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As AI adoption expands, so does the landscape of related legal liability. Lawyers, policymakers, and business executives should become AI-literate with respect to the potential harms and litigation risks associated with this technology as it grows in capabilities and adoption. This Article provides a brief introduction to the legal landscape to consider when developing, licensing, or using AI systems. While the regulatory and legal landscapes are rapidly evolving, this Article aims to provide a foundational understanding to help mitigate liability and avoid the associated harms to companies, individuals, and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology trade development is a necessary condition for increasing the level of economy competitiveness and rational integration of a country into the process of labor international division. The purpose of the study is to determine trends in international trade in technology development of Russia in 2006–2021. Based on the analysis of the Federal State Statistics Service data for 2006–2021, conclusions have been drawn that during the period under review, technology imports from Russia increased 4.4 times (up to USD 5.0 billion), while exports increased 8.8 times (up to USD 4.6 billion). The outstripping growth of exports compared to imports testifies to the increasing level of technological development of Russia, although the technology imports volume according to the methodology of the Federal State Statistics Service is underestimated relative to the real state. The leading role in techno logies export belongs to engineering services, the share of which reached 40 % in the total volume of trade in 2021. The growth in the engineering services export volume indicates the growth of economic entities’ competitiveness of a number of sectors of the national economy in the world market. In many respects, this result was achieved due to the successful activity of the Rosatom state corporation, which implements a number of large foreign projects for the nuclear power plants construction.

The article focuses on the significant developments and regulatory adjustments surrounding the legalization and implementation of adult-use cannabis in Minnesota, U.S. following the initial legalization in May 2023. It outlines key legislative changes from the 2024 session, including the introduction of a new licensing structure prioritizing social equity applicants and shifting from a merit-based to a qualified lottery system.

Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Synchronization (sync) licenses are required for works in which music is synchronized to video and generally have high transaction costs because they must be individually negotiated. Traditionally, sync licenses were obtained by sophisticated parties for movies, television, commercials, and the like. But digital platforms like TikTok have brought sync licenses from obscurity into the hands of every person with a smartphone. This transformative innovation has created new issues for copyright law. First, usergenerated content (UGC) created by individuals and shared on the internet via social media platforms or websites may require sync licenses that are cumbersome to negotiate and overinclusive. Private agreements between platforms like TikTok and record labels and publishers usually fill the gap, allowing most users to play music with their videos free from concern about copyright infringement. However, these licenses do not account for copyright's fundamental balance between access and exclusivity because they are overinclusive: Some content on TikTok may be covered by the doctrine of fair use, in which case no license is required. Fair use is an affirmative defense to copyright infringement that permits the defendant to use the copyrighted work without paying the rightsholder. Second, TikTok's agreements with labels and publishers could be eroding fair use. The ex-post nature of fair use means that risk-averse parties, when confronted by a situation in which the viability of their claim is unclear, are likely to obtain a license not required by law. This in turn can narrow the scope of fair use because the existence of an active licensing market makes it less likely that a court will find a use is fair. Future parties then become less likely to rely on an increasingly dubious fair use defense. In the TikTok context, doctrine about fair use and sync is especially uncertain. The scant precedent in UGC fair use cases appears to be highly fact-dependent, there are few cases that specifically deal with sync rights, and none of those have decided fair use as applied to sync. This Note proposes a blanket, compulsory license for noncommercial UGC sync as an imperfect solution to help correct the balance of copyright in the digital platform era. The compulsory license would return review of public copyright law back to Congress and courts and prevent private ordering from curtailing fair use. Further, valuable creativity would be protected because rightsholders would not be able to withhold permission for use of copyrighted material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entertainment industry is being rocked by the potential of deepfakes. A deepfake of a performer can appear to be the performer in a way that no CGI or makeup-enhanced stunt double possibly could, potentially serving as direct competition for them or deceiving audiences. It is