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In this research study, we developed a new rapid and simple HPLC quantitative approach for comprehensively measuring related substance impurities (LNGN N formyl; LNGN acetamide; LNGN N Boc; LNGN amino) in Linagliptin. The related substance impurities were studied by PDA detection at 225 nm after being separated on the Kromasil C18 column stationary phase. The isocratic mode elution and a flow velocity of 1.0 mL/min were performed with the 0.1% phosphoric acid having pH 2.5 and acetonitrile. The proposed approach was appropriately verified in agreement with the "International Conference on Harmonization". Linearity was demonstrated for values ranging from LOQ quantity ppm to 150% quantity ppm, with variance coefficients 0.99. The precision varied from 0.128 to 0.969% RSD and accuracy varied from 99.13% to 101.76% for four related substance impurities. The proposed approach was appropriately implemented in the quality control analysis of the linagliptin API. Stress testing on the linagliptin API is also part of this investigation. One degradant with a 10.273 min Rt was found during oxidative stress testing on linagliptin. Using LC-MS this peak was discovered to be an adduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater sensor networks (USNs) play a key role for applications such as underwater defense, underwater imaging, internet of underwater things, underwater navigation and so on. In USNs, acoustic waves have been referred over the radio frequency (RF) waves or optical waves to communicate between sensor nodes, buoys, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The acoustic waves in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have a much lower bandwidth of up to a few kHz, resulting in a lower achievable data rate. Generally, the sensor nodes have been deployed on the beds of the oceans. So, it is very difficult to recharge or replace them, once the batteries of the sensor nodes are drain off. Hence, achievable data rate and energy efficiency (EE) has to be improved simultaneously in UASNs. In this paper, we have presented different non-orthogonal multiple access techniques to improve data rate and various energy harvesting techniques proposed for UASNs to improve the EE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and new colorimetric method was developed for the estimation of emtricitabine. The proposed colorimetric method is based on the diazotisation of amine group present in emtricitabine, followed by colour complex formation using β-naphthol reagent. Parameters affecting the reaction were studied and conditions were optimized. The absorption maximum for the colour complex was observed at 559 nm. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 100-500 μg/ml for emtricitabine colour complex. The developed method was optimised and validated. The method was successfully applied for the estimation of emtricitabine in bulk and in tablets. This is the first method reported for colorimetric estimation of emtricitabine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study has been to assess the efficacy of duloxetine, a selective inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. Materials and Methods: The study included 50 women aged above 18 years with a predominant symptom of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The case definition included a predominant symptom of SUI with a weekly incontinence episode frequency (IEF) of seven or greater and a positive cough stress test. All the patients received duloxetine 20 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome variables included the IEF and improvement in quality of life. Paired Student's 't' test was used to analyze changes in IEF. Results: The improvement with duloxetine treatment was found in 40 out of 50 patients. Remaining 10 patients did not show any improvement with duloxetine and discontinued the treatment. In 40 patients, the mean baseline IEF was 12.5/week. At the end of three months treatment, IEF was six/week. This shows a statistically significant reduction in the IEF. Also, there was a good improvement in quality of life with 65% of patients in the "very much better" and "much better" categories according to PGI-I scale. In the remaining 10 patients, there was no significant improvement after one month of treatment and patients underwent surgery. Conclusions: The findings support duloxetine as a potential treatment for women with stress urinary incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the effect of nebivolol 5 mg once daily versus (S)-atenolol 25 mg once daily in patients with essential hypertension. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted at RLJH and Research Centre which included 30 patients in each group with essential hypertension. The sex, age, presenting illness, and family history of the patients were recorded. Investigations such as blood sugar, urine analysis, kidney function test, lipid profile, and ECG were performed before starting the treatment. Any adverse effects during the treatment were noted. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at baseline and during follow-up. One group received nebivolol 5 mg once daily and other group (S)atenolol 25 mg once daily. Patients were followed-up every 15 days for 3 months. Results: Nebivolol group had 18 males and 12 females with mean age 50.6 ± 9.5 years, (S)-atenolol had 16 males and 14 females with mean age 54.4 ± 9 years. Patients receiving nebivolol and (S)-atenolol showed a significant fall (P <∙0001) in systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate at the end of first, second, and third month when compared to baseline. The difference in fall in SBP and DBP was insignificant between the groups, but fall in heart rate was significant (P <∙0001). Adverse effects such as headache, dizziness, and fatigue were reported with both drugs. Conclusion: Reduction of blood pressure with nebivolol and (S)atenolol was similar, but fall in blood pressure from baseline was highly significant in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, simple, sensitive, and reliable method is presented for the rapid spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of iron(III) using leuco Xylene cyanol FF. The method is based on the oxidation of leuco Xylene cyanol FF (LXCFF) to its blue form of xylene cyanol FF by iron(III) in sulfuric acid medium (pH 2.0–3.0), the absorbance of the formed dye is measured in an acetate buffer medium (pH2.8–4.4) at 615 nm. The method obeys Beer's law over a concentration range of 0.15–0.9 μg mL-1 iron, having a molar absorptivity of 5.6×104 L mol-1 cm-1 and a Sandell's sensitivity of 0.0001 μg cm-2. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters have been evaluated. The developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of iron in water, soil, industrial effluent, plant material, pharmaceutical preparations, synthetic mixtures, and aluminum alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, simple, highly sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric method has been described for the determination of platinum(IV). The method is based on the oxidation of leuco xylene cyanol FF (LXCFF) to its blue form of xylene cyanol FF by platinum(IV) in sulfuric acid medium (pH 1.0–2.5), the formed dye shows an absorption maximum at 620 nm in acetate buffer medium (pH 3.0–4.5). The method obeys Beer's law over a concentration range of 0.3 to 2.6 µg mL–1 platinum, having molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of 5.1×104 L mol–1 cm–1 and 0.0038 µg cm–2, respectively. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters have been evaluated. The developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of platinum in pharmaceutical preparations, soil, natural water, plant material, platinum-containing catalyst, and synthetic alloy samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A response by G. M. Bengalorkar and colleagues to a letter to the editor about their article "Fospropofol: Clinical Pharmacology," published in the 2011 issue is presented.

