions with age, we also examined this relationship by age groups. Methods: A total of 231 adult patients, suffering from CSIT, who underwent rheological treatment at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of the Clinical Center (University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary), were involved in a retrospective study. Total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL-C, ApoB, HDL-C, ApoA, and Lp(a) were utilized. Results: For the aggregated data, we found that the occurrence of dyslipidaemia among our patients (78.35%) significantly exceeded the corresponding official data about the occurrence of dyslipidaemia in the whole adult Hungarian population (16.51%). This finding was supported by our age-specific approach and the results imply an association between CSIT and dyslipidaemia. This finding suggests an association between CSIT and dyslipidaemia. Conclusions: Considering the relationship between CSIT and dyslipidaemia suggested by our results, tinnitus could be an indicator of dyslipidaemia, even at a young age. Therefore, careful investigation of each tinnitus patient, along with a lipidological evaluation for those with CSIT, may be recommended. This approach could lower mortality from lipid-related diseases, particularly atherosclerosis and its complications, by serving as the first line of defence against a harmful and life-threatening lipid-related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abishir Mohamud Hirsi, Awil Abdukadir Abdi, Alina Peris, Amandua Jacinto, Propser Muhammad, Ibrahim Ahmed Nur, Muktar Hassan Mohamud, Mustafa Hussein, Abdi Qaws, Mohamed Jayte Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala International University, Ishaka, Bushenyi, UgandaCorrespondence: Abishir Mohamud Hirsi, Email abshir.heirsi@gmail.comBackground: Dyslipidemia in Sub-Saharan Africa has been on the disproportionate rise among diabetes patients across various contextual settings due to its patterns and associated factors. This study determined the patterns and factors associated with dyslipidemia among diabetes patients attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital (HRRH).Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted at HRRH between October 2022 and January 2023, enrolled 375 adult diabetes patients consecutively from diabetic outpatient clinic. Data on socio-demographic, behavioral, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory diagnoses were collected and summarized using descriptive statistics. Patterns of dyslipidemia were presented as a proportion of each lipid profile either singly or in combination expressed as a percentage. In the bivariate analysis, variables with p-values < 0.2, crude odds ratios of ≥ 2 or ≤ 0.5, or those with biological plausibility were included in a multiple logistic regression model. Factors with p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using Stata version 17.Findings: Of the 375 diabetes patients, 260 (69.3%) had abnormal total cholesterol (TC), and 185 (49.3%) had two lipid profile abnormalities. The majority of the patients were female, 235 (62.7%), and 38 (10.1%) had a diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD). Additionally, 134 (35.7%) were overweight, and 39 (10.4%) were obese. Female patients had higher odds of dyslipidemia (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.02– 4.86, p = 0.045). Those with coronary heart disease (CHD) had increased odds of dyslipidemia (AOR = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.51– 11.07, p = 0.006). All diabetes patients who were overweight or obese had dyslipidemia (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The most common pattern of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes was elevated total cholesterol, followed by high low-density lipoprotein, associated with overweight, obesity, female gender, and CHD. Routine screening of lipid profiles, BMI, and CHD in diabetic clinics is crucial for early intervention and improved outcomes.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, coronary heart disease, risk factors, Uganda

Abstract Excessive caloric intake and obesity due to high-fat (HFD) and high-disaccharide (HDD) diets have been recognized as major contributing factors to dyslipidemia and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, the effect of HFD and HDD without excessive caloric intake is obscure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of physiological caloric intake delivered through HFD and HDD on liver and lipid profiles. The study was performed on 6-week-old male and female (50/50%) Sprague Dawley rats, receiving either a standard (controls, n = 16), HFD (n = 14) or HDD (n = 14) chow. All groups received the same, standard daily calorie rations, titrated weekly to the age of growing rats, for 12 weeks. A panel of metabolic in vivo measurement were performed, followed by histological, biochemical and molecular biology assays on tissues harvested from sacrificed rats. There was no significant difference between the groups in body weight. In contrast to controls, HFD and HDD groups showed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, ballooning of hepatocytes and fibrosis. These changes were more pronounced in the HFD than in the HDD group. The HFD group showed significantly higher serum LDL than controls or HDD rats. Furthermore, the HFD group had higher liver protein levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) but lower plasma levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) than the controls or HDD group. There were no differences between sexes in evaluated parameters. The excessive caloric intake and obesity are not prerequisites for the development of MASH and dyslipidemia in rats. The liver changes induced by the HFD and HDD diets exhibit differences in severity, as well as in the expression patterns of LDLR and PCSK9. Notably, these effects are independent of the sex of the rats.

Background Accurate lipid profile assessment, mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) measurement, is crucial for diagnosing and managing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The widely used Friedewald formula for LDL-C calculation has limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative equations. Aims This study aims to compare ten LDL-C calculation formulas with direct measurement among study participants attending a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods Conducted from September 2021 to July 2022 at a tertiary healthcare centre in India, the study involved 114 participants aged 18 years or older. The exclusion criteria were high-serum triglyceride (TG) levels, renal failure, diabetes, liver diseases or unwillingness to participate. Blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and LDL-C. The very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was calculated. The LDL-C formulas evaluated were Friedewald, Anandaraja, De Cordova, Vujovic, Ahmadi, Puavillai, Chen, Hattori, Martin–Hopkin and Sampson. Results Vujovic’s formula showed a negligible mean difference and strong correlation (r = 0.916, P < 0.001) with direct LDL-C estimation across TG concentrations. Sampson’s formula performed best for TG

Introduction: Dyslipidemia comprises disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, which is usually characterized by increased plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), or reduced plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Dyslipidemia is commonly found in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients causing an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Many studies done previously show variable prevalence of dyslipidemia (68 to 85 %) in known diagnosed patients of T2DM (with unknown history of onset), however, only limited studies have been done for finding prevalence of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients. AIM: This study is a cross-sectional observational study done in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai (India), aiming to study prevalence and pattern in newly detected T2DM patients. The secondary objective is to compare the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients with non-diabetic controls. Material and Method: For this, 100 newly detected T2DM patients were chosen along with 100 cases of age & gender-matched non-diabetic controls. Their clinical profile and lipid profile of both groups were observed and compared. Result: Results showed higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients (64%) which was significantly more than the control group (32%). Moreover, the pattern of dyslipidemia showed greater mean levels of TC, TG, and LDL and low mean levels of HDL in T2DM patients compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings show that there is an increased risk of Dyslipidemia in new onset T2DM patients.

