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Nebojsa Tasić,1 Jirar Topouchian,2 Danijela Tasic,1 Zorana Kovacevic,1 Marko Filipovic,1 Roland Asmar3 1Cardiology & Clinical Research Department, Cardiovascular Institute « Dedinje », Belgrade, Serbia; 2Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hôtel Dieu Hospital, Paris, France; 3Foundation-Medical Research Institutes (F-MRI) ®, Geneva, SwitzerlandCorrespondence: Roland Asmar, Foundation-Medical Research Institutes, Place St Gervais 1, Geneva, Switzerland, Tel +33640142239, Email ra@cmcv.orgBackground: Electronic devices for blood pressure (BP) measurements must undergo independent clinical validation as recommended by various authorities and scientific societies.Objective: To assess the accuracy of the Combei BP118A device in the general population according to the Universal Standard Validation Protocol.Methods: The new-developed Combei BP118A device measures BP at the brachial level using the oscillometric method. The study was performed according to the “AAMI/ESH/ISO Universal Standard (ISO 81060– 2:2018) protocol”. Subjects (n = 88) were recruited to fulfill the age, gender, BP and cuff distribution criteria according to the protocol requirements using the same arm sequential BP measurement method. Differences between observers’ mercury sphygmomanometer reference measurements and device BP values (test versus reference) and their standard deviation (SD) were calculated.Results: Ninety-one subjects were selected, 88 of whom were included. The mean BP differences between the simultaneous observers’ reference measurements were − 0.2 ± 1.7 mmHg for systolic BP (SBP) and − 0.2 ± 1.7 mmHg for diastolic BP (DBP). For validation criterion 1, the mean difference ± SD between the reference and device BP values were 3.6 ± 5.5 mmHg for SBP and 1.4 ± 4.5 mmHg for DBP. For criterion 2, the SD of the mean BP differences between the test device and reference BP per subject was 5/4.1 mmHg for SBP/DBP (≤ 5.9/6.8). These results fulfilled the protocol requirements.Conclusion: The Combei BP118A oscillometric device for home BP measurement fulfilled all of the requirements of the AAMI/ESH/ISO Universal Standard (ISO 81060– 2:2018) in general population and consequently can be recommended for home BP measurements.Keywords: blood pressure measurement, accuracy, validation, home blood pressure, oscillometric, Combei

Somatic cells (SCs) in milk, which include epithelial cells from the gland and blood cells, are present in milk during the normal course of milking. Increase in SCs is found in mastitis-affected dairy cows and can be a useful indicator for estimating mammary health and milk quality worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a pattern of somatic cell count (SCC) in mastitis-affected cows on three different farms. The study was conducted on three dairy farms of high milk-producing cattle breeds in Vojvodina during 2021. Samples were taken from 15 cows from each farm, all of the cows being diagnosed with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The SCC in milk samples was determined by the microscopic reference method according to the standard (SRPS EN ISO 13366-1:2010) of the Institute for Standardization of Serbia. The value of SCC was considered as high if >200.000 cells/mL, as this is the threshold indicating secretion disorder. In order to examine the differences between the observed three farms, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, while a post-hoc LSD test was used for determination of statistically significant differences between the SCC in cows on three different farms. The mean values of the SCC on Farms 1, 2 and 3 were 7,055,266.67, 2,619,893.33 and 552,000 cells/mL, respectively. Based on the results, a statistically significant difference (p

Play is easy to recognise, though not as easy to define. Its conceptual definitions are numerous and different, depending on their theoretical starting points. What connects them is the importance they attach to play as a divergent activity of the child in which all the child's potentials are activated. Hovewer, research around the world has shown that children in kindergartens spend considerably less time playing and exploring than doing structured activities; that their opportunities to play in open spaces are constantly decreasing; that, even when they are engaged in play, it is often superficial and chaotic; and the way in which adults perceive children's play is often inconsistent with what play represents from the children's point of view. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to look at how children perceive play - what elements of play children identify as most important, how they perceive their relationship with other children and adults while playing, and how they see learning through play. The descriptive method used relied on the techniques of drawing and interviewing. The study included 47 children aged 4 to 7. The results of the research confirm that what children find most important during play are their playmates, that adults' involvement in children's play is very low, and that children's learning through play is linked to the very experience of playing. The most significant conclusion of this research is that children are often left to their own devices in play, so it is necessary to pay more attention to their play and to support it both in the family and in the institutional context by providing children with different experiences and models of creative behaviour.

