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Background: Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can present with significant morbidity, particularly in children. Erosive lichen planus (ELP), its rare destructive subtype, can be particularly difficult to diagnose and manage. We present a rare pediatric case of ELP with multisite involvement and discuss the differential diagnosis. Case Presentation : A 12-year-old boy presented with painful erosions and ulcers on the lateral tongue and dystrophic nails. His six-year history of tongue and nail lesions prompted several comprehensive examinations. Laboratory tests did not reveal any abnormalities. Histopathological examination of the tongue lesions was representative of ELP. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) examination of the tongue lesions showed features that strongly correlated with histopathology. The patient was later hospitalized due to dysphagia and esophageal food impaction, during which esophageal ELP was confirmed. The patient was initially managed with topical corticosteroids. He was later started on systemic therapy in the form of methotrexate and low-dose naltrexone to address his symptoms and disease presentation. Conclusions: This case highlights the complexities of diagnosis and management of ELP in pediatric patients. A multidisciplinary approach and regular follow-up are necessary to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve quality of life.

Background/Objectives : Minoxidil, in addition to its vasodilatory effect, has also immunomodulatory properties that may be partially responsible for its efficacy in alopecia areata. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of monotherapy with topical or oral minoxidil in alopecia areata. Methods : A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of monotherapy with minoxidil in alopecia areata was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Efficacy of minoxidil in alopecia areata was evaluated separately for three groups of the patients: (1) treated with 5% topical minoxidil, (2) less than 5% topical minoxidil, and (3) oral minoxidil. Therapeutic response was defined as any regrowth of terminal hair. Results : Of 244 articles, 13 were considered eligible for the further analysis. The study included 372 patients with alopecia areata (338 using topical minoxidil and 34 taking oral minoxidil). The mean time of treatment ranged from 2 to 60 weeks (mean: 27 weeks). The response rate for 5% topical was 82% (95% CI 0.7-0.93) and 58% (95% Cl 0.5-0.67) for the less than 5% topical minoxidil group. For the group of patients treated orally, the response rate was 82%. Conclusions : Minoxidil, both topical and oral, may be beneficial in monotherapy in patients with alopecia areata. 5% topical minoxidil is characterized by significantly higher efficacy compared to minoxidil at a lower concentration. There are no sufficient data to recommend minoxidil as a first-line therapeutic option for alopecia areata.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Due to its high prevalence, considerable morbidity, and chronicity, there is a need for the accurate in vivo evaluation of treatment efficacy. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is a new emerging imaging technique able to perform a non-invasive, real-time examination of the epidermis and the upper dermis. LC-OCT may represent a promising tool in the diagnosis and treatment follow-up of chronic eczematous skin diseases with barrier defects., Objectives: We aimed to investigate the role of LC-OCT in the non-invasive monitoring of the treatment effect on five patients with severe atopic dermatitis during dupilumab treatment., Materials and Methods: LC-OCT imaging was performed on five patients (three women and two men) aged between 14 and 85 years old at the baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of treatment with dupilumab. The LC-OCT scans were performed at two sites, the lesional skin in the antecubital fossa and the extensor part of the arm, considered a control site on each patient for comparison. The captured images were later evaluated. Descriptive statistics and a t -test were used to compare the analyzed parameters over time and between involved atopic skin and clinically healthy skin., Results: The LC-OCT imaging was able to detect the difference in stratum corneum (SC) thickness and quality and epidermal thickness (ET) and the changes before and after treatment with high accuracy. The main findings include a significant reduction in the epidermal and stratum corneum thickness and decreased epidermal spongiosis and inflammation, with better quality of the stratum corneum indicating restoration of its tightness at both lesional and control sites., Conclusions: This study demonstrates that clinical improvement of affected and unaffected atopic skin under dupilumab treatment correlates with the LC-OCT findings. LC-OCT represents a novel, non-invasive tool examining the in vivo skin barrier and inflammation and can help to monitor the treatment efficacy among patients with atopic dermatitis in daily practice.

Introduction: Diagnosis of persistent erythematous, scaly patches, or plaques can be complex since psoriasis (Ps), eczematous dermatitis (ED), and mycosis fungoides (MF) can be considered. Dermoscopy, which is a noninvasive diagnostic tool, is commonly used to examine blood vessels, scales, and background color; however, research on hair shaft evaluation in inflammatory dermatoses remains scarce. The aim of the study was dermoscopic evaluation of hair shafts in skin lesions localized on the non-scalp skin areas in patients diagnosed with MF, Ps, and ED., Methods: This was a retrospective evaluation of 55 patients diagnosed with MF, Ps, and ED. Photographic and dermoscopic documentation of these patients and detailed medical history were evaluated., Results: A total of 21 patients with MF, 21 patients with Ps, and 13 patients with ED were evaluated. The examination revealed the presence of various abnormalities of hair shafts (e.g., numerous pili torti, single pili torti, 8-shaped hairs, pigtail hairs, broken hairs, hair shafts rapidly tapered over long sections, hair shafts irregular in thickness, angulated hairs, branched hairs, the presence of trichorrhexis nodosa, and monilethrix-like hairs), yellow dots, and black dots. The presence of pili torti was found in 80% of patients with MF, compared with 16% of patients with Ps and 8% of patients with ED (p < 0.005), with multiple pili torti found only in MF patients (67%) (p < 0.005). Statistically significant differences also applied to hair shafts rapidly tapering over long sections and 8-shaped hairs, which occurred only in MF patients (p < 0.005 and p = 0.035, respectively)., Conclusions: The presence of hair shaft abnormalities such as numerous pili torti, 8-shaped hairs, and hair shafts rapidly tapering over long sections is an important criterion that should be considered in the dermoscopic differentiation of the patchy/plaque mycosis fungoides and inflammatory dermatoses, such as psoriasis and eczematous dermatitis localized on the non-scalp skin areas., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