now possible to have dead actors star in new productions, to revise casting choices months after filming, and to simulate extras electronically. The law has not caught up with this technological revolution. This Article traces the ways in which right of publicity law struggles to control this new form of identity exploitation. Specifically, it examines how traditional protections for expressive uses—key for allowing the depiction of real-world figures in biopics and historical dramas—are too broad when applied to digital replicas like deepfakes. This Article proposes changes to how right of publicity law treats expressive uses and also considers the problems raised by current right of publicity licenses and the overbroad terms they regularly contain. In the past, the problems created by these broad licensing terms were limited by technology—one could only do so much with the film available. But now new canons of interpretation are needed to prevent the contracts being used to justify uses beyond what the contracting parties could have imagined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on fieldwork for licensing environmental impact studies in Bahia, northeastern Brazil, we present new records of five tree species, including two species known only from their type locality. The records mostly originate from highly human-modified areas in Atlantic Forest, which we argue that should not be underestimated by environmental licensing studies. We assess the conservation status of the five species and highlight the importance of using trained botanists for recording species of conservation concern. Our data demonstrate that studies for environmental licensing can contribute knowledge and aid in biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tattoos are unique amongst copyrightable forms of expression because, by virtue of being drawn onto human canvases, they necessarily require that the artist grant an implied license to the tattooed individual. By this license, a tattoo is integrated with the tattooed individual's overall likeness, with all the associated rights that follow. In recent years, a trio of federal district court decisions have attempted to demarcate the metes and bounds of the implied license for tattoos, specifically in the realm of video games. On March 26, 2020, in Solid Oak Sketches, LLC v. 2K Games, Inc., the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York held that the reproduction of the defendant's tattoos in a video game was de minimis, covered by an implied license, and protected by fair use as a matter of law. The litigation sparked national interest and gave rise to subsequent lawsuits on the same issue in other jurisdictions. On September 26, 2020, in Alexander v. Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc., the District Court for the Southern District of Illinois held that the reproduction of athletes' tattoos in video games was not necessarily protected by implied license or fair use; rather, the question was a matter of fact for juries to consider at trial. On September 20, 2022, in Hayden v. 2K Games, Inc., the District Court for the Northern District of Ohio came to the same conclusion as Alexander. Although this issue has not yet reached the appellate level, the disagreement necessitates clearer guidance in the law. This Note argues that the Southern District of New York's approach should be adopted by the federal courts because it comports with the concept of bodily autonomy and most efficiently accomplishes the policy goals of copyright. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present two different typologies of legal/contractual information in the context of natural history objects: the Biodiversity Permit/Contract Typology categorises permits and contracts, and the Typology of Legal/Contractual Terms for Biodiversity Specimens categorises the terms within permits and contracts. The Typologies have been developed under the EU-funded SYNTHESYS+ project with the participation of experts from outside the consortium. The document further addresses a possible technical integration of these typologies into the Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo). The implementation in the DiSSCo data model is outlined and a concrete use case is presented to show how conditions, e.g. the Typology of Legal/Contractual Terms, can be introduced into the DiSSCo Electronic Loans and Visits System (ElViS). Finally, we give an outlook on the next steps to develop the typologies into a standard that supports compliance with legal and contractual obligations within the wider community of natural science collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As corporations continue to prioritize environmental, social. and governance (ESG) improvements alongside profit, cooperation with competitors may be an important part of their toolbox. In particular. cooperation can help to advance initiatives like the elimination of an unsustainable product type, which is a drastic step a corporation likely would not take on its own.forfear of hurting its bottom line and customer loyalty. The issue is that agreements among competitors to engage in such steps may violate antitrust laws, as suggested by the Justice Department in the Trump administration and numerous state attorneys general. This Comment uses the term "green product fixing" to rejer to the practice of a business entering into agreements with its competitors regarding environmentally-focused product standards and identifies two principal reasons why antitrust law niayspell troublejor green product fixing. First. antitrust case law is clear that self-regulation in the form of extra-governmental product standards and codes Of conduct is a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Second, while the law does have some room to permit agreements that would otherwise be unlawful, based on certain o#setting procompetitive benefits. jactors like a reduction in carbon emissions or pollution would not be considered as procompetitive benefits under the current application of United States antitrust law. This Comment argues that a different type of analysis from that traditionally used in antitrust law is necessary with respect to green product fixing. The traditional analysis focuses on consumer welfare but does not capture the benefit to consumers, as members of society, from the reduction in negative externalities resulting.from a cooperation agreement. This Comment proposes balancing the traditional analysis with consideration of environmental benefits that trickle down to consumers. It also evaluates potential avenues for legislative and.judicial implementation of such an analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to show the importance of the licenses of passage -customs records where the goods that were transported through the Iberian Peninsula were noted down- for the History of Art and, specifically, as a source of information on the missing ceramics. From their study and analysis, we can see that earthenware and porcelain travelled between European courts as royal gift, as well as to the homes of the elite of society, which is evidence that it was an artistic object valued and esteemed by society during the 16th and 17th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International student-athletes are being sidelined from deals that would allow them to reap financial benefits from licensing their name, image, and likeness ("NIL"). The calls to sideline these students are not coming from the NCAA or even the federal agencies in charge of immigration. The calls are coming from overly cautious universities, attorneys, and academics who incorrectly see NIL licensing as work or employment that is incompatible with the visa obligations of international student-athletes. This Article argues that international athletes can license their NIL without violating their visa terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte is the property of Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lately, there have been several multi-jurisdiction litigations involving SEPs. In large part this is because of the complexity of executing FRAND licenses for SEP portfolios. This work focuses on, and explains, some of the issues that arise in the context of FRAND licensing-including, the problem of over-declaration by SEP holders, the possibility of patent hold-out, difficulties associated in court determination of terms of a global FRAND license for SEP portfolios, lack of awareness regarding the nuances of SEP/FRAND space, and the intrinsic informational imbalances that exist in any FRAND negotiation. The issues discussed here are by no means exhaustive and many of them do not have easy answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose a new protection scheme for backbone networks to guarantee high service availability. The presented scheme does not require any reconfiguration immediately after the failure (i.e., it is proactive). At the same time, it does not require any reserved backup network resources either. To achieve these seemingly contradictory goals, we utilize the recent advancements in Machine Learning (ML) to implement a network intelligence that periodically re-allocates the unused capacity as protection bandwidth to meet the service availability requirements of each connection. Our goal is achieved by two components (1) predicting the traffic for the next period on each link, and (2) intelligently selecting the best fit dedicated protection scheme for the next period depending on the estimated unused (spare) bandwidth and the previous service availability violations. Note that re-allocating protection bandwidth affects neither the operational connections nor the current best practice of operators to over-provision network bandwidth to support elephant flows. Finally, we provide a case study on the real traffic from Energy Sciences Network (ESnet), a high-speed, international scientific backbone network. The key benefit of our framework is that adaptively utilizing the over-provisioned bandwidth for spare capacity is sufficient to improve the availability from three-nines to five-nines (in ESnet for the 30 examined connections). The drawback is negligible bandwidth limitations; the user perceives a minor and very temporal bandwidth limitation in less than 0.1% of the time.

Some journals require users to register before accessing a scientific paper, despite labelling that content as open access (OA) and free-of-charge. We refer to such cases as members-only OA (MOOA), which we contend is not ‘free’ since users are forced to ‘pay’ with personal data. Scholarly content may be accessible via MOOA to either the in-browser text (HTML) or to the archival-friendly version (PDF), or both. We suggest a four-tier typology to capture the degree of openness based on this observation. We believe that technical guidelines of OA implementation should not permit MOOA.

