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Nanobiotechnology is a specific field of biotechnology that utilizes nanoscale methods and materials to investigate biological systems and create innovative medical technologies. This review discusses the diverse use of nanobiotechnology in health, focusing on both its superior properties and challenges. The main aims of this report are to present and elaborate on the global market share of this growing field as well as the scientific output, regarding publications and patents in the last decade. Quantitative data is derived from the Statnano database, which includes information related to the articles from the Web of Science (WoS) and approved patents from the European Patent Office and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The final aim of this review is to provide some suggestions based on these data. Government support is the most important driving force in building up research and publications. Support for advancement in nanotechnology to fabricate products for commercial and public benefit is the top priority of developed nations. Thus, entrepreneurial training of young researchers, and collaborations between scientists, policymakers, investors, and citizens, should be encouraged. To work together globally and set international standards for the creation of consistent methods in characterizing nanoscale products with biological systems is imperative.

Rationale and Objectives: There is no universally accepted standard technique for measuring the scapholunate interval and no specific sources of measurement error have been identified. We aimed to establish a set of normal radiological criteria for the scapholunate interval that could be used in comparative studies of wrist pathology to determine interobserver reliability and to identify potential errors that might influence measurements., Materials and Methods: A total of 60 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Scapholunate interval was measured by three independent observers using X-ray, CT, and US in four positions, including neutral, fist, radial and ulnar deviation. Inter-observer reliability was tested using intraclass correlation coefficient. Generalizability theory was applied to evaluate specific sources of measurement error related to participant, observer, imaging modality and measurement position., Results: In neutral position, the scapholunate interval measured by X-ray, CT, and US was 3.1 mm, 3.5 mm and 3.5 mm respectively. The interval remained constant during fist and radial deviation but decreased during ulnar deviation. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.874 to 0.907 for X-ray, 0.773-0.881 for CT and 0.964-0.979 for US. In the generalizability study, the participant x modality x position interaction accounted for the largest proportion of total variance (29%)., Conclusion: X-ray, CT, and US are reliable modalities for measuring the scapholunate interval, with US having the highest reliability. Participant and position factors may independently contribute to measurement error. Therefore, standardized measurement positions are recommended to obtain reliable measurement results., (Copyright © 2022 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the results of central slip reconstruction with a modified Snow's technique under wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet., Methods: Between 2016 and 2019, 13 patients with boutonniere deformity were operated. All of the patients had boutonniere deformity with a passively correctable proximal interphalangeal joint. In 7 patients, temporary proximal interphalangeal joint transfixation with a K-wire to secure the repair was preferred. For the rest of the patients, postoperative follow-up was done with an orthosis. All patients were referred to a hand therapist for postoperative rehabilitation., Results: The mean interval between the injury time and the surgery was 55.7 days. After the surgery, the average proximal interphalangeal joint flexion was 104.8° and the loss of proximal interphalangeal joint extension was 6.15°. The average distal interphalangeal flexion was 65.3°. Seven cases had excellent results, 4 patients had good results, and 2 patients had fair results., Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that with a modified Snow technique, encouraging results can be achieved for neglected central slip injuries in which primary repair is impossible. Surgery under wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet enables the surgeon to check the stability of the repair, and early active motion with relative motion flexion orthoses can be started with confidence., Type of Study/level of Evidence: Therapeutic IV., (© 2022 The Authors.)