To date, more than 400 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified. Despite the creation of effective prophylactic vaccines against the most common genital HPVs, the viruses remain among the most prevalent pathogens found in humans. According to WHO data, they are the cause of 5% of all cancers. Even more frequent are persistent and recurrent benign lesions such as genital and common warts. HPVs are resistant to many disinfectants and relatively unsusceptible to external conditions. There is still no drug available to inhibit viral replication, and treatment is based on removing lesions or stimulating the host immune system. This paper presents the systematics of HPV and the differences in HPV structure between different genetic types, lineages, and sublineages, based on the literature and GenBank data. We also present the pathogenesis of diseases caused by HPV, with a special focus on the role played by E6, E7, and other viral proteins in the development of benign and cancerous lesions. We discuss further prospects for the treatment of HPV infections, including, among others, substances that block the entry of HPV into cells, inhibitors of viral early proteins, and some substances of plant origin that inhibit viral replication, as well as new possibilities for therapeutic vaccines.

Background: There is limited insight into the current disease burden and everyday clinical management of moderate-to- severe AD in Poland, Czechia, Russia, and Turkiye. Therefore, this study aimed to get information-driven insights regarding the current disease burden and clinical management of patients with moderate-to-severe AD with common and differentiating aspects of the patient journey and establish a consensus., Methods: In this modified 2-round Delphi panel, 133 questions were asked in total to 27 dermatologists. A consensus was achieved when 70% of the panel members strongly agreed or agreed (or strongly disagreed or disagreed) with an item. Statements with <40% agreement dropped from the Delphi rounds and were not repeated., Results: The results state that AD has a significant impact on the quality of life for both patients and their families with social and economic consequences in these countries. While there were significant dissimilarities regarding the current treatment approach by preference order and treatment duration among participants, there was also a high percentage of consensus on literature and guideline-based statements. Current topical therapies and the immune response modifiers were not found to be sufficient by panelists to cover the therapeutic needs of patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Moreover, panelists highlighted the significant burden of adverse events with the off-label use of currently available immunosuppressants., Conclusions: These results underlined that there is a significant disease burden with an unmet treatment need for patients with moderate-to-severe AD in Poland, Czechia, Russia, and Turkiye., Competing Interests: All panel members/authors received honoraria from Pfizer for their consultancy on answering the questionnaires. DF has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Takeda, GlaxoSmithKline and has received speaker honorarium from Abbvie, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi, Takeda, CSl Behring, AstraZeneca. MS has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Pfizer, Bristol Byers Squibb and has received speaker honorarium from Abbvie and Pfizer. AL'v has acted in advisory board of Bayer AG, Pfizer, Novartis, Abbvie, and Sanofi and has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer, LEO Pharma, Sanofi, Janssen, Bayer AG, and Sun Pharma. MT has acted in advisory board of Sanofi, Abbvie, and Leopharma, has received speaker honorarium from Abbvie, Bioderma, LEO Pharma, Pierre Fabre, La Roche Possey, Bausch Health, Mead Johnson, Eli Lilly and subinvestigator in clinical trials sponsored by Amge, Novartyis, and Pfizer. MB has acted in advisory board of UCB, Sanofi, Novartis, Pfizer, Lilly, Janssen, Abbvie, and has received speaker honorarium from UCB, Sanofi, Novartis, Pfizer, Lilly, Janssen, and Abbvie. AM has acted in advisory board of Bayer AG and has received honorarium from L'Oreal, Roche, and Novartis. ZP has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Pfizer, and Bristol Byers Squibb and has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer and Abbvie. EA has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Johnson and Johnson, and Abbvie and has received speaker honorarium from Novartis, Johnson and Johnson, and Abbvie. AR has been a consultant or speaker for AbbVie, Bioderma, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chema Elektromet, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Medac, Menlo Therapeutics, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Sandoz, and Trevi; and principal investigator or sub investigator in clinical trials sponsored by Abbvie, Argenx, Corbus, Drug Delivery Solutions Ltd., Eli Lilly, Galderma, Genentech, Janssen, Kymab Limited, LEO Pharma, Menlo Therapeutics, MetrioPharm, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Trevi, and VielaBio. OE has acted in advisory boards of Abbvie, Eli-Lilly, Pfizer, and Sanofi and has received speaker honorarium from Abbvie, Sanofi, Berlin-Chemie/Menarini, and Eli-Lilly. EÖ has acted in advisory boards of Pfizer and Sanofi, and has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer and Sanofi. MK has served as consultant, speaker, or investigator for Abbvie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB. BE has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Lilly, and Abbvie and has received speaker honorarium from Novartis and Abbvie. EF has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Pfizer, Abbvie, Sanofi, and Eli Lilly and has received speaker honorarium from Novartis, Pfizer, Abbvie, Sanofi, Eli Lilly, and Berlin-Chemie/Menarini. WO has worked as a Consultant or Speaker and participated as Principal Investigator or Subinvestigator in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Alfasigma, Almirall, Bioderma, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Egis, Eli Lilly, Galenica, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, Leo Pharma, Medac GmbH, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, Sandoz, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and UCB Pharma. MC-O has acted in the Advisory Board of Novartis and Pfizer. OF has acted in advisory board of Lilly, Novartis, Abbvie, Sanofi, and Janssen and was Principal Investigator in clinical studies of Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Abbvie, Sanofi, Lilly, Novartis, and Janssen. NM has received research grants from Jansen, Eli Lilly, and Novartis; has acted in advisory board of Galderma, Pierre Fabre, Bayer, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, AbbVie, Amryt Pharma, Zeldis Pharma LLC companies and has received speaker honorarium from LEO Pharma, Abbvie, Novartis, and Viatris. AG has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer, L'Oreal, and Piere Fabre. SB has received speaker honoraria/travel fees from LEO Pharma. ALe has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Abbvie, Leo pharma, Sandoz, Sanofi, and Jansssen Squibb and has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer, Abbvie, Sandoz, Novartis, Leo pharma, Galderma, and Janssen. LR member of advisory boards –Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, L'Oreal, Leo Pharma, Lilly, Pfizer, Sanofi, Novartis, UCB; invited speaker – Eli Lilly, Leo Pharma, Abbvie, L'Oreal, Lilly, and Pierre Fabre. SA has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, and Bristol Myers Squibb and has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer and Abbvie. BG is an employee of Pfizer., (Copyright © 2024 Trzeciak, Rudnicka, Arenberger, Engin, L'vov, Alper, Alpsoy, Benáková, Bobko, Borlu, Czarnecka-Operacz, Elisyutina, Ergun, Ertam, Fedenko, Filipovská, Fomina, Gadzhigoroeva, Kojanová, Lesiak, Michenko, Murashkin, Owczarek, Özkaya, Plzáková, Reich, Selerova and Gurbuz.)