With the fall of the medieval Serbian state under Turkish rule, every culture, including medicine, died out, and the people resorted to folk medicine and self-taught doctors, i.e. empiricists. Serbs began to get educated in Vienna and Pest, and there were Serbian doctors in Novi Sad already at the beginning of the 18th century. At that time, the first doctors with diplomas appeared in Serbia, but mostly as personal doctors of the Belgrade pasha or Knez Miloš, i.e. his brother Jevrem in Šabac. In the fourth decade of the 19th century, the first military doctors set out, and the newly created four military district commands got their doctors. The Serbian Medical Association started the first medical journal, "Serbian Archives" in 1874. Josif Pancic is writing the first textbook in natural sciences, and Dr. Acim Medovic is writing the first textbook on forensic medicine. Before the First Serbian-Turkish War, the civilian ambulance numbered 69 doctors, 10 medical assistants, 26 pharmacists, and five pharmacy assistants, while the military ambulance had 19 doctors, five medical assistants, one pharmacist, and four pharmacy assistants. Health was initiated but also the establishment of the Ministry of Health and the higher education institution of the Medical Faculty in Belgrade. Guided by the oath, expertise, and experience, the doctors of that time made a significant effort to improve and develop medicine in Serbia in the 19th century.

Mastitis is one of the most common and costly diseases affecting dairy cows worldwide. Since antibiotic resistance has become a global threat to both animal and human health, it is becoming more urgent to continuously search for new therapeutical alternatives for the control and treatment of bovine mastitis. Hence, our research aimed to test the therapeutic use of two essential oils (EOs) based on their chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant potential. The present study was conducted by collecting milk samples from the cows diagnosed with clinical or subclinical mastitis with the aim of isolating and identifying bacterial strains. The antioxidant potential of essential oils of Menthae piperitae (MP) and Melissa officinalis (MO) was evaluated in several in vitro assays. In the MP EO, a total of 38 compounds were identified, with menthol as the dominant compound, whereas in MO EO 51 compounds were identified. Furthermore, the values of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) have been used to quantitatively measure the antibacterial activity of each essential oil. In accordance with which, MP EO samples exhibited a higher degree of antibacterial activity than MO EO. Thus, EOs have been shown to be promising alternatives to antibiotics because of their availability, biodegradability, and lower risk of side effects as compared with conventional, antimicrobial treatment. Nevertheless, further clinical studies are needed to test the potential role of EOs in treating mastitis in dairy cows.

The aim of this research was to determine the Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb contents in the following wild plants: dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.), broad-leaved plantain (Plantago major L.), and ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) collected from the natural environment at three different locations in the North of the Republic of Srpska, in the surroundings of Banja Luka (two localities) and Doboj (one locality). The examined species represent wild edible and medical plants, most commonly used in folk medicine. Plant material and associated soils were air-dried, acid digested, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results have shown the highest Zn contents in all examined plants, which were followed by the contents of other determined biogenic elements (Ni and Cu), while contents of toxic elements (Pb and Cd) were noticeably lower. The contents of potentially toxic elements determined in the plants were lower than recommended limits of toxicity, with the exception of the location L3-Stanari where elevated Ni contents were found in all examined plants and the associated soil. This implies an evident risk in case of consumption of the plants grown at this location and the need for further investigation in order to establish the exact degree of contamination and to implement proper activities.

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Background/Aim. Hypervolemia is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients treated with regular hemodialysis. There is still no reliable method for assessing the status of volemia in these patients. The aim of the study was to assess the status of volemia in patients treated with regular hemodialysis by measuring the parameters of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and bioimpedance. Methods. The effect of hemodialysis treatment on ultrasound parameters of the IVC, as well as on the parameters measured by bioimpedance, was examined before and after hemodialysis. The values of the N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were measured both before and after hemodialysis. Forty-five patients were involved in this non-interventional cross-section study, including the patients treated with standard bicarbonate dialysis. According to the interdialytic yield, the patients were divided into three groups: I (up to 2,000 mL), II (2,000–3,000 mL), and III (over 3,000 mL). Results. The values of the IVC parameters and the parameters measured with bioimpedance were significantly lower after treatment with hemodialysis (p < 0.005). The third group of patients had a significantly higher total fluid volume in the body com-pared to the group I, as well as a significantly greater volume of extracellular fluid (p < 0.005). The significantly lower values of NT-proBNP in all groups (p < 0.005) were detected after hemodialysis. After treatment with hemodialysis, a positive correlation was observed between the concentration of NT-proBNP in the serum and the extracellular/intracellular water ratio. However, the correlation between NT-proBNP concentration and total fluid measured by bioimpedance spectroscopy did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion. Measurement of the IVC ultrasound parameters and volemia parameters using bioimpedance significantly contributes to the assessment of the status of volemia. Nevertheless, it cannot be used as a separate parameter, only in combination with all other methods.