Fast digitalization of the power grids and the adoption of innovative software solutions is key to a successful energy transition. In other sectors, such as telecommunication or cloud computing, open-source software has already proven capable of transforming entire industries, by speeding up development and lowering development costs while achieving high levels of stability, interoperability, and security. However, the energy sector has not yet embraced open-source software to the same level. We discuss how existing open-source software principles can be applied to the unique challenges of the energy sector during the transition towards higher penetration of renewable energy resources. To provide an overview of the current state of the open-source software landscape, we collected and analyzed 388 open-source projects, in terms of project activities, community composition, relevant licenses, and commonly used programming languages. One finding was that the majority of projects are currently driven by academic contributors, but that commercial players do also play a role, and we identify positive examples of collaboration between the two, mostly related to standardization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The music licensing legal landscape is complicated and fragmented. Music users like movie producers, bar owners, and radio broadcasters must navigate a tangled web in order to avoid liability when using copyrighted music. Due to the complexities of the system, the distribution of the most common type of music license, the public performance license, has been subject to the supervision of the federal government since the 1940s when the Department of Justice became concerned about anticompetitive behavior in the industry. The DOJ imposed consent decrees on the primary distributors of public performance licenses which purportedly limit the distributors’ ability to impose burdensome terms on licensees. These agreements remain in place today and have streamlined the process of obtaining that type of license. Meanwhile, the framework for obtaining other types of licenses remains convoluted. In 2019, Peloton Interactive was sued by a group of music publishers responsible for distributing a type of license known as a sync license. The publishers alleged that Peloton was using thousands of popular songs in its workout videos without obtaining the proper sync licensing. In response, Peloton argued that the current frame-work for obtaining sync licenses was ill suited to its needs and asserted antitrust counterclaims against the publishers. The parties ultimately settled, but the lawsuit highlighted how the current method of distributing sync licenses is unworkable for many of the modern world’s music users. This Note argues that the DOJ should consider taking action to supervise the distribution of sync licenses, in the same way it currently supervises the distribution of public performance licenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of the Creative Commons licenses is very important nowadays because this license is new and different from the traditional licenses. The aim of this research article is to address the legal aspects of a licensee's obligations according to the Creative Commons licenses and their relationship to copyright. The Creative Commons licenses raise several questions that this study will focus on answering, namely: the concept of the Creative Commons licenses, the characteristics of the Creative Commons licenses, the licensee's obligations under the Creative Commons licenses, and the relationship between the Creative Commons licenses and copyrights. The importance of this research article comes from the fact that Creative Commons licenses are a new mechanism and an unconventional type of license over copyright. The problem of this study lies in the author's fear of infringement of his exclusive rights after granting the Creative Commons licenses to others. Finally, in this study, an analytical and descriptive research methodology was used to clarify the ambiguities in the legal aspects of the licensee's obligations under the Creative Commons licenses and their relationship to copyright. In the conclusion of this study many important results and recommendations are communicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Criminology / Archiwum Kryminologii is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Legal Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the need to incorporate clients directly into legal education and licensing. Topics include the importance of clients in entry-level law practice, challenges faced by new lawyers in serving clients, difficulties in teaching client-related skills, and innovative approaches to licensing that prioritize clients.