Background: Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is a type of cholecystitis with high mortality rate while its pathogenesis remains complex. Choline is one of the essential nutrients and is related to several diseases. This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between choline metabolites and AAC and its potential mechanisms. Methods: This research utilized the two-sample Mendelian randomization method to investigate the causal relationship between choline metabolites and AAC. Additionally, multivariable Mendelian randomization and mediated Mendelian randomization were used to explore potential confounding effects from low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TGs), and coronary artery disease (CAD). Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), co-localization analysis, and enrichment analysis were used to investigate relevant molecular mechanisms. Results: There is a negative causal relationship between total choline (OR [95%CI] = 0.9982 [0.9974, 0.9990], p = 0.0023), phosphatidylcholine (OR [95%CI] = 0.9983 [0.9976–0.9991], p = 0.0040), sphingomyelin (OR [95%CI] = 0.9980 [0.9971–0.9988], p = 0.0001), and AAC. The mediating effects of LDL were −0.0006 for total choline, −0.0006 for phosphatidylcholine, and −0.0008 for sphingomyelin, indicating a protective effect of total choline, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin on AAC. Colocalized SNP rs75331444, which is mapped to gene ABCG8, was identified for total choline (PPH4 = 0.8778) and sphingomyelin (PPH4 = 0.9344). Conclusions: There is a causal relationship between choline metabolites and cholecystitis, mediated through the protective action of LDL. Our results suggest that ABCG8 may play a role in the development of non-calculous cholecystitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the most common malignant non-melanoma carcinomas and is an important health problem for all countries. There are many studies on the effect of human lipoprotein metabolism and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) function on skin cells, but there are no detailed clinical studies on BCC yet. In addition, higher phospholipid and cholesterol content was found in cancerous and precancerous lesions of the skin compared to normal tissue. The aim of our study was to evaluate the lipid profile in patients with BCC and to try to find any relationship between BCC and molecules that have an important place in HDL-C functionality. Methods The patient group consisted of 39 patients who were clinically diagnosed with BCC by biopsy in hospital clinics. The control group (n:44) was randomly selected from patients of the same age group without a diagnosis of BCC who applied to different clinics of the same hospital. Routine lipid level, Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) level and Paraoxonase (PON-1) enzyme measurements were made from serum samples taken from the patients and control groups participating in the study. Results The most important findings of this study, a statistically significant decrease in serum Apo-A1 level and a decrease trend in PON-1 enzyme can be considered in BCC patients compared to control groups. Conclusion Lipid metabolism and HDL functionality, may play a role in the development of BCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In our study, we aimed to compare the Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins, and Sampson formulae with direct LDL-cholesterol (d-LDL-C) measurement. Methods: The study was a retrospective investigation by the Department of Medical Biochemistry of the Ankara Training and Research Hospital between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022. Our study evaluated the results of 6297 patients aged 18–95 years who underwent cholesterol panel TC, TG, HDL-C, and direct LDL-C in our laboratory. The estimated LDL-C was calculated according to Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins, and Sampson formulae. Results: All three formulae showed a stronger positive correlation with d-LDL-C (0.905, 0.897, and 0.886, respectively, for all data, p<0.001). In addition, when we compared the total median difference (1st–3rd quartile) of all formulae, it was -0.69 (-1.62 to 0.39) for Friedewald, 0.034 (-0.74 to 1.14) for Martin/Hopkins and -0.40 (-1.19 to 0.55) for Sampson. According to Passing Bablok regression analyses, the intercept was determined as -0.97 (95% CI=-1.01 to -0.93), 0.41 (95%=0.37 to 0.44) and -0.05 (-0.08 to -0. 03) and slopes were calculated as 1.083 (95% CI=1.07–1.09), 0.88 (0.88 to 0.89) and 0. 90 (95%=0.89 to 0.90) for Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins and Sampson, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the Martin/Hopkins formula performed better than the Friedewald and Sampson formulas. We figured out utilizing the Martin/ Hopkins formula as a good alternative for estimated LDL-C in Turkish adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has been independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Objectives: The authors examined the effect of monoclonal antibody proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9is) on plasma Lp(a) levels across multiple trials. Methods: Studies were retrieved comparing the effect of PCSK9i vs placebo on Lp(a) levels. The primary outcome was percent change in Lp(a) levels. Factors associated with the treatment effect were determined by meta-regression analysis. Subgroup analyses were done to explore potential treatment effect differences. Results: PCSK9i reduced Lp(a) levels on average of −27% (95% CI: −29.8% to −24.1%, P 12 weeks: −22.31%] [95% CI: −25.13% to −19.49%, P

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the utility of weighted amide proton transfer (APTw) MRI in three different rodent models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods: APTw MRI was evaluated in models of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced HCC, N1S1 syngeneic orthotopic xenograft and human HepG2 ectopic xenograft.Results: All models of HCC showed a higher APTw signal over the surrounding normal tissues. In the DEN model, the APTw signal could differentiate HCC lesions from benign nodules. Intra-arterial administration of low-density lipoprotein docosahexaenoic acid (LDL-DHA) nanoparticles to N1S1 xenografts rapidly lowered the tumor APTw signal within 72 h. Direct injections of LDL-DHA nanoparticles into HepG2 xenografts also showed similar therapeutic responses.Conclusion: We have demonstrated the utility of APTw imaging in the diagnostic/therapeutic management of HCC.

