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The phytochemical study on the stems and leaves of Morinda citrifolia L. resulted in the isolation of a new naturally occurring bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid, morincitrinoid A (1), together with five known analogues (2–6). The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated by comprehensive spectral analyses. The known compounds 2–6 were identified by comparing their spectral data with those reported in the literature, which were isolated from M. citrifolia for the first time. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV activities of compounds 1–6 were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 1–6 displayed significant inhibitory activities on NO (nitric oxide) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.98 ± 0.07 to 6.32 ± 0.11 μM, which was comparable to hydrocortisone. Meanwhile, compounds 1–6 showed remarkable anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) effects with the EC50 values ranging from 0.16 to 6.29 μM.

Gomphocymbellopsis guijiangensis Y.-L. Li, sp. nov. (Figs 1–17) Description: LM (Figs 1–8): Valves lanceolate with broadly rounded apices, slightly dorsiventral and heteropolar, commonly asymmetrical about the apical axis with a moderately inflated central portion gradually tapering to the head pole and foot pole. Dorsal and ventral margins similarly arched. Valve length 30.0–36.0 μm, valve width 8.0–13.5 μm, valve length/width ratio varying between 2.6–4.3, median 3.5 (n = 30). Raphe slightly lateral, occasionally appearing slightly reverse-lateral near the central ends, narrowing and becoming filiform towards the distal ends. External central raphe ends deflected gently towards the ventral side, appearing as slightly inflated central pores. External terminal raphe fissures hooked and deflected towards dorsal margin. Axial area very narrow, moderately curved, not or slightly expanded proximally, approximately in the median line of the valve. Central area lacking or not well defined, with one markedly shortened stria near the valve centre. Striae nearly parallel around the valve centre, becoming slightly radiate towards the poles, indistinctly punctate, more widely spaced near the markedly shortened stria, density 7–9 in 10 µm in the middle portion, up to 8–11 in 10 µm towards the ends. Individual areolae not visible. SEM: Valve exterior (Figs 9–13): Striae biseriate, occasionally uniseriate adjacent to the axial area, almost parallel in the middle, slightly radiate towards both ends (Figs 9–13). Areolae round to elliptical, 60–80 in 10 μm (Figs 10–13). Apical pore fields present at head pole and foot pole on the mantle, entire (not bisected) and clearly physically separated and morphologically distinct from the areolae (Figs 9–12). Three external, round to elliptical stigma openings present on the ventral side (Figs 10, 13). Valve interior (Figs 14–17): Striae formed by biseriate, rounded-elliptical areolae delimited by slightly oblique orientated vimines (Figs 14–17). The internal raphe slit continuous, without an intermissio (Figs 14, 17). Terminal raphe ends offset, bent slightly towards the dorsal margin, and terminating in small, knob-like helictoglossae adjacent to the shortened striae (Figs 14–16). Three internal, elliptical or slit-like stigma openings present on the ventral side (Figs 14, 17). Type:— CHINA. Guangxi Province: Guijiang River, freshwater, 24°15′23.89478″ N, 110°46′2.05771″ E, elevation 97.495 m a.s.l., 1st July 2021, rock scraping samples collected by Prof. Yan-Ling Li (Holotype GJ 2021070101 in Coll. Yan-Ling Li, Yunnan University, Kunming, China = Fig. 1; Isotype YUNGL20220120, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China). Etymology:— guijiangensis, referring to the type locality from which the new species was obtained. Ecology: — Gomphocymbellopsis guijiangensis was found in a low altitude freshwater lake with moderately alkaline pH (8.35), dissolved oxygen of 7.94 mg /L, and conductivity of 181.5 μS/cm.At the type locality G. guijiangensis was uncommon (Achnanthidium biasolettianum (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot (1999) (74.7 %), Cymbella turgidula Grunow (in Schmidt 1875: 9) (8.2 %), Navicula cryptotenella Lange-Bertalot (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1985: 43) (7.4 %), Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith (1856: 89) (4.0 %), Gomphonema pumilum (Grunow) E. Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot (1991: 528) (1.6 %), G. minutiforme Lange-Bertalot & E. Reichardt (1993: 61) (0.8 %), Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen (1979: 58) (0.5 %), C. tumida (Brébisson) Van Heurck (1880: 64) (0.5 %), Fragilaria tenera (W. Smith) Lange-Bertalot (1980: 746) (0.5 %), F. capucina Desmazières (1830: 453) (0.4 %), Planothidium lanceolata (Brébisson ex Kützing) Lange-Bertalot (1999: 287) (0.3 %), G. parvulum (Kützing) Kützing (1849: 65) (0.3 %), Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg (1832: 87) (0.3 %), Psammothidium curtissimum (Carter) Aboal (Aboal et al. 2003) (0.1 %), and one unidentified species of Sellaphora C. Mereschkowsky (1902). A second species was found in sediments of the Jianghan Plain (Figs 18–25) that is a putative additional new species of Gomphocymbellopsis. Specimens of this species have only been observed with LM to date. Specimens are 16.5–25.5 µm long and 4.5–6.0 µm wide. They have a length/width ratio that varies between 3.4–5.3, with a median of 4.6. The raphe is lateral and slightly undulate. The axial area is narrow, becoming laterally expanded at the rectangular central area. Striae are radiate, becoming parallel at the apices. Stria density 8–14 in 10 µm in the center of the valves, up to 9–13 in 10 µm towards the ends. No stigmata have been observed. These specimens appear similar in general overall construction of G. guijiangensis but SEM observations are needed to confirm its systematic placement., Published as part of Guo, Ji-Shu, Ni, Hong-Ping, Li, Yu-Jie, Kociolek, John Patrick & Li, Yan-Ling, 2023, Gomphocymbellopsis guijiangensis sp. nov. (Cymbellaceae; Bacillariophyta), a new species from Guangxi Province with comments on associated specimens from Hubei Province, China, pp. 204-212 in Phytotaxa 594 (3) on pages 205-208, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7901243, {"references":["Lange-Bertalot, H. (1999) Neue Kombinationen von Taxa aus Achnanthes Bory (sensu lato). In: Lange-Bertalot, H. (Ed.) Iconographia Diatomologica. Annotated Diatom Micrographs. Vol. 6. Phytogeography-Diversity-Taxonomy. Koeltz Scientific Books, Konigstein, Germany, 304 pp.","Schmidt, A. (1875) Atlas der Diatomaceen-kunde. Series I (Heft 3). pls. 9 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 64396","Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1985) Naviculaceae: Neue und wenig bekannte Taxa, neue Kombinationen und Synonyme sowie Bemerkungen zu einigen Gattungen. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 9: 5 - 230.","Smith, W. (1856) A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae: with remarks on their structure, functions and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens. Vol. 2. London, pp. 1 - 107.","Reichardt, E. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1991) Taxonomische Revision des Artencomplexes um Gomphonema angustum-G. dichotomum - G. intricatum - G. vibrio und ahnliche Taxa (Bacillariophyceae). Nova Hedwigia 53 (3 - 4): 519 - 544.","Simonsen, R. (1979) The diatom system: ideas on phylogeny. Bacillaria 2: 9 - 71.","Van Heurck, H. (1880) Synopsis des Diatomees de Belgique Atlas. Vol. 3. pp. 1 - 30.","Lange-Bertalot, H. (1980) Zur systematischen Bewertung der bandformigen Kolonien bei Navicula und Fragilaria. Kriterien fur die Vereinigung von Synedra (subgen. Synedra) Ehrenberg mit Fragilaria Lyngbye. Nova Hedwigia 33: 723 - 787.","Desmazieres, J. B. H. J. (1830) Plantes Cryptogames du nord de la France. pp. 451 - 500.","Kutzing, F. T. (1849) Species algarum. Lipsiae, F. A. Brockhaus, 922 pp.","Ehrenberg, C. G. (1832) Uber die Entwicklung und Lebensdauer der Infusionsthiere; nebst ferneren Beitragen zu einer Vergleichung ihrer organischen Systeme. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1831: 1 - 154.","Aboal, M., Alvarez Cobelas, M., Cambra, J. & Ector, L. (2003) Floristic list of non-marine diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) of Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands and Canary Islands. In: Witkowski, A, (Ed.) Diatom Monographs Vol. 4. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag K. G., 639 pp.","Mereschkowsky, C. (1902) On Sellaphora, a new genus of Diatoms. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 (51): 185 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930208678565"]}