In this paper, we introduce a distinctive kind of psychological abuse we call Tightlacing. We begin by presenting four examples and argue that there is a distinctive form of abuse in these examples that cannot be captured by our existing moral categories. We then outline our diagnosis of this distinctive form of abuse. Tightlacing consists in inducing a mistaken self-conception in others that licenses overburdening demands on them such that victims apply those demands to themselves. We discuss typical Tightlacing strategies and argue that Tightlacing typically is manipulative. Typical tightlacers will be motivated by a strong desire to suppress a kind of behaviour on the victim's part. We will then differentiate Tightlacing from a related and widely discussed form of psychological abuse, Gaslighting. While Gaslighting focuses on the victim's epistemic capacities and typically serves to insulate the abuser from potential dissent, Tightlacing focuses on the kind of person the victim is and typically serves to insulate the abuser from confronting ways of behaviour they cannot cope with. While Gaslighting targets the victim's epistemic self-trust, Tightlacing targets their basic sense of who they are and their sense of entitlement to conduct themselves as who they really are. We finish by diagnosing the wrong-making features of Tightlacing, arguing that Tightlacing, among many secondary wrongs, makes the victim complicit in a denial of their rights as well as an erasure of who they are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Lope de Vega. Texto, Literatura, Cultura is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article deals with a hot topic for successful entrepreneurs - digitalization and its use in industrial enterprises. The article includes a comparison of digitization and visualization software for manufacturing clusters. The comparison takes into account factors such as student license, user level as well as the hardware required. The last part of the paper includes the creation of a model of the production floor using the selected software. This is a production hall which is part of the Technical University of Košice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harm with inappropriate and irrational use of medications is a global challenge. The need for and patient access to medicines optimisation services is apparent globally and amplified in India due to multiple reasons. Clinical pharmacists are ideally placed to promote patient safety with medicines use optimisation and other pharmaceutical care services through appropriate legislative, policy, and compensation mechanisms to achieve optimal patient outcomes. The need is for a move at a global level, an enabling organisational structure at Pharmacy Councils and in practice regulations, particularly in countries where clinical roles are still in infancy. This narrative describes the current status and future needs for development of medicines optimisation services across sectors through regulatory and organisational reforms at the Pharmacy Council of India with additional registration, continuing professional development, renewal and licensing requirements for clinical pharmacists to respond to patient and societal needs in India.

Intrinsic image decomposition is the task of mapping image to albedo and shading. Classical approaches derive methods from spatial models. The modern literature stresses evaluation, by comparing predictions to human judgements (“lighter”, “same as”, “darker”). The best modern intrinsic image methods train a map from image to albedo using images rendered from computer graphics models and example human judgements. This approach yields practical methods, but obtaining rendered images can be inconvenient. Furthermore, the approach cannot explain how a one could learn to recover intrinsic images without geometric, surface and illumination models, as people and animals appear to do. This paper describes a method that learns intrinsic image decomposition without seeing human annotations, rendered data, or ground truth data. Instead, the method relies on paradigms – spatial models of albedo and of shading. Rather than finding the “best” albedo and shading for an image via optimization, our approach trains a neural network on synthetic images. The synthetic images are constructed by multiplying albedos and shading fields sampled from our models. The network is subject to a novel smoothing procedure that ensures good behavior at short scales on real images. An averaging procedure ensures that reported albedo and shading are largely equivariant – different crops and scalings of an image will report the same albedo and shading at shared points. This averaging procedure controls long scale error. The standard evaluation for an intrinsic image method is a WHDR score. Our method achieves WHDR scores competitive with those of strong recent methods allowed to see training WHDR annotations, rendered data, and ground truth data. Our method produces albedo and shading maps with attractive qualitative properties – for example, albedo fields do not suppress wood grain and represent narrow grooves in surfaces well. Because our method is unsupervised, we can compute estimates of the test/train variance of WHDR scores; these are quite large, and suggest is unsafe to rely small differences in reported WHDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increased interest in longitudinal neurodevelopment during the first few years after birth has emerged in recent years. Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide crucial information about the development of brain structures in the early months of life. Despite the success of MRI collections and analysis for adults, it remains a challenge for researchers to collect high-quality multimodal MRIs from developing infant brains because of their irregular sleep pattern, limited attention, inability to follow instructions to stay still during scanning. In addition, there are limited analytic approaches available. These challenges often lead to a significant reduction of usable MRI scans and pose a problem for modeling neurodevelopmental trajectories. Researchers have explored solving this problem by synthesizing realistic MRIs to replace corrupted ones. Among synthesis methods, the convolutional neural network-based (CNN-based) generative adversarial networks (GANs) have demonstrated promising performance. In this study, we introduced a novel 3D MRI synthesis framework– pyramid transformer network (PTNet3D)– which relies on attention mechanisms through transformer and performer layers. We conducted extensive experiments on high-resolution Developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP) and longitudinal Baby Connectome Project (BCP) datasets. Compared with CNN-based GANs, PTNet3D consistently shows superior synthesis accuracy and superior generalization on two independent, large-scale infant brain MRI datasets. Notably, we demonstrate that PTNet3D synthesized more realistic scans than CNN-based models when the input is from multi-age subjects. Potential applications of PTNet3D include synthesizing corrupted or missing images. By replacing corrupted scans with synthesized ones, we observed significant improvement in infant whole brain segmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The KNN algorithm is one of the most popular data mining algorithms. It has been widely and successfully applied to data analysis applications across a variety of research topics in computer science. This paper illustrates that, despite its success, there remain many challenges in KNN classification, including K computation, nearest neighbor selection, nearest neighbor search and classification rules. Having established these issues, recent approaches to their resolution are examined in more detail, thereby providing a potential roadmap for ongoing KNN-related research, as well as some new classification rules regarding how to tackle the issue of training sample imbalance. To evaluate the proposed approaches, some experiments were conducted with 15 UCI benchmark datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vertex subset $S$ of a graph $G$ constitutes a 1-perfect code if the one-balls centered at the nodes in $S$ effect a vertex partition of $G$. This paper considers the quad-cube $CQ_{m}$ that is a connected $(m+2)$ -regular spanning subgraph of the hypercube $Q_{4m+2}$ , and shows that $CQ_{m}$ admits a vertex partition into 1-perfect codes iff $m=2^{k}-3$ , where $k\ge 2$. The scheme for that purpose makes use of a procedure by Jha and Slutzki that constructs Hamming codes using a Latin square. The result closely parallels the existence of a 1-perfect code over the dual-cube, which is another derivative of the hypercube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Table-based scalar multiplication provides practical security for ECDSA signature generation. However, a novel key recovery attack against this form of ECDSA signature generation that exploits the collisions between entries was recently proposed at CHES 2021. This attack is possible even if table entries are unknown, such as with random permutated entry ordering. In this paper, we enhance the efficiency of the key recovery attack against secure ECDSA signature generation based on fixed-base comb scalar multiplication. We significantly reduce the required number of traces by compressing collision information using the mathematical relationship between table entry collisions. We verify this is a practical threat by performing an experiment on fixed-base comb method with window width $w=4$ w = 4 . Using our method, up to 27 traces are needed, much fewer than 1,019 traces required in the CHES publication. We cluster real traces measured using 32-bit STM32F4 microcontroller. In the experiment, we provide a selection method of points of interest using variance traces and unsupervised clustering-based leakage detection. With the selection method, we succeed in clustering leakages into 16 classes with a 100% success rate with 32-bit MCU. This represents the first experiment to cluster the more leakage classes with a 32-bit MCU than in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning model deployment for training and execution has been an important topic for industry and academic research in the last decade. Much of the attention has been focused on developing specific toolchains to support acceleration hardware. In this article, we present Intermediate Representation Execution Environment (IREE), a unified compiler and runtime stack with the explicit goal to scale down machine learning programs to the smallest footprints for mobile and edge devices, while maintaining the ability to scale up to larger deployment targets. IREE adopts a compiler-based approach and optimizes for heterogeneous hardware accelerators through the use of the Multi-Level IR (MLIR) compiler infrastructure, which provides the means to quickly design and implement multilevel compiler intermediate representations (IR). More specifically, this article is focused on TinyIREE, which is a set of deployment options in IREE that accommodate the limited memory and computation resources in embedded systems and bare-metal platforms, while also demonstrating IREE's intuitive workflow that generates workloads for different ISA extensions and application binary interface (ABIs) through LLVM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses the topic of magnetic linear position detection, a common method used in modern industries to determine linear displacement by magnetic means. One major shortcoming of this method is the inherent airgap instability, which puts