Oligodontia can be isolated or syndromic, associated with other ectodermal abnormalities. The aim of the study was to perform hair examination in orthodontic patients diagnosed with oligodontia with a low clinical expression of symptoms of ectodermal origin. All available orthodontic patients diagnosed with oligodontia in the permanent dentition were enrolled. Hair examination included clinical evaluation of the patients' hair, trichoscopy, trichogram and evaluation of the hair shafts under a polarized light microscope. In total, 25 patients, 18 males and 7 females, aged 6 to 24 years were evaluated for the presence of dental and hair abnormalities. The number of congenitally absent teeth ranged from 6 to 24 teeth and diastemas, microdontia, taurodontism and altered tooth shape were found in 23 patients. Hair disorders were found in 68% of the subjects. Hypotrichosis, the heterogeneity of shaft color and loss of pigment, androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, trichoschisis, pili canaliculi, trichorrhexis nodosa and pseudomoniletrix were observed. Trichoscopy and trichogram are valid non-invasive diagnostic tests which could be used to differentiate between isolated and syndromic oligodontia in patients with a low clinical expression of ectodermal symptoms.

Objectives: This study aims to update the understanding of Alopecia Areata (AA) in Poland, Czechia, Russia, and Türkiye, focusing on the disease burden, clinical management, and patient journey. It seeks to establish a consensus on optimal management strategies for AA in these regions., Methods: A modified 2-round Delphi panel was conveyed with 23 Dermatologists (Russia; 4, Türkiye; 7, Poland; 6, and Czechia; 6). The Delphi questionnaire consisted of 61 statements and 43 questions designed to obtain an overall understanding of the perception and acceptance of available information regarding the care of patients with alopecia areata., Results: The study revealed that moderate-to-severe AA significantly impacts patients' and their families' QoL, consistent with previous studies. AA was found to cause more substantial impairment when additional lesions appeared in visible areas besides the scalp. Work and productivity impairment were notably higher in adults with moderate-to-severe AA. Diagnostic consensus highlighted the importance of skin biopsies and trichoscopy, while the need for more practical severity scoring systems was emphasized. Current treatments, including topical therapies, corticosteroids, and systemic immune modifiers, were deemed insufficient, highlighting the unmet medical need., Conclusion: The Delphi study underscores a significant disease burden and unmet medical needs in patients with moderate-to-severe AA. It highlights the necessity of access to novel treatments and further research to develop more effective therapies with a tolerable safety profile. The findings align with global research, emphasizing the psychosocial impact of AA and the need for standardized, effective treatment protocols., Competing Interests: PA has acted in advisory board of AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, and has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer, Abbvie. MK has served as consultant, speaker, or investigator for Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi and UCB. MC has acted on the advisory board of Novartis, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, and Bristol Myers Squibb and has received a speaker honorarium from Pfizer, Abbvie, OF has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Lilly, LeoPharma, Almirall and in clinical studies Pfizer, Janssen, Lilly, Amgen, Abbvie, Novartis, Regeneron. AM has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, and Bristol Myers Squibb and has received speaker honorarium from L’Oreal, La Roche Posay. MT has been a speaker and/or consultant an/or investigator and/or participant of Advisory Board of Abbvie, BauschHealth, Bioderma, Eli Lilly, La Roche, Leo pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, Sanofi Genzyme. ZP has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, and Bristol Myers Squibb and has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer, Abbvie. IS has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, and Bristol Myers Squibb and has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer, Abbvie. WO received honorarium for lectures and clinical research from AbbVie, Aflofarm Farmacja, Alfasigma, Almirall, Amgen, Apotex Polska Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bausch Health Poland, Berlin Chemie Menarini, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, EGIS, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, LEO Pharma, Medac GmbH, Merck, Mylan Healthcare, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre Medicamente, TZF Polfa S.A., Roche Diagnostics, Sandoz, Sanofi-Aventis, SUN-FARM, Teva Pharmaceuticals, UCB Pharma. AL has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Abbvie, Sanofie, Sandoz, Lilly, Janssen, Almiral and has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer, Abbvie, Novartis, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Abbvie, Sanofie, Sandoz, Lilly, Almiral, UCB. AG has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer. NM reports grants and personal fees from Jansen, grants from Eli Lilly, grants and personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Galderma, personal fees from Pierre Fabre, personal fees from Bayer, personal fees from Leofarma, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, grants and personal fees from AbbVie, grants from Amryt Pharma, personal fees and non-financial support from Viatris, outside the submitted work. NB declare to have acted as member of Advisory Board of Pfizer Pharmaceuticals and has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer. SB has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer, LEO PHARMAEB has acted in advisory board of Novartis and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals has received speaker honorarium from Pfizer, Abbvie. SA has acted in advisory board of Novartis, Pfizer and Bristol Myers Squibb, and has received honorarium from Pfizer and Abbvie. AR has worked as a consultant or speaker for AbbVie, Bioderma, Celgene, Chema Elektromet, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Medac, Menlo Therapeutics, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Sandoz and Trevi and has participated as principal investigator in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Anaptys, Argenx, Biogen, Biothera, BMS, Celltrion, Dermira, Dice, Evelo, Galderma, Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics, Incyte, Janssen, Kymab Ltd., Leo Pharma, Eli Lilly, Menlo Therapeutics, MetrioPharm, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Takeda, Trevi, and UCB. BG is an employee of Pfizer. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Rudnicka, Trzeciak, Alpsoy, Arenberger, Alper, Benáková, Bobko, Borlu, Czarnecka Operacz, Engin, Ergun, Sağduyu, Filipovská, Gadzhigoroeva, Kojanová, Lesiak, Michenko, Murashkin, Onsun, Owczarek, Plzakova, Reich, Selerová and Gürbüz.)