Contemporary educational reforms across the world recognize collaborative learning as a key educational competency. In the last decade the question of the importance of collaborative learning has been extended to include the context of higher education, particularly preservice teacher education, with the aim of raising the level of expectations for the use of this type of learning in practice. Preservice teachers' positive beliefs about collaborative learning, developed during their university education, can be crucial since they indicate their predisposition to use this type of learning in their own practice. This paper presents the results of a study which aimed to explore preservice teachers' beliefs about the benefits and drawbacks of collaborative learning. In the study, the descriptive method and scaling as a research technique were employed. The presented results suggest a certain link between the frequency of engagement in collaborative learning during university studies and preservice teachers' beliefs about the benefits and drawbacks of this type of learning, and highlight the importance of experiential knowledge which enables preservice teachers to make the transition from learning about collaborative learning to learning through collaborative learning, and to coordinate what they see and do during their education with what they see and do in their teaching practice. collaborative learning, preservice teacher education, preservice teachers, educational beliefs. Abstract Keywords

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Bovine mastitis is an important disease in the dairy industry responsi­ble for the welfare and significant economic losses in dairy cows. The treatment of choice for mastitis is the administration of antibiotics. However, this therapeutic choice has some disadvantages including presence of antibiotics residues in the milk, low cure rate as well as rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Therefore, new alternative approaches to antibiotics were investigated by different groups of researchers in order to find an effective approach for bovine mastitis therapy. This review was conducted in order to analyze different publications on usage of essential oils in relation to bovine mastitis. There are many in vitro studies for evaluating the antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils against many mastitis associated pathogens. In addition, numerous of tested essential oils have shown good efficacy with a wide range of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). On the other hand, only several in vivo studies have focused on therapeutic effects of essential oils. Moreover, recent studies indicate the possibility of using essential oils in the fight against biofilm which could be promising fight against bovine mastitis since unsuccessful antibiotic treatment can be associated with the presence of biofilms.

Katarina Milovuk (Ekaterina Đorđević) was born on August 28, 1844 in Novi Sad of Serbia. She proved to be one of the first women to realize her professional potentials "outside the home hearth" in Serbia, and even more authentically as a true Serbian "Heroine of the Spirit" of the targeted fight for women's rights. With her valuable presentation and views, Katarina Milovuk attracted about 3000 ladies from the most prominent Belgrade families, who accepted the task of taking part in the medical training for girls and women to help Serbian soldiers on the battlefield, and who were more decimated by the typhus epidemic than by lethal bullets of enemies. The main opus (her aim) of her social engagement was the historical struggle for women's rights and activities in the education of women's youth in Serbia. As an active participant in social life in Serbia, she participated in the historical organization of aid for the Serbian army during the wars that Serbia was waging at the time.

Introduction: Self-treatment with Lamotrigine rarely ends with toxicity, regardless of the suicidal intentions of the patient. The authors hereby present an illustrative case of the patient who has been treated with epilepsy therapy with Dandy-Walker syndrome and congenital epidermolysis bullosa (potentially skin-unwanted). Lamotrigine is a phenyltriazine-class, broad-spectrum antiepileptic and therapy of bipolar depression. Dandy-Walker syndrome is a pathological entity and represents the set of developmental, cerebral, but also other abnormalities of the organism. Epidermolysis bullosa is a hereditary, non-inflammatory skin disease with a mucous membrane of characteristic "bubbles". Case report: Our patient, a 37-year-old male was first admitted to the hospital department of Urgent Medicine of Clinical Center Kragujevac because he consumed two boxes of Lamotrigine tablets. In the receiving clinic, the patient showed respiratory failure and was urgently intubated. From medical documentation and hetero-anamnesis (obtained by his father), the authors found out that he was treated for epilepsy, Dandy-Walker syndrome, and congenital epidermolysis bullosa, which deteriorated with the use of Lamotrigine through potentially undesirable skin effects. During clinical observation, a lavage of gastric contents was conducted. The medical coal was used via nasogastric intubation as a detoxification method because of the patient’s comatose state. Causative metabolic pathway of lamotrigine, the hemodialysis was performed. Conclusion: The case report of our patient points to the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach of the expert team, consisting of the clinical pharmacologist and toxicologist, neurologist, dermatologist, nephrologists, and other specialists, if necessary. Patients with Dandy-Walker syndrome require adequate socio-medical care.

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Introduction/Objective. Peritoneal dialysis is a method of treating patients in the terminal phase of renal failure (end-stage renal disease). Peritonitis represents most severe and most common complication of peritoneal dialysis. The most common peritonitis causes are Gram negative microorganisms: Staphylococcus-coagulase-negative, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp, Neisseria sp. Gram negative microorganisms are: Pseudomonas sp, Enterococcus, Klebsiella sp, Proteus sp, Acinetobacter sp. The aim of the study was to examine the incidence of peritonitis and to determine the differences between patients with and without peritonitis and catheter infection. Other goals of the work were: the most frequent causes of peritonitis, the outcome of treatment, the influence of the length of treatment on the development of peritonitis, the influence of the peritoneal dialysis adequacy on the development of peritonitis, the influence of anemia, nutritional status, iron status, secondary hyperparathyroidism (Ca, P, CaxPO4, parathormone), protein status – albumin and the effect of acid uricum on the development of peritonitis. Methods. Retrospectively, 84 patients were analyzed of peritoneal dialysis (2012–2016) at the Kragujevac Center for Nephrology and Dialysis of Clinical Center. The diagnosis of peritonitis was based on clinical picture, biochemical analyses, leukocyte in sediment of dialysis, findings of peritoneal-culture, signs of inflammation (C-reactive protein, leukocytes). The analysis included: the most common causes, the outcome of treatment, the influence of the length of treatment, the influence of the peritoneal dialysis adequacy, the influence of anemia, the influence of iron status, the influence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, the influence of protein status - albumin, and the effect of acid uricum on the development of peritonitis. Results. In total, 22 patients had one, six patients had two, six patients had three, six patients more than three episodes of peritonitis. The difference in mean values of the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron, albumin, diastolic pressure, systolic pressure between patients with peritonitis, and those without it, were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The difference in mean values of calcium (Ca), phosphor (P), CaxPO4, uricum value, parathormone, peritoneal dialysis adequacy, systolic pressure was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The incidence of peritonitis and death were not associated (p = 1.000). Conclusion, Peritonitis is severe complication of peritoneal dialysis. Anemia and nutritional status are risk factors that affect the development of peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis.

Background/Aim: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is considered to be a drop in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (> 20 mmHg; > 10 mmHg) 3 minutes from postural changes. The objective of this study was to analyse the correlation of body mass index (BMI) and OH during the treatment with trandolapril, as a single-drug treatment of hypertension. Methods: The study involved 255 patients (average age 54.3 ± 11.7; 54.1 % men) with poorly regulated hypertension, who were given trandolapril as a single-drug treatment. The patients were divided into two groups regarding stage of hypertension: first-degree arterial hypertension (140-149 mmHg for systolic and 90-109 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure) and second-degree arterial hypertension (> 150 for systolic and > 110 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure). Incidence of OH occurrence was then analysed regarding hypertension stage and BMI during 6 months of follow-up, on 4 control examinations. Results: During 24-week period after trandolapril introduction into the treatment of hypertension, a statistically significant difference in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure values was observed. No statistically significant difference was observed in incidence of OH between the first and second as well as between third and fourth examination during the study. Regarding the incidence of OH in normal body weight and obese patients, there was also no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: As shown in this study, trandolapril, along with some other ACE inhibitors, has shown good balance in hypertension control and OH occurrence.

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Ever since their discovery, antimicrobials have helped in controlling and treating infections in both humans and animals. The control of infectious diseases is endangered by the rise of microorganisms that are resistant to this group of drugs. Limited availability of authorized veterinary drugs leads to prescription of human approved drugs. The aim of our study was to describe metronidazole use patterns and its accordance with scientific literature in Serbia. Results have shown that majority of prescriptions were written to dogs, while 27.1% prescriptions were for cats. Most common general conditions were dental and digestive disorders. Our study shows that metronidazole is available in oral and injectable form, while cats were only treated with injectable formulation. Even though pre­scription of human approved drugs for companion animals is allowed by Law, there is no official record of data on the extent or nature of off-label use in Serbia. Such information is essential for guiding antimicrobial use policy in small animal veterinary practice as well as for assessing the risk of transmission of antimicrobial resistance to humans. Recognizing the importance of antimicrobial resistance and ensuring more judicious use of antibiotics are key elements to any strategy for maintaining the usefulness of antimicrobial drugs in animals and humans.