strong constraints on mechanical construction tolerances and limits resolution and sensitivity. We propose a method to improve the airgap stability by adding a second magnet, which makes the field and by extension the system output (locally) independent of the distance from the source. It is shown that the measurement error for 1-D systems can be reduced by a factor of ~14 and for 2-D systems by a factor of ~5 by application of this method for a realistic example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As emphasized by the European Commission Vice President for the Digital Single Market, "the way people enjoy culture and entertainment has completely changed- and this is good. But it is important that we don't leave creators in the cold."1 In response to pleas from songwriters, publishers and performing rights organizations ("PROs") to allow free-market bargaining for public performance licenses of the PROs' members' musical compositions, the unanimously passed Orrin G. Hatch-Bob Goodlatte Music Modernization Act ("MMA") was signed into law on October 11, 2018. Title I of the MMA, the Musical Works Modernization Act ("MWMA"), strives to alleviate several concerns regarding public performance licensing rates, while still upholding the near eighty-five-year-old consent decrees in which ASCAP and BMI operate under.2 This Note first explores the parties that make up the predominant players to the music industry. Next, this Note will elaborate on the system in place for valuing and distributing licensing royalties to songwriters and other associated copyright owners for the public performance of any owned musical compositions, both prior to and after the MMA was enacted. It will then explain, in detail, the responsibilities of judges in reasonable rate-setting determinations. Finally, it will critique the effect that bargaining in the shadow of rate-setting proceedings has on predictability of outcomes and private negotiations, a controversial topic that became the subject of the MWMA amendment. While predictability is often sought after for purposes of conformity and consistency, this Note concludes that the amendment to random judicial assignment will create more unpredictability in how and what rates will be determined, which is ultimately, a positive outcome. Furthermore, this Note concludes that increasing unpredictability encourages private negotiations amongst parties, negotiations that are more likely to result in an agreement that resembles free market agreements than court determined rates. Unpredictability in the judicial process encourages parties to work together, rather than be adversarial, and helps keep arrangements out of judges' hands who are not properly equipped to be determining rates. Finally, this Note will propose possible solutions to anticompetitive practices amongst the PROs and judicial assignment if the random judicial assignment amendment fails to reach its intended goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast digitalization of the power grids and the adoption of innovative software solutions is key to a successful energy transition. In other sectors, such as telecommunication or cloud computing, open-source software has already proven capable of transforming entire industries, by speeding up development and lowering development costs while achieving high levels of stability, interoperability, and security. However, the energy sector has not yet embraced open-source software to the same level. We discuss how existing open-source software principles can be applied to the unique challenges of the energy sector during the transition towards higher penetration of renewable energy resources. To provide an overview of the current state of the open-source software landscape, we collected and analyzed 388 open-source projects, in terms of project activities, community composition, relevant licenses, and commonly used programming languages. One finding was that the majority of projects are currently driven by academic contributors, but that commercial players do also play a role, and we identify positive examples of collaboration between the two, mostly related to standardization.

Occupational credentials provide an additional—and, at times, alternative—path other than traditional academic degrees for individuals to increase productivity and demonstrate their abilities and qualifications to employers. In the United States, these credentials typically take the form of licenses and certifications. Although a critical part of the workforce landscape, the literature on the returns to credentials is inadequate, with prior research typically relying on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions which do not sufficiently control for selection. Using questions that identify credential receipt from the 2015 and 2016 United States' Current Population Surveys, we construct an instrumental variable of local peer influence using the within-labor market credential rate of individuals sharing the same sociodemographic characteristics, while controlling for the same group's average wages and a suite of demographic and geographic controls. We use this instrument in a marginal treatment effects estimator, which allows for estimation of the average treatment effect and determines the direction of selection, and we estimate the effects of credentials on labor market outcomes. We find large, meaningful returns in the form of increased probability of individual employment, an effect which is concentrated primarily among women. The effect of having a credential on log wages is higher for those in the sub-baccalaureate labor market, suggesting the potential role of occupational credentials as an alternative path to marketable human capital and a signal of skills in the absence of a bachelor's degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]