Background : Androgenetic alopecia, the most common cause of non-scarring hair loss, is a consequence of the gradual miniaturization of the hair follicles. In the majority of male androgenetic alopecia cases, a patient's history and clinical evaluation may be sufficient to establish the diagnosis, while for women, they should be supplemented with trichoscopy. Methods : The PubMed and Scopus databases were used to collate published studies and to analyze the most typical trichoscopic findings in patients diagnosed with androgenetic alopecia. A total of 34 articles were retrieved after exclusion. Results : The most common features identified using trichoscopy included hair diameter variability (94.07% of patients), vellus hairs (66.45%) and the peripilar sign (43.27%). Others, such as the honeycomb pattern, yellow and white dots, were less relevant. Conclusions : We concluded that hair diameter variability, vellus hairs and the peripilar sign represented valuable indicators for the diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia.

Background: Positron-emission tomography (PET) is widely used for staging lung cancer. Although a correlation between the fluorodeoxyglucose standardized uptake value (SUV) and the histologic grade of the tumor has been shown in several studies, little is known about the impact of different clinical variables on this correlation. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between tumor SUV and tumor grade in a large cohort of patients and to analyse the impact of clinical factors on this correlation., Methods: This retrospective cohort study including patients with non-small cell lung cancer age 18-90 years, with clinical stage I-IVA, who underwent curative-intent lung resection., Results: Data from 726 patients was included in this study. There was a strong correlation between SUV and primary tumor grade in the whole cohort (P<0.001), which was significant in both sexes (P<0.001) and in all selected age groups (P<0.001-0.03). There was a significant SUV-grade correlation for the right upper and left lower lobes, as well as for the central location in the right lung (P<0.001, P=0.005 and P=0.04, respectively). Moreover, a significant SUV-grade correlation was found for squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma (P<0.001 and P=0.01, respectively), and for T1-T3 factors (P<0.001, P=0.006, P=0.005 respectively)., Conclusions: In patients with resectable lung cancer, a significant correlation was observed between the SUV of the primary tumor and its grade. This correlation was maintained for both sexes, age groups, most common histological types and T factors T1-T3., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-23-798/coif). All authors report that this study was supported by a statutory grant of the Jagiellonian University. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare., (2023 Translational Cancer Research. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD) and Darier disease (DD) are rare genetic disorders for which differential diagnosis, especially in less obvious cases, can be difficult. The diagnosis is based on the clinical picture and family history, and is confirmed by histopathologic examination. Dermoscopy is a noninvasive technique that is primarily used at the present time to diagnose skin cancers. However, in the past few years this technique has also been increasingly used as a noninvasive diagnostic tool of inflammatory skin diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether dermoscopy is a useful noninvasive diagnostic tool for HHD and DD., Methods: We performed an observational retrospective case series study involving 13 patients with HHD (n = 8) and DD (n = 5). The presence or absence of standardized dermoscopic features of inflammatory diseases (according to International Dermoscopy Society [IDS] guidelines) was assessed in these patients., Results: The most distinctive feature of HHD was white clouds separated by pink furrows, visible in all cases (8/8; 100.0%). Another distinctive clue of HHD was the crumbled fabric pattern seen in six patients with HHD (6/8; 75.0%). These dermoscopic findings were not present in patients with DD. The most typical features of DD in the dermoscopic examination was star-like or oval-shaped yellow areas surrounded by whitish halo, visible in all patients (5/5; 100.0%). Another distinctive dermoscopic clue of DD was pinkish homogeneous structureless background, which was present in all patients (5/5, 100.0%). These latter two features were not observed in patients with HHD., Conclusion: Dermoscopy reveals distinctive features of HHD and DD, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that dermoscopy can be an excellent complementary noninvasive tool in the diagnostic process of patients with HHD and DD., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Numerous studies have indicated that alopecia areata is associated with a chronic systemic inflammation, which is considered as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism. The aim of the study was to evaluate the following markers of venous thromboembolism risk: soluble fibrin monomer complex (SFMC), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TATC), and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) in patients with alopecia areata and compare them with healthy controls., Methods: In total, 51 patients with alopecia areata [35 women and 16 men; mean age: 38 (19-54) years] and 26 controls [18 women and 8 men; mean age: 37 (29-51) years] were enrolled in the study. The serum concentrations of thromboembolism markers were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit., Results: An increased level of SFMC was detected in patients with alopecia areata compared with the controls [25.66 (20-34.86) versus 21.46 (15.38-29.48) µg/ml; p < 0.05)]. In addition, a higher level of F1 + 2 was observed in patients with alopecia areata in comparison with the control group [70150 (43720-86070) versus 38620 (31550-58840) pg/ml; p < 0.001]. No significant correlation was detected among SFMC or F1 + 2 and the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score, disease duration, or the number of the hair loss episodes., Conclusion: Alopecia areata may be associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Regular screening and preventive management of venous thromboembolism may be beneficial in patients with alopecia areata, especially before and during systemic Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors or glucocorticoid therapy., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The term 'proactive therapy' refers to a long-term management of clinically intact skin in previously disease-affected areas. This method was initially implemented in atopic dermatitis to maintain the remission and decrease the risk of exacerbations. Proactive therapy aims to limit the need for reactive treatment and improve the patients' quality of life. A proactive approach is likely to be adopted for other relapsing and inflammatory skin conditions in the future. This scoping review aims to identify dermatological conditions to be treated with the proactive approach, evaluate the available evidence for its efficacy and safety, as well as highlight the research gaps., Competing Interests: KM and JN declare no conflict of interest. LB: invited speaker – AbbVie, Sanofi. LR: member of advisory boards – Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, L’Oréal, Leo, Lilly, Pfizer, Sanofi, Novartis, UCB, Timber Pharma; invited speaker – Leo, AbbVie, L’Oréal, Lilly, Pierre Fabre. Registration: OSF Registration number (DOI): 10.17605/OSF.IO/WX5J7., (Copyright: © 2023 Termedia Sp. z o. o.)