This article presents several cases of patients who were given tacrolimus ointment to treat their localized vilitigo. The patients received Psoralen Ultra-Violet A (PUVA) phototherapy, cancer chemotherapy, immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. A majority of the patients showed response to the treatment. They demonstrated an improvement in their vitiligo area scoring index (VASI) scores.

Introduction: Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a very commonly done procedure in recent times. There is a need for a long-term outcome study of ACL reconstruction with a comparison between different types of fixation techniques. The graft fixation methods vary from aperture fixation (interference screws) to suspensory fixation methods (endobutton). Failure of graft incorporation and the development of tunnel widening (TW) after ACL reconstruction have been frequently reported in the long term in present literature. TW especially complicates revision ACL surgery. This is a prospective non-randomized clinical study of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction comparing the functional results between aperture fixation and suspensory fixation., Materials and Methods: Two groups of 14 patients who underwent autogenous hamstring ACL reconstruction with a minimum of 2-year follow-up evaluation were included in the study. The first group underwent aperture fixation with bioabsorbable interference screw at tibial and femoral side. The second group underwent suspensory fixation with endobutton fixation on the femoral side and biointerference screw on the tibial side. Both group patients were examined clinically before surgery, and at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and at 2 years. They were compared for functional outcome with Tegner Lysholm knee score., Observation and Results: There was a significant improvement in functional outcome in both the groups for base and at 3 months, also for 3 months and 6 months but for 6 months-1 year. Group 2 is almost significant. This improvement in outcome in Group 2 is consistent from 1 year to 2 years., Conclusion: In our prospective study comparing the outcomes of functional outcomes of ACL reconstruction with aperture fixation versus suspensory fixation on the femur, which was evaluated using Tegner Lysholm knee score over a period of 2 years, suspensory fixation was found to be better. However, further studies involving a larger series of cases are required for a better evaluation of the outcome., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: Nil, (Copyright: © Indian Orthopaedic Research Group.)

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

The global problem of acute poisoning has steadily increased over the past few years. It is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Better preventive and management strategies can be developed if the incidence and pattern of acute poisoning is known. The study aims at analyzing the pattern, cause and mortality rate of poisoning. The study was conducted in a rural area in South India. This retrospective study was conducted from January 2003-December 2003. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Out of the 225 cases 139 were males and 86 females. Poisoning was common in the age group of 21-30 years which was 84 cases and 11-20 years was 73 cases. The poisons consumed were as follows: Organophosphorous 135 cases, aluminum and zinc phosphide 50 cases, phenobarbitone 18 cases, benzodiazepines 7 cases, paracetamol 2 cases, miscellaneous 13 cases. 94% were suicides and 6% accidental. Mortality rate was 12.8%. Establishment of strict policies against the sale and availability of pesticides and over the counter drugs is an effective way to control organophosphorous and drug poisoning., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A simple, rapid, and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of selenium in real samples of water, soil, plant materials, human hair, and synthetic cosmetic and in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the reaction of selenium with potassium iodide in an acidic medium to liberate iodine. The liberated iodine bleaches the violet color of thionin, and which is measured at 600 nm. This decrease in absorbance is directly proportional to selenium concentration and obeys Beer's law in the range 1-5 micro g selenium in a final volume of 10 mL (0.1-0.5 microg mL(-1)). The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of the method were found to be 7.33 x 10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1) and 0.0011 microg cm(-2), respectively. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical conditions were evaluated. The effect of interfering ions on the determination is described.

A rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of trace amounts of selenium using Variamine Blue (VB) as a chromogenic reagent. The proposed method is based on the reaction of selenium with potassium iodide in an acidic medium to liberate iodine, which oxidizes Variamine Blue to form a violet-colored species having an absorption maximum at 546 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 2-20 g of selenium in a final volume of 10 ml. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be 2.6 x 10(4) l mol-1 cm-1 and 0.003 microgram cm-2, respectively. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. The effect of interfering ions on the determination is described. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of selenium in real samples of water, soil, plant materials, human hair, and synthetic samples of cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations.