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High-grade B cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (HGBL, NOS) is a new diagnostic category of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) based on World Health Organization statement in 2016. Up to 40% of NHLs are located in the extra-nodal area, commonly involving the gastrointestinal tract, head and neck region, bone and skin. The diagnosis of NHL originating from the inferior turbinate (IT) is rare, and there have been no reported cases yet of HGBL, NOS in IT. In this study, we report on a 43-year-old female who had a nasal polyp in IT and was diagnosed with HGBL, NOS after surgery. Endoscopic polypectomy under general anesthesia was performed. A histopathological report confirmed the resected specimen as HGBL, NOS, with a clear resection margin. Nasal obstruction was improved immediately after surgery and the patient was followed up for 10 months without any recurrence or complications.

It is rare to find tumor of the ceruminous gland, which is a modified apocrine gland located within the skin of external auditory canal (EAC). Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) is a benign adnexal tumor that occurs in the head and facial area in forms of infiltrative macules, papules, or keratinous nodules, but rarely in the EAC. To date, fewer than 150 case reports of SCAP have been reported, with SCAP in the EAC being extremely rare. We report a case of 51-year-old male with 2 year-history of a left EAC mass arising from the superior wall of the EAC. We performed a microscopic surgery, with the mass resected via retro-auricular approach under general anesthesia. The histopathological examination confirmed the specimen as SCAP. There were no complications or recurrence during the 4 months follow-up period.

This study is a literature review for the introduction of the beauty welfare system in Korea which has entered an aging society. Korea is the fastest aging country among OECD countries, and has many social problems such as poverty and suicide of the elderly. A beauty welfare system is needed to raise the depression, self-esteem, and social skills of these elderly people, and to improve the quality of life. We searched for papers related to beauty welfare published in four major academic journals in the field of beauty over the past decade and selected advanced cases ffor the introduction of the beauty welfare system in Korea. First, we proposed the necessity of establishing the concept of beauty welfare in Korea, which is still ambiguous. In addition, Japan's beauty welfare system and professional training education, which faced an aging society ahead of Korea, were summarized and presented. Lastly, the papers written on the topic of beauty welfare were classified according to their characteristics, and they were largely divided into emotional and institutional aspects. In Korea, which has many problems with the elderly, it is very important to introduce a beauty welfare system and to train professional beauty welfare workers. This study is intended to be used as basic data for setting the direction of research on beauty welfare in Korea and introducing the beauty welfare system.

The choanal polyp, originating from inferior turbinate, is known to be extremely rare. We report a case of a 65-year-old woman who was treated for choanal polyp originating from inferior turbinate. She had felt left nasal obstruction for two weeks. In the endoscopic examination, polypoid tissue covered with the mucopurulent discharge was observed filling the left inferior meatus. An ovoid homogenous enhancing lesion in the left posterior nasal cavity around the inferior turbinate was observed on CT and MRI. Endoscopic mass excision with partial inferior turbinectomy was performed under general anesthesia. The pedicle of the polyp was observed on the posterior side of the inferior turbinate. Complete resection including the mucosa around the pedicle of the choanal polyp was performed. The patient was followed up for seven months without any recurrence or complications.

Nasopalatine duct cysts are the most common non-odontogenic cysts that occur in the maxilla. Cholesterol granulomas, on the other hand, are commonly found in patients with chronic middle ear disease, but rarely occur in the paranasal sinuses. We report a rare case of a 30-year-old woman who was treated for a nasopalatine duct cyst and cholesterol granuloma at the same time. The patient complained of sudden nasolabial pressure and right nasal obstruction from three weeks ago. A 3 cm sized cystic mass, diagnosed as a nasopalatine duct cyst, was observed in the maxilla and haziness of the right maxillary sinus suspected of chronic rhinosinusitis was detected by computerized tomography. Marsupialization of the nasopalatine duct cyst was performed through the endoscopic transnasal approach. Solid mass in the maxillary sinus, diagnosed with cholesterol granuloma by pathology after surgery, was completely removed by endoscopic sinus surgery. The patient was followed up for 18 months without any recurrence or complications.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a powerful diagnostic tool and provides treatment guidelines in acute critical settings. However, the limitation of using POCUS is operator dependent. Appropriate and validated training for acquiring and using skills in practice must be conducted before using POCUS in clinical settings in order to keep patients safe. Simulation education models have been introduced as a way to solve and overcome these concerns. However, the commercial simulator with sufficiently secured fidelity is expensive and not always available. This review focused on the inexpensive and easily made simulators for education on POCUS in critical specific situations related to the airway, breathing, circulation, and disability. We introduced the simulators that used non-infectious materials, with easily transportable features, and that had a sonographic appearance reproducibility similar to human tissue. We also introduced the recipe of each simulator in two parts: Materials surrounding disease simulators (surrounding materials) and specific disease simulators themselves (target simulators). This review article covered the following: endotracheal or oesophageal intubation, lung (A-lines, B-lines, lung sliding, and pleural effusions such as hemothorax), central vein access, pericardial fluid (cardiac tamponade), the structure related to the eyes, soft tissue abscess, nerve (regional nerve block), and skull fracture simulators.