Introduction: Dermatoscopy is gaining appreciation in assisting the diagnosis of inflammatory dermatoses (inflammoscopy). Lichen planus (LP) is a common inflammatory skin disease with characteristic dermatoscopic features. Over the last few years, numerous articles were published on the dermatoscopy of LP and a high number of terms have been used to describe the dermatoscopic features of this disease., Objectives: The objective of this study was to review the literature on the dermatoscopy of LP and to re-evaluate the published descriptions in the light of the 2019 expert consensus on the terminology of dermatoscopy for non-neoplastic skin diseases., Methods: We searched the PubMed database using the keywords 'lichen planus and dermatoscopy', 'lichen planus and dermoscopy', 'lichen planus and epiluminescence microscopy', and 'lichen planus and inflammoscopy'., Results: Of 408 articles retrieved, we selected 67 articles for full-text review, and finally included 58 articles, mostly case reports or small case series, comprising 572 patients with LP. We identified 118 different terms or short descriptions that were used to characterize the dermatoscopy of LP and redescribed them according to International Dermoscopy Society consensus paper. Frequently, authors applied various terms or descriptions to variants of the same feature. Although reported under different designations, Wickham striae were the most consistent dermatoscopic feature of LP. Other characteristics of LP, such as vascular patterns, pigmented structures and follicular findings were less consistent or depended on skin type, anatomic site, disease stage and applied treatment., Conclusions: While Wickham striae are the single most important clue for the diagnosis, other dermatoscopic characteristics of LP are less consistent. Based on the descriptions published in the literature we established a dictionary of useful terms for the description of LP that is consistent with the terminology suggested by the recent consensus conference.

Introduction: Scalp psoriasis frequently goes with other disease location and may lead to a significant burden and impairment of quality of life (QoL). Adherence to local treatments is a frequent problem. A keratolytic and hydrating shampoo containing 2% salicylic acid, 5% urea, and 1% glycerin (active shampoo) has been developed for psoriasis-prone scalp., Objective: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of an active shampoo in subjects with mild to moderate scalp psoriasis., Materials and Methods: A single-center, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study was conducted on 67 adults with mild to moderate psoriasis. The active shampoo or its vehicle were applied daily for 14 days and 3 times/week for another 14 days. Assessments included the Psoriasis Scalp Severity Index (PSSI), Investigator Global Assessment (IGA), calculated total surface affected hair, scalp greasiness, irritation, and assessed scalp dermatitis-specific quality-of-life issues using SCALPDEX and product acceptability., Results: The active shampoo significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the PSSI by 39.0%, 37.2%, 63.0%, and 69.0% immediately after washing compared to a 22.8%, 5.5%, 19.6%, and 13.0% with the vehicle at Days 1, 8, 15, and 30, respectively. SCALPDEX items, IGA, and irritation significantly (p < 0.05) reduced with the active shampoo. Hair and scalp greasiness improved continuously with both products until Day 21. Subject-reported symptom scores paralleled the positive evolution of clinical signs. The active shampoo was well tolerated, subjects were highly satisfied and had an improved QoL., Conclusion: The active shampoo significantly improved clinical signs, symptoms, and QoL of mild-to-moderate scalp psoriasis compared to the vehicle. It was very well tolerated and highly appreciated by the subjects., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by tissue fibrosis and microangiopathy. Vascular changes such as a decrease in capillary density diminish blood flow and impair tissue oxygenation. Reliable ways to monitor disease activity and predict disease progression are desired in the process of patient selection for clinical trials and to optimize individual patient outcomes. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a dimeric protein complex that plays an integral role in the body's response to hypoxia. Our study aimed to investigate the potential abnormalities of HIF-1α plasma concentration and its possible association with disease activity and vascular abnormalities in patients with systemic sclerosis., Methods: Blood plasma levels of HIF-1α were measured in patients with systemic sclerosis (n = 50) and in healthy individuals (n = 30) using commercially available ELISA test kits., Results: The results showed a marked increase in HIF-1α levels in patients with systemic sclerosis (3.042 ng/ml [2.295-7.749]) compared to the control group (1.969 ng/ml [1.531-2.903] p < 0.01). Patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc (2.803 ng/ml, IQR 2.221-8.799) and limited cutaneous SSc (3.231 ng/ml, IQR 2.566-5.502) exhibited elevated serum HIF-1α levels compared to the control group (p < 0.01). We found a notable increase in HIF-1α plasma concentration in patients with an "active" pattern (6.625 ng/ml, IQR 2.488-11.480) compared to those with either an "early" pattern (2.739, IQR 2.165-3.282, p < 0.05) or a "late" pattern (2.983 ng/ml, IQR 2.229-3.386, p < 0.05). Patients with no history of digital ulcers had significantly higher levels of HIF-1α (4.367 ng/ml, IQR 2.488-9.462) compared to patients with either active digital ulcers (2.832 ng/ml, IQR 2.630-3.094, p < 0.05) or healed digital ulcers (2.668 ng/ml, IQR 2.074-2.983, p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Our results indicate that HIF-1α may serve as a biomarker in assessing microcirculatory changes in individuals with systemic sclerosis., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease characterized by vasculopathy and progressive fibrosis, leading to multiorgan dysfunction. Given the complex and not fully elucidated pathogenesis, biomarkers of rapid disease progression and therapeutic response are lacking. Copeptin, which reflects vasopressin activity in serum, is used in diagnosing or prognosing different cardiometabolic conditions., Objective: The aim of study was to investigate the concentration of copeptin in patients with systemic sclerosis and correlate it with specific clinical symptoms., Patients and Methods: Serum copeptin was measured in patients with systemic sclerosis (34 women and 3 men; mean age 57.6 years) and in healthy individuals (n=30) using commercially available ELISA kits. According to the criteria of LeRoy our systemic sclerosis cohort consisted of 17 patients with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (45.9%) and 20 diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis patients (54.1%). According to the criteria of LeRoy our systemic sclerosis cohort consisted of 17 patients with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (45.9%) and 20 diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis patients (54.1%). The median duration of the disease was 10 [4-14] years., Results: We found significantly higher copeptin concentration in patients with systemic sclerosis (4.21 pmol/L [3.04-5.42]) in comparison to control group (3.40 pmol/L [2.38-3.76], p<0.01). Copeptin significantly correlated with Raynaud's condition score (r=0.801, p<0.05). Patients with "late" capillaroscopic patterns had higher copeptin concentrations (5.37 pmol/L [4.29-8.06]) than patients with "early" (2.43 pmol/L [2.25-3.20], p<0.05) and "active" patterns (3.93 pmol/L [2.92-5.16], p<0.05]). Copeptin was found to be significantly higher in SSc patients with DUs (5.71 pmol/L [IQR 4.85-8.06]) when compared to SSc patients without DUs (3.31 pmol/L, [2.28-4.30], p<0.05). Additionally, copeptin concentration had good diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between patients with and without digital ulcers (AUC=0.863). Alprostadil decreased copeptin concentration from 4.96 [4.02-6.01] to 3.86 pmol/L [3.17-4.63] (p<0.01) after 4-6 cycles of administration., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that copeptin may be a promising biomarker of microcirculation alterations in systemic sclerosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 Maciejewska et al.)

Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare immune-mediated connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, whose pathogenesis is not fully understood. Recent studies have revealed dysbiosis in patients with systemic sclerosis and have indicated the possible role of the microbiota and its metabolites in the pathogenesis of the disease. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a compound produced by dysbiotic microbiota observed at higher concentrations in several autoimmune diseases., Objective: To determine concentrations of the bacteria-derived metabolite TMAO in patients with systemic sclerosis and to assess possible correlation between TMAO and a specific manifestation of the disease., Patients and Methods: The study included 63 patients with SSc and 47 matched control subjects. The concentration of TMAO was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography., Results: Plasma TMAO level was significantly increased in patients with SSc (283.0 [188.5-367.5] ng/mL versus 205.5 [101.0-318.0] ng/mL; p < 0.01). An increased concentration of TMAO was observed in patients with concomitant interstitial lung disease (ILD) (302.0 ng/mL [212.0-385.5] ng/mL versus 204.0 [135.5-292.0] ng/mL; p < 0.01) and esophageal dysmotility (289.75 [213.75-387.5] ng/mL versus 209.5 ng/mL [141.5-315.0] ng/mL; p < 0.05) compared to patients without these complications. Furthermore, TMAO concentration exhibited significant correlation with markers of heart involvement (left ventricle ejection fraction, NT-proBNP), marker of ILD severity and Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium Damage Index., Conclusion: The concentration of TMAO, gut microbiota-associated metabolite, is increased in systemic sclerosis, particularly in patients with advanced organ involvement. This is the first study evaluating plasma TMAO in systemic sclerosis. Bacterial metabolites may be a link between dysbiosis and organ involvement in the course of the disease. Modulation of gut bacterial-derived metabolites may represent a new therapeutic approach in the management of systemic sclerosis., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2023 Stec et al.)

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an immune-mediated connective tissue disease. Recent studies reported differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) in patients with SSc compared to nonsclerodermic subjects. Dysbiosis may disrupt the intestinal barrier, which leads to immunological activation via microbial antigen and metabolite translocation. The study aimed to assess the differences in intestinal permeability between SSc patients and controls and to examine the correlation between intestinal permeability and complications of SSc. The study comprised 50 patients with SSc and 30 matched subjects. Serum intestinal permeability markers: intestinal fatty acid binding protein, claudin-3, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SSc patients had a significantly increased concentration of LPS compared to control subjects (232.30 [149.00-347.70] versus 161.00 [83.92-252.20] pg/mL, p < 0.05). The patients with shorter SSc duration (≤6 years) had an increased concentration of LPS and claudin-3 compared to the subgroup with longer disease length: LPS (280.75 [167.30-403.40] versus 186.00 [98.12-275.90] pg/mL, p < 0.05), and claudin-3 (16.99 [12.41-39.59] versus 13.54 [10.29-15.47] ng/mL, p < 0.05). The patients with esophageal dysmotility had a decreased LPS level compared to those without this complication (188.05 [102.31-264.40] versus 283.95 [203.20-356.30] pg/mL, p < 0.05). Increased intestinal permeability in SSc may exacerbate the course of the disease and increase the risk of developing complications. Lower LPS levels in SSc might be a hallmark of esophageal dysmotility.