Abstract Background With increasing attention given to host-specific lipid metabolism status, it is of urgent need to identify lipid metabolism indices with predictive or prognostic value in locally advanced breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), and to evaluate the performance improvement by incorporating them into the existing Neo-Bioscore staging system. Methods Patients from a prospectively maintained database of locally advanced breast cancer patients who received radical surgery after NAC between January 2014 to December 2020 were enrolled in this study. The enrolled patients were randomly divided into a training set and a test set at a ratio of 6:4. The random forest algorithm was applied to rank the importance of prognostic factors, top-ranked lipid metabolism indices of which were then incorporated into Neo-Bioscore to construct an updated prognostic model. The performances of these two models were compared in both training set and test set from multiple perspectives. Study outcomes included disease-free survival (DFS), relapse-free survival (RFS), distance-recurrence-free survival (DRFS), locoregional-recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS). Results A total of 200 eligible patients were included in this study. After a median follow-up of 4.73 years, it was demonstrated that the relative increase in total cholesterol (TC; DFS: HR = 4.782, 95%CI 1.410 ~ 16.217, P = 0.012) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL; DFS: HR = 4.622, 95%CI 1.517 ~ 14.088, P = 0.007) during NAC led to poorer survival outcomes. Patients with either a higher body mass index (BMI) or elevated LDL during NAC had a worse prognosis (DFS: HR = 6.351, 95%CI 1.938 ~ 20.809, P = 0.002; OS, HR = 6.919, 95%CI 1.296 ~ 36.932, P = 0.024). Incorporating BMI and LDL fluctuations during NAC into Neo-Bioscore improved the prognostic stratification, especially in terms of LRFS (P = 0.046 vs. P = 0.65) and OS (P = 0.013 vs. P = 0.61). Multidimensional evaluation confirmed the improvement in model fit and clinical use for the updated model in both training set and test set. Conclusions This is the first study to illustrate the relative elevation of LDL and TC levels during NAC as independent prognosticators for locally advanced breast cancer. This is also the first attempt to incorporate lipid metabolism indices into the original Neo-Bioscore staging system, which further improves the prognostic stratification of patients receiving NAC.

Abstract Objectives A correlation exists between lipids and osteoporosis (OP), as well as between lipids and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, lipids, the relationship between RA and OP is still unclear. This study mainly investigates the relationship between lipid levels and OP risk in RA patients. Methods Retrospective collection of RA patient data from July 2017 to May 2022, encompassing baseline demographics, treatment regimens, laboratory results, and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. Analyses, stratified by BMD subgroups, were conducted using propensity score matching (PSM) based on age, sex, and baseline duration, and binary logistic regression to examine the interplay between lipoprotein levels and other risk factors. The relationship between continuous variables and OP risk was assessed using restricted cubic spline (RCS), followed by a reanalysis of the correlation between varying lipoprotein levels and different factors, segmented according to RCS-determined cutoffs. Results The study included 2673 RA patients. Binary logistic regression revealed significant associations between high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and RA–OP (p

In the present study, a systematic literature review was conducted to examine the prevalence of homo- and heterozygous forms of Familial hypercholesterolemia among different racial and ethnic groups. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterised by elevated blood levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Elsiever were searched and only peer-reviewed articles with a large number of contributors and sufficient prevalence and ethnicity data were included. Diagnosis of FH was based on genetic testing or clinical criteria. The results of the study indicate inadequate and untimely diagnosis of FH, resulting in inadequate treatment. To date, only 9% of countries have statistical data on the prevalence of FH in the general population. In order to develop effective prevention strategies for cardiovascular diseases associated with FH, further research is needed to obtain accurate epidemiological data, including the race and ethnicity of patients. This will allow optimisation of strategies to reduce the burden of preventable cardiovascular disease associated with FH.

Globally, Vitamin D insufficiency is a problem that has a considerable impact on people’s health. According to recent studies, Vitamin D may potentially have positive impacts on serum lipid profiles, enhancing coronary condition. Therefore, the main aim of the present review is to examine Vitamin D supplement on hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease (CAD). We conducted a comprehensive literature search from 2012 to 2023, comprising Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and additional sources such as Google Scholar and clinicaltrials.gov. We reviewed a wide range of study types, including studies, trials, commentaries, and editorials. To assess bias, we used a recommended methodology, utilizing a two-part tool to address five specific domains: Selection bias, performance bias, attrition bias, selective reporting, and other biases. We also employed a quality assessment tool for evaluating the quality of diagnostic accuracy studies. In this review, we incorporated 11 studies. The mean age of the cases was 60.11 years. The Vitamin D supplement mean dose was 8772.42 IU/day. The Vitamin D supplement group showed mean variations in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TAG) cholesterol, and total cholesterol levels of 3.3 mg/dl, 8.6 mg/dl, 10.625 mg/dl, and 9.45 mg/dl, correspondingly. Whereas, the mean variation in HDL-C, LDL-C, TAG as well as total cholesterol levels in the placebo group was 4.185714 mg/dl, 2.60825 mg/dl, 6.50625 mg/dl, and 6.2875 mg/dl, respectively. Vitamin D supplementation demonstrated enhancements in serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TAGs. Clinical tests for hypercholesterolemia should be implemented on patients at risk for heart illness and CAD, and Vitamin D supplements are beneficial. For individuals who are Vitamin D deficient, doctors may think about supplementing their routine cholesterol therapies with Vitamin D.

Welding is a common method for joining metals by heating them to the welding temperature. Exposure to welding fumes has a serious effect on the health of welders. This study examined serum zinc variability and body composition as route for hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia in welders exposed to welding fumes and smoking, exploring the possibilities for the risk of possible cardiovascular disease. The experimental case control design was adopted in the study. Forty apparently healthy adult males were randomly selected comprising of twenty control group (non-smokers and smokers without welding experience) and twenty experimental group (non-smokers and smokers with welding experience) welders. Data obtained were represented as Mean ± SEM while comparison of means across group was done by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison for post hoc test at p-value < 0.05 level of significance using Graph Pad prism version 8. The data obtained showed that the body mass index (BMI) of smokers (non-welders and welders) were slightly reduced while that of non-smoking welders was increased compared to the control. The serum zinc level increased among the smoking welders, while the smoking non-welders and non-smoking welders decreased when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Exposure to welding fumes has been shown to increase total cholesterol levels compared to the control. Weld fumes significantly (p < 0.05) increased high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels among smoking non-welders compared to the control group, while, HDL was reduced in non-smoking welders and smoking welders, respectively (p < 0.05). Triglyceride levels significantly (p < 0.05) increased in all experimental groups compared to control levels (p < 0.05). Exposure to welding fumes and smoking caused significant changes in serum zinc, HDL and triglycerides levels with implications for the formation of plaques around the arteries interfering with the effective flow of blood through the vascular system, with implications of hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia. This study recommends that further studies should be done using biomarkers from urine or toe nails.

Background: Nowadays, there are many people with hypertension who are not aware of it. Hypertension can be caused by various factors, based on secondary hypertension or primary hypertension. High cholesterol levels are one of the causes of increased blood pressure. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) is a type of cholesterol that is not good for the body if it exceeds normal limits. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of complementary Wet Cupping nursing on changes in Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol levels in people with hypertension. Methods: The research method used was experimental research with a pre-experimental design, namely one group pretest and posttest design. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling techniques, based on the specified inclusion criteria, totaling 16 respondents. Respondents received intervention in the form of complementary wet cupping nursing three times and this was done once a week. The instruments of this research are standard operational procedures and observation sheets for Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) measurement results.Results: The results of this study state that there is a less significant effect on Low-Density Lipoprotein in people with hypertension after being given complementary wet cupping treatment with a significant value of 0.717 or p-value> 0.05. Although the results of statistical tests did not show significant results, there were 56.25% of respondents who experienced a decrease in Low-Density Lipoprotein. Conclusions:. Wet cupping is a treatment method that has various benefits for the body's health and does not cause bad side effects after cupping. So wet cupping can be a recommended alternative therapy option for hypertension sufferers to control Low-Density Lipoprotein levels by doing cupping regularly.

Purpose of reviewCholesteryl ester transfer proteins (CETP) regulate plasma cholesterol levels by transferring cholesteryl esters (CEs) among lipoproteins. Lipoprotein cholesterol levels correlate with the risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This article reviews recent research on CETP structure, lipid transfer mechanism, and its inhibition.Recent findingsGenetic deficiency in CETP is associated with a low plasma level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a profoundly elevated plasma level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), which correlates with a lower risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, a very high concentration of HDL-C also correlates with increased ASCVD mortality. Considering that the elevated CETP activity is a major determinant of the atherogenic dyslipidemia, i.e., pro-atherogenic reductions in HDL and LDL particle size, inhibition of CETP emerged as a promising pharmacological target during the past two decades. CETP inhibitors, including torcetrapib, dalcetrapib, evacetrapib, anacetrapib and obicetrapib, were designed and evaluated in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of ASCVD or dyslipidemia. Although these inhibitors increase in plasma HDL-C levels and/or reduce LDL-C levels, the poor efficacy against ASCVD ended interest in CETP as an anti-ASCVD target. Nevertheless, interest in CETP and the molecular mechanism by which it inhibits CE transfer among lipoproteins persisted. Insights into the structural-based CETP-lipoprotein interactions can unravel CETP inhibition machinery, which can hopefully guide the design of more effective CETP inhibitors that combat ASCVD. Individual-molecule 3D structures of CETP bound to lipoproteins provide a model for understanding the mechanism by which CETP mediates lipid transfer and which in turn, guide the rational design of new anti-ASCVD therapeutics.

Background: With increasing attention given to host-specific lipid metabolism status, it is of urgent need to identify lipid metabolism indices with predictive or prognostic value in locally advanced breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), and to evaluate the performance improvement by incorporating them into the existing Neo-Bioscore staging system. Methods: Patients from a prospectively maintained database of locally advanced breast cancer patients who received radical surgery after NAC between January 2014 to December 2020 were enrolled in this study. The enrolled patients were randomly divided into a training set and a test set at a ratio of 6:4. The random forest algorithm was applied to rank the importance of prognostic factors, top-ranked lipid metabolism indices of which were then incorporated into Neo-Bioscore to construct an updated prognostic model. The performances of these two models were compared in both training set and test set from multiple perspectives. Study outcomes included disease-free survival (DFS), relapse-free survival (RFS), distance-recurrence-free survival (DRFS), locoregional-recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 200 eligible patients were included in this study. After a median follow-up of 4.73 years, it was demonstrated that the relative increase in total cholesterol (TC; DFS: HR = 4.782, 95%CI 1.410 ~ 16.217, P = 0.012) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL; DFS: HR = 4.622, 95%CI 1.517 ~ 14.088, P = 0.007) during NAC led to poorer survival outcomes. Patients with either a higher body mass index (BMI) or elevated LDL during NAC had a worse prognosis (DFS: HR = 6.351, 95%CI 1.938 ~ 20.809, P = 0.002; OS, HR = 6.919, 95%CI 1.296 ~ 36.932, P = 0.024). Incorporating BMI and LDL fluctuations during NAC into Neo-Bioscore improved the prognostic stratification, especially in terms of LRFS (P = 0.046 vs. P = 0.65) and OS (P = 0.013 vs. P = 0.61). Multidimensional evaluation confirmed the improvement in model fit and clinical use for the updated model in both training set and test set. Conclusions: This is the first study to illustrate the relative elevation of LDL and TC levels during NAC as independent prognosticators for locally advanced breast cancer. This is also the first attempt to incorporate lipid metabolism indices into the original Neo-Bioscore staging system, which further improves the prognostic stratification of patients receiving NAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red beetroot is a unique vegetable crop with high nutritional value and various health benefits, but due to the short shelf life, it requires a suitable preservation method. The purpose of the current investigation is to study the impacts of pretreatment coating with gum Arabic and drying method (oven, microwave, and freeze‐drying) on the quality parameters and storage stability of beetroot slices. Freeze‐dried beetroot samples showed the lowest moisture content (MC) (7.59%) and the highest rehydration ratio (RR) (5.47), betalain content (48.57 mg/100 g), antioxidant activity (70.92%), and overall acceptability scores (4.48). Generally, the pretreatment coating with gum Arabic reduced the degradation of betalain and antioxidants and maintained higher sensory scores of dried beetroot samples compared to uncoated ones. The beetroot extract prepared from freeze‐dried and coated with gum Arabic samples decreased the oxidation of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) compared to control. Freeze‐dried samples coated with gum Arabic revealed higher storage stability (after 4 weeks of storage at room temperature) in terms of betalain content and antioxidant activity with values of 43.84 mg/100 g and 67.02%, respectively, compared to uncoated ones which recorded 35.15 mg/100 g and 64.22% for betalain content and antioxidant activity, respectively. Generally, freeze‐drying and coating with gum Arabic is considered a promising treatment to maintain the quality and storage stability of dried beetroot slices. Further investigations including nutritional, technological, and economic aspects are required for the optimum application in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Due to the cost-effectiveness, most of the laboratories in India estimate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with the Friedewald's formula. There were many shortcomings of the Friedewald's formula. Recently, Martins have derived a new formula for calculating LDL-C. The present study was undertaken to calculate LDL-C using various formulae (Friedewald's formula, Anandaraja's formula, and Martin's formula) and to compare directly measured LDL-C with calculated LDL-C at various ranges of triglyceride (TG) concentration. Materials and Methods: The present study compared LDL-C measured by Martin's formula, Friedewald's formula, and Anandaraja's formula with directly measured LDL In 280 Outpatient fasting samples between the age group of 18 and 50 years. Depending on the TG values, study samples are divided into four groups. Group 1: <200 mg/dL, Group 2: 200–300 mg/dL, Group 3: 300–400 mg/dL, Group 4: >400 mg/dL. Statistical Analysis: This was performed by the Statistical package for social sciences version 16. Paired t test and pearson correlation were performed to find the significant difference and correlation between direct LDL-C and calculated LDL-C by different formula. Results: Martin's formula shows highest correlation with r-value of (0.9979) compared to Friedewald's (0.9857) and Anandaraja's (0.9683) r-values. The mean difference was least for Martin's formula (0.31 ± 3.53) compared to other formulae. Among all the groups, the percentage of error was least for Martin's formula (0.23%). Martin's LDL-C shows highest concordance (90.90%) compared to Friedewald's (79.60%) and Anandaraja's formulae (82.90%). Conclusions: Among all the groups, Martin's formula shows highest correlation, least percentage of error, highest concordance, and least mean differences. At all TG levels, Martin's formula is the best formula compared to the Friedewald's formula and Anandaraja's formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo explore any correlation between serum urate (SU) level or insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS).MethodsData from all MASLD patients, diagnosed by liver biopsy, were enrolled and divided into MASLD alone group and MASLD with MS group. They were subdivided into hyperuricemia group and normal SU group to find correlation between SU/IR and MASLD in patients with MS and independent risk factors for MASLD.ResultsData from 539 MASLD patients were analyzed. Body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.000), waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.004), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (p = 0.000) were dramatically higher in MASLD with MS group than those with MASLD alone; MASLD with MS patients had significantly more family history of diabetes (p = 0.000) and hypertension (p = 0.000) than patients with MASLD alone. Height (p = 0.000), weight (p = 0.000), BMI (p = 0.000) and WC (p = 0.001), and LDL (p = 0.007) were dramatically higher in hyperuricemia patients than those with normal SU. SU was inversely associated with age (p = 0.000) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.003), and positively correlated with weight (p = 0.000), BMI (p = 0.000) and WC (p = 0.000), TG (p = 0.000), and LDL (p = 0.000). Logistic Regression analysis showed that age (p = 0.031), TG (p = 0.002), LDL (p = 0.010), HbA1c (p = 0.026), and family history of hypertension (p = 0.000) may be independent risk factors for MASLD in patient with MS.ConclusionInsulin resistance (IR) in MASLD patients with MS, but not higher SU levels, has closer correlation with the occurrence of MASLD in patients with family history of hypertension and diabetes having higher BMI, LDL, HbA1c.