Niacin is a reactive part of NAD and NADP, which are co-enzymes in numerous oxidative and reductive reactions. In early lactation, there is an increased lipid mobilization, accompanied by inflammatory response and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of niacin administration in cows during early lactation in reducing lipid peroxidation i.e. MDA (malondialdehyde) concentration. Niacin was administered through feed two weeks before and two weeks after calving. Blood samples were taken in the week preceding calving and in the first and second week after calving. MDA concentration was significantly lower in cows receiving niacin compared to the control group during all three samplings: 1.89±0.33:1.42±0.13 (calving, week 0); 2.37±0.41:1.64±0.15 (first week) and 2.6±0.45:1.8±0.17µmol/L (second week). In control cows, no significant correlation between MDA and NEFA concentrations was found compared to cows fed niacin. In cows receiving niacin, the concentration of MDA linearly increased, as did the NEFA concentration. Niacin supplementation in early lactation can decreaselipid peroxidation in cows. Reduced lipid peroxidation in cows can be a consequence of the antilipolytic effect of niacin.

Measurement of lean meat on slaughter line and formation of price on the basis significantly contribute to the overall improvement of the quality and profitability of production and distribution of pork. The content of lean meat on live pigs was measured on farm using ultrasound device PIGLOG 105. While in slaughterhouse, the content of lean meat measured using Fat-O-Meater (FOM), two-point method (TP) and partial dissection. 59.30% of lean meat in vivo was estimated by the apparatus PIGLOG-105 one day before slaughter. It is 0.91% more then partial dissection and when compared to FOM and TP it is more 4.86% and 4.02%. Great deviation between PIGLOG-105 on one side and FOM and TP on other side indicated some error, and then partial dissection solved this mystery. After this study, slaughterhouse constructed new formulas for FOM in pig carcass classification. Regarding that, slaughterhouses which used FOM or similar equipment for measuring percentage of lean meat, should control results of the equipment described in this study, minimum twice a year.

The surface exploitation of mineral raw materials inevitably changes the environment, thus resulting in soil degradation. This paper presents the results of growing sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Pers.) in the reclaimed Deposol (technosols) in the Stanari Coal Mine area. Green manuring was the cultural practice used for sudangrass growing and land reclamation. The purpose of this research is to increase the amount of organic matter in the Deposol surface layer. The research was performed within a two-year period (2009-2010) at the experimental (technosol) site of the Stanari Coal Mine, located on the inside part of the overburden deposition site, near the Raskovac pit. The research of green manuring included a two-factor experiment with four replications. Two cultivars of sudangrass (Factor A) were used with three fertilization treatments (Factor B). The soil analyses indicated a sandy and low fertile soil. The experimental plot Deposol showed favorable physical properties, whereas its chemical and biological properties proved very unfavourable. The highest yield of biomass (29.15 t ha-1), as well as the dry matter (10.30 t ha-1), was recorded in the cultivar ‘Piper Sweet’ (in 2009), which was completely treated with mineral fertilizers. The lowest yields of biomass (2.05 t ha-1) and dry matter (0.95 t ha-1) were observed in the cultivar ‘Srem’ in 2010. Statistically significant differences were found between the treatments applied, emphasizing that only certain cultivars of sudangrass and types of fertilization (encompassing reasonably high amounts of nitrogen) can significantly increase the amount of organic matter in Deposol.

Studies worldwide suggest that one of the key problems in education is the training of students to independently select, combine and coordinate the use of different learning strategies in an effective manner. In order for the individual to be able to adapt learning strategies to the learning context, he or she must first master them, which requires the creation of conditions that enable children and students to independently practice certain academic skills in accordance with their experience, i.e. their previously acquired skills, and the nature of the learning content. This paper presents the results of a study which sought to examine the presence prevalence, quality and character of independent work among children in the 5 to 10 age range in the sphere of discovering and understanding the world and in science and social studies teaching. A descriptive method using the research technique of systematic observation was employed. The results suggest that there is a lack of activities that can adequately support the training of children and students for independent work and learning, that activities characterized by a higher degree of autonomy decline with children's and students' age, and that the character of children's and students' independent learning activities is not appropriate to the nature of the learning content.