Aiming at the problems of insufficient illumination and low contrast of low illumination image, an improved Retinex low illumination image enhancement algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the brightness component V of the original image is extracted in HSV color space, and its enhancement by Single-Scale Retinex (SSR) is used to obtain the reflection component. For the edge problem caused by the estimation of illumination component, the Gaussian weighted bilateral filter is used as the filter function to maintain the edge information. Then, the saturation component S is adaptively stretched to improve the color saturation. However, different low illumination images have different contrast, and some images have insufficient contrast enhancement, so a global adaptive algorithm is introduced to modify the contrast and obtain the final image. According to the logarithmic characteristics of human vision, it can adaptively enhance the contrast of different images without over enhancement. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the visual quality of the image, the contrast is improved significantly and image edge details are protected, and objective evaluations such as average gradient, information entropy and peak signal-to-noise ratio have been improved. &nbsp

AIM: To evaluate the effects of intravitreal slow-release dexamethasone on traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and Müller cell gliosis and preliminarily explored the possible inflammatory mechanism in a rabbit model induced by penetrating ocular trauma. METHODS: Traumatic PVR was induced in the right eyes of pigmented rabbits by performing an 8-mm circumferential scleral incision placed 2.5 mm behind the limbus, followed by treatment with a slow-release dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) or sham injection. Left eyes were used as normal controls. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored using an iCare tonometer. PVR severity was evaluated via anatomical and histopathological examinations every week for 6wk; specific inflammatory cytokine and proliferative marker levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, protein chip analysis, or immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: During the observation period, PVR severity gradually increased. Intense Müller cell gliosis was observed in the peripheral retina near the wound and in the whole retina of PVR group. Ozurdex significantly alleviated PVR development and Müller cell gliosis. Post-traumatic inflammation fluctuated and was persistent. The interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA level was significantly upregulated, peaking on day 3 and increasing again on day 21 after injury. The expression of nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) showed a similar trend that began earlier than that of IL-1β expression. Ozurdex suppressed the expression of IL-1β, NLRP3, and phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). The average IOP after treatment was within normal limits. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates chronic and fluctuating inflammation in a traumatic PVR rabbit model over 6wk. Ozurdex treatment significantly inhibites inflammatory cytokines expression and Müller cell gliosis, and thus alleviates PVR severity. This study highlights the important role of IL-1β, and Ozurdex inhibites inflammation presumably via the NF-κB/NLRP3/IL-1β inflammatory axis. In summary, Ozurdex provides a potential therapeutic option for traumatic PVR.

Additional file 1.

Additional file1: Supplementary Table 1. Thedifference in basic information between the training and test datasets in MIMIC III and MIMIC IV. Supplementary Table 2. Themodel performance for prediction of in-hospital mortality in the test datasetin MIMIC III and MIMIC IV