Introduction: The diagnostic delay in nail melanoma (NM) has been repeatedly emphasized. It may be related to both clinical misinterpretations and to errors in the bioptic procedure., Objectives: To assess the efficacy of histopathologic examination in different diagnostic biopsies in NM., Methods: We retrospectively investigated the diagnostic procedures and histopathologic specimens referred to the Laboratory of Dermatopathology for the clinical suspicion of NM from January 2006 to January 2016., Results: Eighty-six nail histopathologic specimens were analyzed consisting in 60 longitudinal, 23 punch and 3 tangential biopsies. A diagnosis of NM was performed in 20 cases, benign melanocytic activation in 51 cases and melanocytic nevi in 15 patients. Longitudinal and tangential biopsy were diagnostic in all cases, regardless of the clinical suspicion. Nail matrix punch biopsy instead was not diagnostic in most of the cases (13/23 specimens)., Conclusions: In the presence of an NM clinical suspicion, longitudinal biopsy is recommended (lateral or median) because it provides exhaustive information on the characteristics of melanocytes morphology and distribution in all the components of the nail unit. Tangential biopsy, recently encouraged by expert authors due to the optimal surgical outcome, in our experience gives incomplete information on tumor extension. Punch matrix biopsy gives limited evidence in the diagnosis of NM.

Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease manifesting with progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Its pathogenesis is strictly associated with vascular disfunction and damage. Salusin-α and salusin-β, endogenous peptides regulating secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and vascular smooth muscle proliferation, may potentially play a role in SSc pathogenesis. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of salusins in sera of patients with SSc and healthy controls and to evaluate correlations between the salusins levels and selected clinical parameters within the study group. Materials and methods: 48 patients with SSc (44 women; mean age, 56.4, standard deviation, 11.4) and 25 adult healthy volunteers (25 women; mean age, 55.2, standard deviation, 11.2) were enrolled. All patients with SSc were treated with vasodilators and twenty-seven of them (56%) also received immunosuppressive therapy. Results: Circulating salusin-α was significantly elevated in patients with SSc in comparison to healthy controls (U = 350.5, p = 0.004). Patients with SSc receiving immunosuppression had higher serum salusin-α concentrations compared with those without immunosuppressive therapy (U = 176.0, p = 0.026). No correlation was observed between salusins concentrations and skin or internal organ involvement parameters. Conclusions: Salusin-α, a bioactive peptide mitigating the endothelial disfunction, was elevated in patients with systemic sclerosis receiving vasodilators and immunosuppressants. Increased salusin-α concertation may be associated with the initiation of atheroprotective processes in patients with SSc managed pharmacologically, which requires verification in future studies.

Dysbiosis has been identified in many dermatological conditions (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus). One of the ways by which the microbiota affect homeostasis is through microbiota-derived molecules (metabolites). There are three main groups of metabolites: short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan metabolites, and amine derivatives including trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Each group has its own uptake and specific receptors through which these metabolites can exert their systemic function. This review provides up-to-date knowledge about the impact that these groups of gut microbiota metabolites may have in dermatological conditions. Special attention is paid to the effect of microbial metabolites on the immune system, including changes in the profile of the immune cells and cytokine disbalance, which are characteristic of several dermatological diseases, especially psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Targeting the production of microbiota metabolites may serve as a novel therapeutic approach in several immune-mediated dermatological diseases.

Objective: Treatment of frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is complicated and challenging. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of combining topical tacrolimus with isotretinoin versus finasteride in patients with FFA., Methodology: Thirty-one patients with FFA were divided randomly into two groups. Therapeutic regimen of the first group (group A, n = 16) was isotretinoin and tacrolimus (Capsule isotretinoin 20 mg daily and topical tacrolimus 0.1% BD). The second group (group B, n = 15) was given finasteride and tacrolimus (Tablet finasteride 2.5 mg daily and topical tacrolimus 0.1% BD). Patients were treated and followed up periodically for 12 weeks. Evaluation of the treatment efficacy was based on Patient Global Assessment and Physician Global Assessment scales. Objective evaluation was based on improving the severity of skin lesions by viewing serial images taken from the affected areas., Results: Physician Global Assessment (PGA) was significantly better in the group A as compared with the group B at 4 weeks (p = 0.038). Physician satisfaction in the group A was better than the group B at 12 weeks, but this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Patient Global Assessment and patient satisfaction in the group A was better than the group B at 8 and 12 weeks, but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05)., Conclusion: Although both therapeutic regimens were effective in the treatment of FFA, treatment with tacrolimus and isotretinoin is significantly more effective than tacrolimus and finasteride., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disorder manifesting by eczematous lesions and intense pruritus. Atopic dermatitis develops primarily as a result of an epidermal barrier defect and immunological imbalance. Advances in understanding these pathogenetic hallmarks, and particularly the complex role of interleukins as atopic dermatitis drivers, resulted in achieving significant therapeutic breakthroughs. Novel medications involve monoclonal antibodies specifically blocking the function of selected interleukins and small molecules such as Janus kinase inhibitors limiting downstream signaling to reduce the expression of a wider array of proinflammatory factors. Nevertheless, a subset of patients remains refractory to those treatments, highlighting the complexity of atopic dermatitis immunopathogenesis in different populations. In this review, we address the immunological heterogeneity of atopic dermatitis endotypes and phenotypes and present novel interleukin-oriented therapies for this disease.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction (AEG) are diseases with poor prognosis. Despite radical surgery having been carried out, many patients are at risk of cancer recurrence, especially with the presence of metastases in the lymph nodes. The study involved 60 patients suffering from SCC and AEG who had lymph nodes surgically removed between 2012 and 2018. Only lymph nodes with N0 status were subjected to immunohistochemistry examination. Histopathological criteria were used for the diagnosis of micrometastases (MM), defined as tumor cells or cell clusters of 0.2-2 mm diameter in the lymph node and tumor cell microinvolvement defined as free-floating neoplastic cells or cell clusters within the sub-capsular sinus or intramedullary sinuses of the lymph node. A total of 1130 lymph nodes were removed during surgery, with an average of 22 lymph nodes per patient (range 8-58). Micrometastases were found in 7 (11.66%) patients: 6 (10.0%) with AEG and 1 (1.66%) with SCC, representing a statistically significant difference p = 0.017. Multivariate analysis of the study group did not confirm the dependence of the MM on the T features ( p = 0.7) or G ( p = 0.5). In a Cox regression analysis, MM were not a risk factor for death, HR: 2.57 (0.95; 7.00), p = 0.064. There was no difference in overall survival for patients with MM (N (+)) and those without (N0), p = 0.055, but there was a statistically significant difference in time of relapse between patients with and without MM ( p = 0.049). Patients with the N (+) status are at high risk of cancer recurrence, and therefore we believe that complementary treatment should be considered in this group.

Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) have been reported to aggravate atopic dermatitis. However, comprehensive analyses of these molecules in multiple microniches are lacking. The present study involved 50 adult patients with active atopic dermatitis. S. aureus was isolated from the lesional skin, nonlesional skin, and anterior nares. Multiplex-PCR was performed to identify genes encoding (1) selX (core genome); (2) seg, selI, selM, selN, selO, selU (enterotoxin gene cluster, EGC); and (3) sea, seb, sec, sed, see, tstH (classic SAgs encoded on other mobile genetic elements). The results were correlated to clinical parameters of the study group. selx and EGC were the most prevalent in all microniches. The number of SAg-encoding genes correlated between the anterior nares and nonlesional skin, and between the nonlesional and lesional skin. On lesional skin, the total number of SAg genes correlated with disease severity (total and objective SCORAD, intensity, erythema, edema/papulation, lichenification and dryness). Linear regression revealed that AD severity was predicted only by selx and EGC. This study revealed that selX and EGC are associated with atopic dermatitis severity. Anterior nares and nonlesional skin could be reservoirs of SAg-positive S. aureus . Restoring the physiological microbiome could reduce the SAg burden and alleviate syndromes of atopic dermatitis.

Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://qims.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/qims-22-168/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by eczematous lesions, itch, and a significant deterioration in the quality of life. Recently, microbiome dysbiosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Changes in the fungal microbiome (also termed mycobiome) appear to be an important factor influencing the clinical picture of this entity. This review summarizes the available insights into the role of the cutaneous mycobiome in atopic dermatitis and the new research possibilities in this field. The prevalence and characteristics of key fungal species, the most important pathogenesis pathways, as well as classic and emerging therapies of fungal dysbiosis and infections complicating atopic dermatitis, are presented.

Skin provides protection against external agents and plays an essential role in maintaining the body homeostasis. Bioprinting as a novel strategy involves computer-controlled deposition of cells and scaffolds into a three-dimensional (3D) construction of skin. 3D bioprinting gives an opportunity to generate multi-layered vascularized skin grafts that can overcome the limitations of current skin substitutes. The main indication is treatment of troublesome wounds, especially severe burns and non-healing chronic lesions. Bioprinted skin equivalents offer a promising approach in the field of regenerative medicine. This review presents and discusses 3D skin construct formation, its limitations and modifications, and its usefulness., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Termedia Sp. z o. o.)

Introduction: Biopsy of facial skin lesions is an important supplement to dermatological diagnostics, especially in doubtful cases or suspected of being malignant., Objectives: The aim of the retrospective study of 2135 histopathological records of lesions on the face was to: establish the most common indications for a skin biopsy in patients with facial lesions, establish the frequency of histopathological diagnoses, evaluate how often clinically suspected inflammatory lesions are identified as tumors in histopathology, evaluate the accuracy of clinical diagnoses of the most common skin tumors and dermatoses., Methods: It was a retrospective study. Histopathological records from the lesions on the face from years 2010-2017 were analyzed., Results: The mean age of patients was 69.3 [7-98]. Fifty-eight percent of the patients were women. Among 2135 clinical diagnoses skin tumors were suspected in 1905 cases. Among 2169 obtained histopathological results (34 biopsies showed 2 diseases), we identified skin tumors in 1940 cases, with 1388 confirmed as malignant. The clinical diagnosis of a specific benign or malignant skin tumor was accurate in 1013/1634 subjects, in comparison to inflammatory lesions, which were correct in 67/148 cases, (P = 0.0001). Among all preliminary inflammatory diagnoses, 33/204 lesions were identified as skin tumors in histopathology., Conclusions: In conclusion in most cases of skin tumors the clinical diagnosis is confirmed by histopathological examination. In case of facial inflammatory lesions, the accuracy of clinical diagnosis is lower, with a significant number of facial lesions appearing inflammatory in clinical evaluation but being diagnosed as skin cancers in pathology., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None., (©2022 Czaplicka et al.)

Introduction: Acrylates are widespread plastic materials, known for their sensitizing properties. So far, allergy to acrylate monomers has been known as occupational eczema, mainly concerning dentists and manicurists. However, a surge of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) cases related to acrylates among users of hybrid varnishes have recently been reported., Aim: This article reviews the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and dermoscopic features of contact eczema induced by hybrid manicure., Material and Methods: The study was performed on a group of 8 women. Clinical and dermoscopic features were evaluated and correlated with the period of exposure to acrylates. In addition, all patients underwent mycological examination to exclude fungal co-infection., Results: Mycological examinations in all patients gave negative results, although 1 patient developed local secondary mixed supra-infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida spp. Distribution of clinical manifestations corresponded to the area of contact with the allergen and comprised both skin and nail changes. The severity of inflammation correlated positively with the exposure period. Subungual hyperkeratosis and onycholysis were the most common findings (8/8 patients), and eczematous finger pulp fissuring was a rarer sign (2/8 patients) but more specific clinically., Conclusions: The surge of contact dermatitis related to acrylates seen in recent years requires dermatologists' awareness. Nail changes induced by hybrid manicure can mimic onychomycosis or nail psoriasis. Therefore comprehensive patch testing should be performed in doubtful cases. Due to the lack of patch tests in our study, we can only suspect that we were dealing with allergic contact dermatitis. In case of confirmed allergy to acrylates, the patient should be aware of this and avoid them., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Termedia Sp. z o. o.)