Atherosclerosis is a primary cause of illness and death globally and its mechanism is still unclear. Different animal models have been created to evaluate the progression of atherosclerosis, allowing researchers to carefully control the circumstances of the experiment as well as the nutrition and environmental risk factors. To investigate the negative effects of various interventions, pathophysiological alterations might be generated utilizing genetic or pharmacological methods. These models’ molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms have been clarified through experiments, and they have served as platforms for the creation of new drugs. Different models can be employed to address various research problems, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. In the current review study, various species of atherosclerosis models are discussed, along with the viability of using them in experiments.

BACKGROUND: Considering the high cardiovascular risk in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), early diagnosis and treatment are the basis for the prevention of vascular accidents. In the absence of universal screening, the results of more targeted diagnostics are of interest — the search for lipid metabolism disorders in young relatives of patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of targeted screening for identifying patients with FH, which will justify its widespread use in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At the start of the observational study, 584 patients were identified from the vascular centers of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Hospital, Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Clinical Hospital No. 20 named after. I.S. Berzon, who had lipid profile data and early cardiovascular events (all forms of coronary heart diseases), including reconstructive vascular interventions up to 55 years in men and up to 60 years in women in the case of first-degree relatives and up to 50 years in second-degree relatives. The study examined patients’ relatives aged 44 years. To diagnose FH in participants aged 16 years, the scale developed by a network of Dutch lipid clinics was used; in participants aged 16 years, the S. Broome criteria were used. Targeted screening and lipid parameters in individuals with probable, possible, and definite FH were analyzed. Data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel and Statistica v. 12.0 (USA). Parametric (calculation of the median and 25th and 75th quartiles) and nonparametric (statistical significance of differences was determined using the Mann–Whitney and χ2 tests) methods were used. RESULTS: The study examined 70 children and 104 adults aged 44 years whose first- and/or second-degree relatives suffered premature vascular events. In the general group of participants, 42 (24.14%) patients had FH (of which 18 were 17 years old) and 37 (21.2%) had hyperlipoproteinemia (a). Definite FH was documented in 16 (9.1%) patients, probable in another 16, and possible in 9. Hyperlipoproteinemia (a) was found in 37 (21.2% of general group) patients, including 12 children (17.1% of pediatric group). CONCLUSION: Not more than 30% of the population are aware of the hereditary nature of lipid metabolism disorders and atherosclerotic diseases. Targeted screening is the least expensive and most effective tool for identifying patients with FH and hyperdipoproteinemia (a).