Incidences of major feline viral diseases provide basic information for preventing viral disease in cats. Despite the growing interest in feline viral diseases, sero-surveillances have been lacking. In this study, we analyzed the diagnoses of feline viral diseases and conducted a sero surveillance of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in Korean cats. Of the 204 confirmed cases since 2015, the numbers of diagnoses for FPV, FIPV, FCV, feline influenza virus, and FHV-1 were 156, 32, 12, 3, and 1 case, respectively. In total, 200 sera, collected between 2019 and 2021, were screened for the presence of antibodies against FPV, 2 FCVs, FHV-1, and FIPV using a hemagglutination inhibition test and a virus-neutralizing assay (VNA). The overall seropositive rates in cats tested for FPV, the 2 FCVs, FHV-1, and FIPV were 92.5%. 42.0%, 37.0%, 52.0%, and 14.0%, respectively. A low correlation (r = 0.466) was detected between the VNA titers of 2 FCV strains. The highest incidence and seropositive rate of FPV reveal that FPV is circulating in Korean cats. The low r-value between 2 FCVs suggests that a new feline vaccine containing the 2 kinds of FCVs is required.

Background and objectives Systemic steroid therapy (SST) and intratympanic steroid injection (ISI) have been the treatment of choice for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). We studied the effect of ISI administered at different intervals on hearing outcomes in patients with SSNHL. Subjects and methods We performed a retrospective study of 427 patients diagnosed with SSNHL at Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, of whom 51 patients with SSNHL who received SST and four ISIs were included in this study. Patients were treated with four ISIs either every day for 4 days (group 1) or at intervals (mean duration of interval: 2.21 days) (group 2). Hearing outcomes were evaluated using the pure-tone test before the injection and 14 days, 1 month, and 3 months after the final injection. Recovery rates were classified based on Siegel's criteria. Results The amount of improvement was 27.67 dB (±20.45) in group 1 and 32.79 dB (±21.42) in group 2. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups (p= 0.714). The recovery rates based on Siegel's criteria were 18/27 (66.7%) and 16/24 (66.7%) in groups 1 and 2, respectively, with no significant difference (p=1.000). Considering only complete recoveries in hearing recovery, the recovery rates were 15/27 (55.6%) and 14/24 (58.3%) in groups 1 and 2, respectively, with no significant difference (p=0.842). Conclusions There were no significant differences in hearing outcomes or recovery rates after ISI administration every day or at intervals of 2-3 days.

Using a conceptual design of the Korean Helium Cooled Ceramic Reflector (HCCR) Test Blanket Module (TBM) including the TBM-shield for testing in ITER, a structural analysis is performed according to the selected Load Combinations (LCs), which is described in the TBM Port Plug (TBM PP) System Load Specifications. Single load analyses are performed such as dead weight (DW), operating pressure (PresO), operating temperature (THO), electromagnetic (EM; MD-I, MD-II, and MD-IV), seismic (SL-1, SL-2, and SMHV), and in-TBM LOCA-IV. In addition, their results are superposed for the selected LCs. Through an analysis with 14 single load cases and 10 LC cases, it is confirmed that all load combination results meet the design criteria from the stress breakdown analysis according to the RCC-MRx.

Korea has designed a helium cooled ceramic reflector (HCCR) test blanket module (TBM), including a TBM shield, called a TBM set, that will be tested in ITER. Korean RAFM steel was developed as a structural material for the HCCR TBM, and advanced reduced activation alloy (ARAA) was selected as the primary candidate from various program alloys. Fabrication technologies for the HCCR TBM were developed using ARAA to provide the method and procedure for fabricating the TBM for testing in ITER based on RCC-MRx, which was selected as the design and fabrication code and standard for the HCCR TBM. To establish and optimize welding procedures for electron beam welding of an ARAA material, variations in welding current and speed were investigated. A series of performance tests was performed before and after post-weld heat treatment to evaluate the welded specimen under the determined welding conditions.