Although the significance of the technical aspects of the mining industry can not be ignored, narrow focus only on technical issues is no longer enough to guarantee economic success, even in the richest ore bodies. On this way results of the economic analysis of particular technological stages of exploitation are an important parameter of productivity and efficiency of the whole exploitation process. This paper presents a model of the economic evaluation of different variants of drilling and blasting, and analyzing the results obtained with the consideration of all the cost of drilling and blasting operation defined in the process of specific grain size production. This is followed by the selection of technically and economically optimal variant of this technological operations in the mineral raw materials exploitation.

Control of udder health is an essential element in the process of safe milk production. Thus through the mastitis control program dairy farms regularly conduct measures of detection and prevention of udder diseases. Subclinical mastitis is an important disease of dairy cows causing economic losses and physical and chemical changes in milk. The aim of this research was to evaluate the usefulness of the California and the Draminski mastitis test to detect the subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. The efficacy of indirect mastitis tests for diagnosis of the subclinical mastitis was determined by comparing results of mastitis tests with bacteriological findings. The experiment was conducted on two dairy farms (farm A and farm B) Holstein - Friesian breed. A total of 245 quarter milk samples were examined, 95 quarter milk samples with the California mastitis test from farm A and 150 quarter milk samples with the Draminski mastitis test from farm B. A quarter milk samples for bacteriological analysis were taken aseptically during the morning milking in sterile test tubes. On farm A, bacteria growth has not been detected in 46.32% (44/95) quarter milk samples, while on farm B negative bacteriological findings have been found in 50.67% samples (76/150). In present study, sensitivity of the California mastitis test (78.57%) is higher than sensitivity of the Draminski mastitis test (74.32%). The specificity of the California mastitis test and the Draminski mastitis test is 82.05% and 30.26%, respectively. Efficacy of the California mastitis test in detection of the subclinical mastitis in dairy cows is better than that of the Draminski mastitis test, since accuracy of the California mastitis test has been higher.

No abstract available

Gears are used in most types of machinery, including the automotive industry as a wide known application. Different types of gears are specified through many (inter)national standards, mainly their geometry, design specifications or requirements while the (micro) structures of gear's teeth are less known. In diagnostics of damage or rupture, when it is happened, the microstructure undergoes to investigation but this is usually too late. From that reason the (micro)structure and hardness of gear tooth should be known in advance and here is defined. In manufacturing of a gear many methods are available rather by cutting (milling, hobbing, shaving or grinding) than forging. Those cutting methods have no great influence on the structure. If the grinding was not performed correctly than the hardened surface may be softened, even with cracks. The main influences on the structure to be obtained lie in a kind of production techniques such as: casting, forging, rolling and finely by a kind of chemical heat-treating of gear teeth surface. Here are presented typical zones and microstructures realized through the chemical heat-treating of teeth, and those should be known, especially for providing an incoming control of a gear in industrial conditions. Those data are of a crucial importance for a gear life.

Stands of the association of Scirpo-Phragmitetum communis W. Koch 1926 are developing as a secondary emersive vegetation that represents a transition from wetland to terrestrial vegetation. Edificatory type of association, Phragmites communis L. is in competition with Typha latifilia L., and based on the water depth and land characteristics one of those two types dominate by forming sub-associations phragmitetosum Schmalle 1939 and typhaetosum (angustifoliae-latifoliae) Soó 1973. Using Braun-Blanquet methodology on the basis of 10 phytocoenological clips brought to the conclusion of the domination of the phragmitetosum subassociation Schmalle 1939. This sub-association develops in a zone around water pools and the Web of canals or makes islands in singular pools or covers entire pool surface during draught. The development of the stands of subassociation of typhaetosum (angustifoliae-latifoliae) Soó 1973 is conditioned with the higher level of water. Stands are floristically empty and the dinamics is hard to notice. Floristic structure of the association contains 34 herbal species: Phragmites communis Trin., Typha latifolia L. and Amorpha fruticosa L. The invasive species, Amorpha fruticosa L. enters the structure of seven stands with relatively small covering value and it either makes peripheral band and canal webs or mixes with Phragmites communis, Salix and Populus. Dominant life form of this association is cryptophyta (47,06%). In the areal spectrum, widely spread flora elements are dominating (82,35%). The values of ecologic indexes point to hydrohelophyta character of stands developing on the neutral or low-acid lands, mineral substances with medium security and adequate light and temperature conditions. The significance of the research can be viewed from both negative and positive aspects of influence on the ecosystem in general.