Due to imbalanced demand favoring egg whites, the egg industry faces a surplus of egg yolk, limiting overall growth. This study designed a feasible process for the crude extraction of livetins and phosvitin (PV) and revealed the related separation mechanisms. Our method utilized a 1:9 egg yolk dilution at pH 6.15–6.29, incubated at 4–7.5 °C, to reduce the dispersibility of lipoproteins in the water-soluble fraction (WSF). Adding 0.04–0.05% (w/v) sodium alginate to WSF at pH 5.40 effectively removed suspended low-density lipoprotein (LDL) through electrostatic complexation, increasing livetins electrophoretic bands from 51.90% to 91.04%. The dispersion of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-PV complex was jointly affected by NaCl and pH, with phosphocalcic bridges fully disrupted when NaCl concentration exceeded 7.5% (w/v). Na+ and Ca2+ were adsorbed onto the negatively charged protein surface at pH 5–8, inducing strong hydration repulsion, thereby resulting in the individual dispersion of HDL and PV. Based on the solubility difference in low ionic strength solutions at neutral pH, HDL could be effectively removed after dialysis, increasing PV electrophoretic bands from 8.45% to 61.50%. This simple and feasible separation process may provide a reliable foundation for further purification via membrane filtration and chromatography.

Atherosclerosis is a primary cause of illness and death globally and its mechanism is still unclear. Different animal models have been created to evaluate the progression of atherosclerosis, allowing researchers to carefully control the circumstances of the experiment as well as the nutrition and environmental risk factors. To investigate the negative effects of various interventions, pathophysiological alterations might be generated utilizing genetic or pharmacological methods. These models' molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms have been clarified through experiments, and they have served as platforms for the creation of new drugs. Different models can be employed to address various research problems, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. In the current review study, various species of atherosclerosis models are discussed, along with the viability of using them in experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholesterol has for decades ruled the history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and the present view of the etiology of the disease is based on the transport of cholesterol by plasma lipoproteins. The new knowledge of the lipoprotein-specific transport of lipid oxidation products (LOPs) has introduced another direction to the research of CVD, revealing strong associations between lipoprotein transport functions, atherogenic LOP, and CVD. The aim of this review is to present the evidence of the lipoprotein-specific transport of LOP and to evaluate the potential consequences of the proposed role of the LOP transport as a risk factor. The associations of cholesterol and lipoprotein LOP with the known risk factors of CVD are mostly parallel, and because of the common transport and cellular intake mechanisms it is difficult to ascertain the independent effects of either cholesterol or LOP. While cholesterol is known to have important physiological functions, LOPs are merely regarded as metabolic residues and able to initiate and boost atherogenic processes. It is therefore likely that with the increased knowledge of the lipoprotein-specific transport of LOP, the role of cholesterol as a risk factor of CVD will be challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile method for the immobilization of β-cyclodextrin on polysulfone membranes with the aim of selectively adsorbing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was established, which is based on the self-assembly of dopamine on the membrane followed by the Schiff base reaction with mono-(6-ethanediamine-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin. The surface modification processes were validated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface wettability and surface charge of the membranes were investigated through the water contact angle and zeta potential analysis. The cyclodextrin-modified polysulfone membrane (PSF-CD) showed good resistance to protein solutions, as shown by the measurement of BSA adsorption. The assessment of BSA adsorption revealed that the cyclodextrin-modified polysulfone membrane (PSF-CD) exhibited excellent resistance to protein solutions. To investigate the adsorption and desorption behaviors of the membranes in single-protein or binary-protein solutions, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed. The results revealed that the PSF-CD possessed remarkable adsorption capacity and higher affinity for LDL in both single-protein and binary-protein solutions, rendering it a suitable material for LDL apheresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid metabolism is intrinsically linked to tumorigenesis. And one of the most important characteristics of cancer is the modification of lipid metabolism and its correlation with oncogenic signaling pathways within the tumors. Because lipids function as signaling molecules, membrane structures, and energy sources, lipids are essential to the development of cancer. Above all, the proper immune response of tumor cells depends on the control of lipid metabolism. Changes in metabolism can modify systems that regulate carcinogenesis, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis. The dependence of various malignancies on lipid metabolism varies. This review delves into the modifications to lipid metabolism that take place in cancer, specifically focusing on multiple myeloma. The review illustrates how changes in different lipid pathways impact the growth, survival, and drug-responsiveness of multiple myeloma cells, in addition to their interactions with other cells within the tumor microenvironment. The phenotype of malignant plasma cells can be affected by lipid vulnerabilities, and these findings offer a new avenue for understanding this process. Additionally, they identify novel druggable pathways that have a major bearing on multiple myeloma care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Altered lipid levels may be associated with the development of a number of malignancies, including cancer of the cervix. However, there is limited understanding of this relationship in the rural Ugandan context. Objective: We investigated the connection between dyslipidaemias and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among women attending the cervical cancer clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in south-western Uganda. Methods: This unmatched case-control study was conducted between December 2022 and February 2023 and included women with CIN (cases) and women without intraepithelial lesions (controls) in a 1:1 ratio. Participants were selected based on cytology and/or histology results, and after obtaining written informed consent. Demographic data were collected, and venous blood was drawn for lipid profile analysis. Dyslipidaemia was defined as: total cholesterol 200 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein 160 mg/dL, triglycerides 150 mg/dL, or high-density lipoprotein 40 mg/dL. At diagnosis, cases were categorised as either CIN1 (low grade) or CIN2+ (high grade). Results: Among the 93 cases, 81 had CIN1, while 12 had CIN2+. Controls had a 13.9% (13/93) prevalence of high triglycerides and cases had a prevalence of 3.2% (3/93; p = 0.016). Reduced high-density lipoprotein was the most prevalent dyslipidaemia among cases (40.9%; 38/93). Statistically significant associations were found between high serum triglycerides and CIN (odds ratio: 1.395, 95% confidence interval: 0.084–1.851, p = 0.007). Conclusion: A notable association was observed between triglyceride dyslipidemia and CIN. Further studies into biochemical processes and interactions between lipids and cervical carcinogenesis are recommended through prospective cohort studies. What this study adds: This research provides additional information on the potential role of lipids in cervical carcinogenesis among women in rural Uganda. It also presents the possible prevalence of multimorbidity involving cervical cancer and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in low-resource settings lacking preventive measures against the increasing prevalence of dyslipidaemia.