Using the conceptual design of the Korean helium cooled ceramic reflector (HCCR) test blanket module (TBM) including the TBM-shield for testing in ITER, a seismic analysis is performed. According to the ITER TBM port plug (TBM PP) system load specifications, seismic events are selected as SL-1 (seismic level-1), SL-2 (seismic level-2), and SMHV (seismes maximaux historiquement vraisemblables, Maximum Histroically Probable Earthquakes). In a modal analysis a total of 50 modes are obtained. Then, a spectra response analysis for each seismic event is carried out using ANSYS based on the modal analysis results. For each event, the obtained Tresca stress is evaluated to confirm the design integrity, by comparing the resulting stress to the design criteria. The Tresca strain and displacement are also estimated for the HCCR TBM-set. From the analysis, it was concluded that the maximum stresses by the seismic events meet the design criteria, and the displacements are lower than the designed gap from the TBM PP frame. The results are provided to a load combination analysis.

Using a conceptual design of the Korean helium cooled ceramic reflector (HCCR) test blanket module (TBM) including the TBM-shield for testing in ITER, a structural analysis with electro-magnetic (EM) loads is performed. From a previous analysis of the material magnetization due to the use of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel as the TBM structure material and EM analysis considering the major disruption of MD-I, MD-II, and MD-IV, the forces are obtained and used for the current structural analysis. The results indicate that the maximum stress occurs at the He purge line at the upper and lower region of the breeding zone (BZ) box including the graphite reflector region, which meets the design requirement. In addition, displacements are lower than the designed gaps from the TBM port plug (PP) frame. The results are provided to the load combination analysis.

With a conceptual design of Korean helium cooled ceramic reflector test blanket module (TBM), including TBM-shield for testing in ITER, thermo-mechanical analyses are performed with the temperature data through thermal-hydraulic analyses and the inner pressure for the electromagnetic (EM)-TBM and INTegral (INT)-TBM, including a TBM-shield, which are the same models according to the ITER operation conditions. The Tresca stress, strain, and deformation are investigated, and the results confirm that they satisfy the RCC-MRx design requirements. In addition, the deformation results give a small value, which is not in contact with the TBM frame.

With a conceptual design of Korean helium-cooled ceramic reflector test blanket module (TBM), including TBM shield for testing in ITER, thermal-hydraulic analyses are performed with a conventional CFD code, ANSYS-CFX v14.5, for the electromagnetic module and the integral module, including the TBM shield. With the same model and meshes, according to the ITER operation conditions of the H/He and D-T phases, the temperature distribution, flow rate, and pressure drop are investigated to meet the design requirements, and the temperature data are directly provided to a mechanical analysis.

Purpose Acute aortic diseases, such as aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm, can be life-threatening vascular conditions. In this study, we compared outcomes before and after the implementation of a critical pathway (CP) for patients with acute aortic disease at the emergency department (ED). Materials and methods This was a retrospective observational cohort study. The CP was composed of two phases: PRE-AORTA for early diagnosis and AORTA for prompt treatment. We compared patients who were diagnosed with acute aortic disease between pre-period (January 2010 to December 2011) and post-period (July 2012 to June 2014). Results Ninety-four and 104 patients were diagnosed with acute aortic disease in the pre- and post-periods, respectively. After the implementation of the CP, 38.7% of acute aortic disease cases were diagnosed via PRE-AORTA. The door-to-CT time was reduced more in PRE-AORTA-activated patients [71.0 (61.0, 115.0) min vs. 113.0 (56.0, 170.5) min; p=0.026]. During the post-period, more patients received emergency intervention than during the pre-period (22.3% vs. 36.5%; p=0.029). Time until emergency intervention was reduced in patients, who visited the ED directly, from 378.0 (302.0, 489.0) min in the pre-period to 200.0 (170.0, 299.0) min in the post-period (p=0.001). The number of patients who died in the ED declined from 11 to 4 from the pre-period to the post-period. Hospital mortality decreased from 26.6% to 14.4% in the post-period (p=0.033). Conclusion After the implementation of a CP for patients with acute aortic disease, more patients received emergency intervention within a shorter time, resulting in improved hospital mortality.

For the application to plasma facing component (PFC) in a fusion reactor, joining methods between tungsten (W) and ferritic-martensitic steel (FMS) have been developed and three W/FMS mockups were fabricated by HIP (hot isostatic pressing) joining method. Because the high heat flux test should be performed over the thermal lifetime of the mockup to confirm the integrity of joining technology, test conditions are found by performing a thermal-hydraulic and thermo-mechanical analysis with the conventional codes such as ANSYS-CFX and ANSYS-mechanical, respectively. From the analysis, the heating and the cooling conditions are determined, for 1.0 MW/m2 heat flux, to be 30 s heating and 30 s cooling with given test facility cooling system. And the test cycle number for thermal-fatigue testing is determined to be 2500 cycles because the estimated thermal-lifetime of the mockup is about 2324 cycles from the results of elastic-plastic analysis. The high heat flux test with KoHLT-EB will be performed with these test conditions in the near future.

The current study examines the mediation effect of the work-family spillover between full-time married working women`s inefficient working culture and career interruption intention. The mediation effect is tested by classifying the work-family spillover effect into two subfactors: the work-family conflict and the work-family facilitation. For this purpose, we sampled 281 full-time married working women aged between 30 and 50s and conducted a hierarchical regression analysis. The main results are as follows: both work-family conflict and work-family facilitation play the role of partial mediation. This finding implies that it is necessary to carefully examine the effects of subfactors for work-family spillover to married working women`s career interruption.

Peritoneal origin serous papillary carcinoma is an uncommon primary malignancy occurring in the abdominal or pelvic peritoneum lining. It is characterized by peritoneal carcinomatosis with massive ascites, uninvolved or minimally involved ovary, and is histologically indistinguishable from ovarian serous tumors. Better recognition of this phenomenon in recent years has contributed to an increasing diagnostic frequency. We describe a rare case of peritoneal origin serous papillary carcinoma with unusual clinical presentations involving a solitary primary tumor originating from the peritoneal lining of the sigmoid colonal mesentery, without pelvic lymph node involvement or distant metastasis. Because of the location and morphological similarity, it was misdiagnosed as an ovarian malignancy. We aim to assist in the diagnosis of this disease with the following case report, thereby improving the management of patients with this condition.

Korea has developed a helium cooled ceramic reflector (HCCR) test blanket module (TBM) consisting of four sub-modules in an ITER. From the draft design of the side wall (SW) according to a thermal-hydraulic analysis, a mechanical analysis was performed considering a design channel pressure of 10 MPa. The SW comprised of sixteen grids with the seventeen partitions for the manifold function satisfied 1.5 S m of the allowable stress ( S m ) according to RCC-MR code at the maximum stress region in the SW. In addition, an elastic analysis of the draft design of the back manifold (BM) was carried out, which supported the four sub-modules in the HCCR TBM and has the main inlet/outlet of the He cooling pipe, the measurement pipes, and He purge gas lines from the port cell. The results show that the maximum stress was higher than 1.5 S m , and the BM design has been modified to satisfy the BM function and requirements.

Korea has developed a Helium Cooled Ceramic Reflector (HCCR) Test Blanket Module (TBM) and its auxiliary system in ITER. In parallel with its design, safety analysis has performed including accident analysis with the selected reference accidents. Among them, the effect of in-box LOCA to the structural integrity of the TBM was investigated. From the transient analysis of the GAMMA-FR on the in-box LOCA, it is found that the pressure of the internal TBM can be increased up to 8 MPa with the same pressure of the operating coolant through the Tritium Extraction System (TES) and He purge lines in the TBM. Structural analysis with ANSYS code for TBM was performed with this condition and it is confirmed that the TBM can endure and it does not affect the ITER machine by the failure.

Korea plans to test a Helium Cooled Ceramic Reflector (HCCR) Test Blanket Module (TBM) in ITER. The HCCR TBM adopts a four sub-module concept considering the fabricability and the transfer of irradiated TBM for post irradiation examination. Each sub-module has seven-layer breeding zone, including three neutron multiplier layers packed with beryllium pebbles, three lithium ceramic pebble bed packed tritium breeder layers, and a reflector layer packed with graphite pebbles. Based on this configuration, neutronic and electromagnetic calculations were performed and their results were applied for the conceptual design of HCCR TBM that considers manufacturing feasibility. Also, a design and safety analysis of HCCR Test Blanket System (TBS) was performed using integrated design tools modifying nuclear system codes for helium coolant and tritium behavior evaluation. The Advanced Reduced Activation Alloy (ARAA) is being developed as a structural material. A total of 73 candidate ARAA alloys were designed and their out-of-pile performance was evaluated. The graphite pebbles as the neutron reflector were fabricated by using mechanical machining and grounding method with the surface coated with SiC. The hydrogen permeation characteristics of structural materials were evaluated using the Hydrogen PERmeation (HYPER) facility. The recent design and R&D progress on these areas are addressed in this paper.

Background The heme oxygenase-1 gene (HMOX1) promoter polymorphisms modulate its transcription in response to oxidative stress. This study screened for HMOX1 polymorphisms and investigated the association between HMOX1 polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Korean population. Methods The study population consisted of patients with CAD with obstructive lesions (n=110), CAD with minimal or no lesions (n=40), and controls (n=107). Thirty-nine patients with CAD with obstructive lesions underwent follow-up coronary angiography after six months for the presence of restenosis. The 5'-flanking region containing (GT)n repeats of the HMOX1 gene was analyzed by PCR. Results The numbers of (GT)n repeats in the HMOX1 promoter showed a bimodal distribution. The alleles were divided into two subclasses, S25 and L25, depending on whether there were less than or equal to and more than 25 (GT)n repeats, respectively. The allele and genotype frequencies among groups were statistically not different. More subjects in the S25-carrier group had the low risk levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) for the CAD than those in the non-S25 carrier group (P=0.034). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the genotypes of (GT)n repeats were not related to CAD status. The restenosis group in the coronary angiography follow-up did not show any significant difference in HMOX1 genotype frequency. Conclusions The HMOX1 genotypes were not found to be associated with CAD, but the short allele carrier group contained more individuals with hsCRP values reflecting low risk of cardiovascular disease in the Korean population.

The Korean Helium Cooled Ceramic Reflector Test Blanket Module (TBM) consisted of four submodules for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor program. The thermal-structural analysis considered a design pressure (10 MPa) and a thermal stress in the changed first wall design, which has a 15 mm \(\times 11\) mm rectangular U-shape, was carried out according to the RCC-MR code. The contact stress between the TBM submodules was also evaluated to confirm the structural integrity. The results showed that the design requirements were satisfied.

Korea has developed a helium cooled ceramic reflector (HCCR) test blanket module (TBM) for testing in a ITER, which consists of functional components to distribute the He coolant to each region such as the first wall (FW), breeding zone (BZ), side wall (SW), and back manifold (BM). In this paper, the detailed design of each component is introduced as follows: 1) FW considering cooling under a structural material temperature limit (550 $^{\circ}{\rm C}$ ); 2) BZ layer for obtaining tritium breeding ratio and cooling with a breeder, reflector, and multiplier pebbles; 3) SW considering the flow distribution to BZ and internal pressure; 4) BM for uniform flow to FW cooling channels; and 5) He purge line in BZ considering a purge gas distribution in BZ. From the performance analysis of each functional component using the CFD code, ANSYS-CFX with the results of nuclear heating from a neutronic analysis, the results show that the design requirements of KO HCCR TBM were satisfied.

The ITER first wall (FW) includes beryllium armor tiles joined to a CuCrZr heat sink. The FWs are one of the critical components in an ITER machine with a surface heat flux of 4.7 MW/ ${\rm m}^{2}$ or above. The small-scale mockup shall be a part of the qualification tests and used to validate the performance of the dominant manufacturing technologies before the production of larger scale components, and this mockup shall be equipped with a hypervapotron heat sink and manufacturing processes developed for a semiprototype design. The small-scale mockup includes 48 beryllium armor tiles (12 mm $\times\,$ 12 mm) capable of withstanding the specified heat flux values. The tile thickness shall be 6 mm to minimize the beryllium surface temperature and evaporation under high thermal loads. The detailed fabrication process of semiprototype small-scale mockups was developed for a qualification test in Korea. For the CuCrZr and stainless steel, the canned materials are processed into an hot isostatic pressing (HIP) device. In the case of beryllium-to-CuCrZr joining, the HIP was conducted at 580 $^{\circ}{\rm C}$ and 100 MPa. For nondestructive tests of the fabricated semiprototypes, visual and dimension inspections were performed whenever needed during the fabrication process, and ultrasonic tests were performed using ultrasonic probes. Destructive tests for the qualification semiprototype were performed on a small-scale mockup, which was fabricated together with semiprototypes. The Korea heat load test facility using an electron beam system was constructed with an electron gun (maximum electric power of 800 kW) for a high heat flux application with a 300-kW high-voltage power supply and maximum accelerating voltage of 60 kV. This facility was operated to evaluate the performance test of plasma facing components. A cyclic heat flux test will be performed to evaluate the ITER qualification program.

The contentious politics literature has long been divided on the extent to which grievances –or “dissatisfaction caused by deprivation” (Dalton et al., 2009)– drive citizen participation in protests. Do grievances motivate citizens to take to the streets? To shed light on how grievances affect protest, we focus on citizen evaluations of public service provision in Latin America. Scant research has examined the effect of poor public service delivery on contentious participation in emerging democracies. We highlight two mechanisms associated with public service evaluations that facilitate mobilization: 1) firsthand experience with poor governance and 2) clear attribution of responsibility for poor service provision. To test our argument, we utilize data from the 2012 and 2014 AmericasBarometer national surveys of Brazil, and then generalize to Latin America in multilevel models of protest drawing from 18 countries. The results are consistent: where firsthand experience with state incompetence fuels declining system support and specific attribution of blame for underperformance, as in the case of public service evaluations in Latin America, grievances fuel participation in protest.

Received August 28, 2015 Revised October 14, 2015 Accepted October 14, 2015 Address for correspondence: Min Su Park, MD Department of Neurology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea Tel: +82-53-620-3685 Fax: +82-53-627-1688 E-mail: minsupark@ynu.ac.kr 다발경화증(multiple sclerosis, MS)은 중추신경계에 발생하는 자가면역질환으로, 재발과 악화가 반복되거나 진행성 악화를 보 인다. MS치료로 질병조절치료(disease modifying therapy)를 사 용하지만 상당수의 MS 환자들은 질병조절치료에 최적이하반응 (suboptimal response) 혹은 치료실패(treatment failure)를 경험한 다. 저자들은 인터페론베타(Rebidose)에 순응도는 좋았지만 잦 은 재발을 경험하던 재발-완화형 다발경화증(relapsing-remitting MS, RRMS)환자에게 teriflunomide로 변경 후 좋은 반응을 보인 증례를 보고한다.

We introduce a statistic testing for neglected nonlinearity using extreme learning machines and call it ELMNN test. The ELMNN test is very convenient and can be widely applied because it is obtained as a by-product of estimating linear models. For the proposed test statistic, we provide a set of regularity conditions under which it asymptotically follows a chi-squared distribution under the null. We conduct Monte Carlo experiments and examine how it behaves when the sample size is finite. Our experiment shows that the test exhibits the properties desired by our theory.

Recently Korea has decided to test helium cooled ceramic reflector (HCCR) concept for ITER test blanket module (TBM) which will be inserted in TBM frame in dedicated ITER equatorial port. As the previous design was performed based on the TBM frame with the horizontal opening and the openings of all the TBM frames have been changed to vertical orientation, design change to vertical configuration is inevitable. This design change has significant impact on the TBM performance and design parameters. Therefore, new design iteration is required. In this paper, the updated design of the Korean HCCR TBM to vertical configuration is presented. While maintaining the main feature of employing graphite reflector, the new vertical HCCR TBM with four sub-modules was proposed considering manufacturability and post irradiation examination aspect. Various performance analyses have been performed to optimize the design. Current design and performance results including nuclear, thermo-hydraulic and thermo-mechanical analyses results are introduced.

Korea plans to install and test Helium Cooled Ceramic Reflector (HCCR) Test Blanket Module (TBM) in the ITER, because the HCCR blanket concept is one of options of the DEMO blanket. Currently, many design and R&D activities have been performed to develop the Korean HCCR TBM. An integrated design tool for a fusion breeder blanket has been developed based on nuclear technologies including a safety analysis for obtaining a license for testing in the ITER. A half-scale sub-module mockup of the first wall with the manifold was fabricated, and the manufacturability and thermo-hydraulic performances were evaluated. High heat load and helium cooling test facilities have been constructed. Next, the recent status of TBM material development in Korea was introduced including Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic (RAFM) steel, lithium ceramic pebbles and silicon carbide (SiC) coated graphite pebbles. Several fabrication methods of RAFM steel, lithium ceramic pebbles, and silicon carbide coating on graphite pebbles were investigated. Recent design and R&D progress on these areas are introduced here.