Introduction: Exercise training and vegetarian diets have been accepted as suitable and non-pharmacological methods for improving lifestyle and mitigating obesity, and related metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of aerobic training and vegetarian diet on lipid profile of adults. Material & Methods: A comprehensive search of English and Persian articles was conducted on databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar, up to February 2023. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on body weight, as well as lipid profile parameters (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride and total cholesterol). Standardized mean differences (SMD), weighted mean differences (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effect model. Additionally, the I2 test was assessed the heterogeneity, and Funnel plots and Egger tests at a (significance level: 0.1) were employed to identify publication bias. Results: The meta-analysis, comprising 36 studies with 10,795 adults, showed that aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased body weight [WMD=-4.5, (CI: -5.68 to -3.31), p=0.001], low-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.35, (CI: -0.44 to -0.26), p=0.001], high-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.16, (CI: -0.29 to -0.03), p=0.01], triglyceride [SMD=-0.11, (CI: -0.17 to -0.05), p=0.001], and total cholesterol [SMD=-0.44, (CI: -0.57 to -0.32), p=0.001]. Data analysis utilized Comperhensive Meta-analysis software version 2. Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of the present meta-analysis showed the important role of exercise and vegetarian diet in improving lipid profiles. Therefore, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet are recommended as non-pharmacogloical strategies for reducing body weight and improving lipid profiles in adults.

Objective: This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine on serum levels of lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in chronic hemodialysis patients. Methods: From a total of 90 patients with end-stage kidney disease enrolled in this trial, 87 patients completed the study. L-carnitine tablets (250 mg/T) dissolved in 30 mL water (25 mg/kg) were administered orally twice daily before meals for a period of 3 months in the intervention group (n=44). Instead, the controls (n=43) received placebo. Before and 12 weeks after treatment, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and other markers were measured. Results: The mean serum levels of MDA after hemodialysis (before L-carnitine therapy) were respectively 5.64±2.04 and 5.78±2.12 μmol/L in the intervention and control groups, respectively, which were not statistically different from the levels before hemodialysis (5.60±2.05 and 5.74±2.16 μmol/L, respectively, p>0.05). The reduction in MDA levels after L-carnitine therapy was significantly greater in the intervention group vs. controls (5.17±2.04 vs. 5.60±2.13 μmol/L, p

Abstract Background High concentrations of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) have been a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Also, the role of oxidized LDL (ox‐LDL) in forming atherosclerosis plaque has been proven. However, it has not yet been proven that atherogenic LDL‐C by‐products like ox‐LDL will decrease by keeping the LDL levels at the desired level. This study aimed to examine the relationship between LDL‐C and ox‐LDL in different LDL‐C values in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods In this cross‐sectional study, 347 patients with T2D who received statins were enrolled. LDL‐C values were defined into four groups as LDL‐C 100 mg/dL in patients with T2D. However, the revealed association of ox‐LDL with TG level and TG/HDL ratio may be considered in the clinic.

High levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], an apoB100-containing lipoprotein, are an independent and causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms associated with increased atherogenesis, inflammation, and thrombosis. Lp(a) is predominantly a monogenic cardiovascular risk determinant, with ≈70% to ≥90% of interindividual heterogeneity in levels being genetically determined. The 2 major protein components of Lp(a) particles are apoB100 and apolipoprotein(a). Lp(a) remains a risk factor for cardiovascular disease development even in the setting of effective reduction of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoB100. Despite its demonstrated contribution to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease burden, we presently lack standardization and harmonization of assays, universal guidelines for diagnosing and providing risk assessment, and targeted treatments to lower Lp(a). There is a clinical need to understand the genetic and biological basis for variation in Lp(a) levels and its relationship to disease in different ancestry groups. This scientific statement capitalizes on the expertise of a diverse basic science and clinical workgroup to highlight the history, biology, pathophysiology, and emerging clinical evidence in the Lp(a) field. Herein, we address key knowledge gaps and future directions required to mitigate the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk attributable to elevated Lp(a) levels.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the association between low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions and cardiovascular disorders. Methods To ensure the rigor of the systematic review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. For this systematic review, a comprehensive search strategy was performed in important databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, International Statistical Institute (ISI) Web of Science, and google scholar from 2009 to February 2021. The following terms were used for systematic search: low-density lipoprotein, LDL, subfractions, subclasses, nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, chromatography, high-pressure liquid, HPLC, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease. Also, for evaluating the risk of bias, the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was employed. Results At the end of the search process, 33 articles were included in this study. The results of most of the evaluated studies revealed that a higher LDL particle number was consistently associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, independent of other lipid measurements. Also, small dense LDL was associated with an increased risk of CVDs. There was no association between LDL subfraction and CVDs in a small number of studies. Conclusions Overall, it seems that the evaluation of LDL subclasses can be used as a very suitable biomarker for the assessment and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. However, further studies are required to identify the mechanisms involved.

Objective To compare the concentration of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL-c) obtained using the Friedewald formula with those obtained directly with the RAYTO CHEMRAY 120 autoanalyzer. Methods Cross-sectional study. We evaluated outpatients with a medical request for a lipid profile study (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL). The analyses were carried out in a RAYTO CHEMRAY 120 autoanalyzer under the principle of spectrophotometry. We obtained LDL-c using the Friedewald and Vujovic formulas. Results We evaluated 199 individuals whose direct LDL concentration averages were measured by the RAYTO CHEMRAY 120 equipment. Those calculated by the Friedewald and Vujovic formulas were 129.97 ± 32.66, 119.28 ± 30.44, and 127.01 ± 32.01, respectively, and in all cases, significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed with the RAYTO analyzer. In both cases a low positive bias was found with the RAYTO analyzer.. The Passing-Bablok and Deming's regressions showed a linear correlation between both methods (Friedewald and Vujovic) with the LDL values obtained with the Rayto autoanalyzer. Conclusions Our study found that the Friedewald and Vujovic methods are good predictors of LDL cholesterol levels and have a low level of bias. Therefore, they could be used as potential predictors.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a geometrical isomer of linoleic acid, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity properties. However, the studies reported inconstant results about the CLA-related effects on lipid profiles. As a result, meta-analysis and systematic review were performed to survey the CLA supplementation-related effect on lipid profile including high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). To identify the relevant research, a systematic comprehensive search was initiated on the medical databases such as Scopus and PubMed/Medline until December 2022. The overall effect size was estimated by weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in a random effect meta-analysis. In the final quantitative analysis, the meta-analysis considered 35 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1,476 participants (707 controls and 769 cases). The pooled results demonstrated that CLA supplementation, compared with olive oil, significantly increased serum TG levels (WMD: 0.05 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.1; p = 0.04; I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.91). With regard to TC level, CLA supplementation compared with placebo significantly reduced TC concentrations (WMD: −0.08 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.14 to −0.02; p < 0.001; I2 = 82.4%). Moreover, the non-linear dose–response analysis indicated a decreasing trend of TC serum level from the 15th week of CLA supplementation compared with olive oil (Pnon-linearity = 0.01). The present meta-analysis and systematic review of 35 RCTs showed that the CLA intervention was able to raise the level of TG in comparison to olive oil; however, it can decrease TC level compared with placebo and olive oil.

Lipid metabolism dysregulation is a critical factor contributing to obesity. To counteract obesity-associated disorders, bariatric surgery is implemented as a very effective method. However, surgery such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is irreversible, resulting in life-long changes to the digestive tract. The aim of the present study was to elucidate changes in the fecal microbiota before and after RYGB in relation to blood lipid profiles and proinflammatory IL-6. Here, we studied the long-term effects, up to six years after the RYGB procedure, on 15 patients' gut microbiomes and their post-surgery well-being, emphasizing the biological sex of the patients. The results showed improved health among the patients after surgery, which coincided with weight loss and improved lipid metabolism. Health changes were associated with decreased inflammation and significant alterations in the gut microbiome after surgery that differed between females and males. The Actinobacteriota phylum decreased in females and increased in males. Overall increases in the genera Prevotella, Paraprevotella, Gemella, Streptococcus, and Veillonella_A, and decreases in Bacteroides_H, Anaerostipes, Lachnoclostridium_B, Hydrogeniiclostridium, Lawsonibacter, Paludicola, and Rothia were observed. In conclusion, our findings indicate that there were long-term changes in the gut microbiota after RYGB, and shifts in the microbial taxa appeared to differ depending on sex, which should be investigated further in a larger cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a crucial role in this process by binding to the LDL receptor (LDL-R) domain, leading to reduced influx of LDL-C and decreased LDL-R cell surface presentation on hepatocytes, resulting higher circulating levels of LDL-C. As a consequence, PCSK9 has been identified as a crucial target for drug development against dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia, aiming to lower plasma LDL-C levels. This research endeavors to identify promising inhibitory candidates that target the allosteric site of PCSK9 through an in silico approach. To start with, the FDA-approved Drug Library from Selleckchem was selected and virtually screened by docking studies using Glide extra-precision (XP) docking mode and Smina software (Version 1.1.2). Subsequently, rescoring of 100 drug compounds showing good average docking scores were performed using Gnina software (Version 1.0) to generate CNN Score and CNN binding affinity. Among the drug compounds, amikacin, bestatin, and natamycin were found to exhibit higher docking scores and CNN affinities against the PCSK9 enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirmed that these drug molecules established the stable protein–ligand complexes when compared to the apo structure of PCSK9 and the complex with the co-crystallized ligand structure. Moreover, the MM-GBSA calculations revealed binding free energy values ranging from −84.22 to −76.39 kcal/mol, which were found comparable to those obtained for the co-crystallized ligand structure. In conclusion, these identified drug molecules have the potential to serve as inhibitors PCSK9 enzyme and these finding could pave the way for the development of new PCSK9 inhibitory drugs in future in vitro research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Altered lipid levels may be associated with the development of a number of malignancies, including cancer of the cervix. However, there is limited understanding of this relationship in the rural Ugandan context. Objective: We investigated the connection between dyslipidaemias and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among women attending the cervical cancer clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in south-western Uganda. Methods: This unmatched case-control study was conducted between December 2022 and February 2023 and included women with CIN (cases) and women without intraepithelial lesions (controls) in a 1:1 ratio. Participants were selected based on cytology and/or histology results, and after obtaining written informed consent. Demographic data were collected, and venous blood was drawn for lipid profile analysis. Dyslipidaemia was defined as: total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein > 160 mg/dL, triglycerides > 150 mg/dL, or high-density lipoprotein < 40 mg/dL. At diagnosis, cases were categorised as either CIN1 (low grade) or CIN2+ (high grade). Results: Among the 93 cases, 81 had CIN1, while 12 had CIN2+. Controls had a 13.9% (13/93) prevalence of high triglycerides and cases had a prevalence of 3.2% (3/93; p = 0.016). Reduced high-density lipoprotein was the most prevalent dyslipidaemia among cases (40.9%; 38/93). Statistically significant associations were found between high serum triglycerides and CIN (odds ratio: 1.395, 95% confidence interval: 0.084-1.851, p = 0.007). Conclusion: A notable association was observed between triglyceride dyslipidemia and CIN. Further studies into biochemical processes and interactions between lipids and cervical carcinogenesis are recommended through prospective cohort studies. What this study adds: This research provides additional information on the potential role of lipids in cervical carcinogenesis among women in rural Uganda. It also presents the possible prevalence of multimorbidity involving cervical cancer and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in low-resource settings lacking preventive measures against the increasing prevalence of dyslipidaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exercise training and vegetarian diets have been accepted as suitable and non-pharmacological methods for improving lifestyle and mitigating obesity, and related metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of aerobic training and vegetarian diet on lipid profile of adults. Material & Methods: A comprehensive search of English and Persian articles was conducted on databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar, up to February 2023. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on body weight, as well as lipid profile parameters (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride and total cholesterol). Standardized mean differences (SMD), weighted mean differences (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effect model. Additionally, the I2 test was assessed the heterogeneity, and Funnel plots and Egger tests at a (significance level: 0.1) were employed to identify publication bias. Results: The meta-analysis, comprising 36 studies with 10,795 adults, showed that aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased body weight [WMD=-4.5, (CI: -5.68 to -3.31), p=0.001], low-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.35, (CI: -0.44 to - 0.26), p=0.001], high-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.16, (CI: -0.29 to -0.03), p=0.01], triglyceride [SMD=-0.11, (CI: -0.17 to -0.05), p=0.001], and total cholesterol [SMD=- 0.44, (CI: -0.57 to -0.32), p=0.001]. Data analysis utilized Comperhensive Metaanalysis software version 2. Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of the present meta-analysis showed the important role of exercise and vegetarian diet in improving lipid profiles. Therefore, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet are recommended as non-pharmacogloical strategies for reducing body weight and improving lipid profiles in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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