25 results on '"Koops K"'
Search Results
2. Multidimensional primate niche space sheds light on interspecific competition in primate evolution
- Author
-
van Holstein, L. A., McKay, H. D., Pimiento, C., and Koops, K.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The reluctant innovator: orangutans and the phylogeny of creativity
- Author
-
van Schaik, C. P., Burkart, J., Damerius, L., Forss, S. I. F., Koops, K., van Noordwijk, M. A., and Schuppli, C.
- Published
- 2016
4. Why do wild bonobos not use tools like chimpanzees do?
- Author
-
Furuichi, T, Koops, K, Ryu, H, Sanz, C, Sakamaki, T, Morgan, D, Tokuyama, N, University of Zurich, and Furuichi, T
- Subjects
10207 Department of Anthropology ,300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology ,2802 Behavioral Neuroscience ,1103 Animal Science and Zoology - Published
- 2015
5. Zur Verwendung von Borstenmehl und Klärschlamm im Forellenfutter
- Author
-
Gropp, J., Schwalb-Bühling, A., Tiews, K., and Koops, K.
- Subjects
sludge ,trout farming ,Aquaculture ,fish feeding ,feed utilisation - Abstract
Johann Heinrich von Thunen-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries began publishing the Informationen aus der Fischereiforschung – Information on Fishery research in 2010
- Published
- 1981
6. Wetenschap of Ervaring: een Dilemma? Een repliek op de rede van H. Leune over het onderwijsaanbod in het voortgezet onderwjs
- Author
-
Terwel, J., Creemers, B, Hoeben, W., Koops, K., and Research and Theory in Education
- Abstract
Professor Leune' s analyses bevatten interessante gezichtspunten. Zijn bewogenheid voor de kwaliteit van het onderwijs juist ten behoeve van de zwakken in de samenleving verdient alle lof. Echter met zijn voorstellen speelt hij bepaalde restauratieve tendensen in de kaart. Leune heeft geen alternatief. Hij blijft overwegend denken in termen van vakken, lesuren en lessentabellen. Hij maakt een karikatuur van de reformpedagogiek. Hij beschiet stellingen die allang zijn verlaten of zelfs nooit zijn ingenomen. Hij heeft te weinig oog voor het feit dat de demotivatieproblemen in het lager beroepsonderwijs het gevolg zijn van uitbreiding van cognitieve', traditionele vakken. Zijn analyse behoeft een correctie en aanvulling vanuit vakdidactiek en curriculumtheorie. Dit geldt in het bijzonder voor vakgebieden die bij uitstek geschikt zijn voor wetenschappelijke vorming en cognitieve ontwikkeling: wiskunde, natuurkunde, scheikunde en techniek. Het gaat niet om wetenschap of ervaring, om koken of wiskunde. Die vraag is een gepasseerd station. Het gaat om een verbinding van ervaring en wetenschappelijke kennis, in exemplarisch onderwijs op brede leergebieden. Alleen zo kan leerstofoverlading, fragmentatie en eenzijdigheid worden vermeden en toch voldoende diepgang worden bereikt.
- Published
- 1983
7. The ecology of primate material culture
- Author
-
Elisabetta Visalberghi, Carel P. van Schaik, Kathelijne Koops, Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, University of Zurich, and Koops, K
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,10207 Department of Anthropology ,Pan troglodytes ,1101 Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Ecology (disciplines) ,primates ,Culture ,1100 General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Environment ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Models, Biological ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cognition ,Extant taxon ,biology.animal ,Cultural Evolution ,Animals ,Cebus ,Primate ,Sociocultural evolution ,Social Behavior ,Sociality ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,material culture ,biology ,Tool Use Behavior ,Ecology ,300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology ,Pongo ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,tool use ,Variation (linguistics) ,Animal Behaviour ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
Tool use in extant primates may inform our understanding of the conditions that favoured the expansion of hominin technology and material culture. The 'method of exclusion' has, arguably, confirmed the presence of culture in wild animal populations by excluding ecological and genetic explanations for geographical variation in behaviour. However, this method neglects ecological influences on culture, which, ironically, may be critical for understanding technology and thus material culture. We review all the current evidence for the role of ecology in shaping material culture in three habitual tool-using non-human primates: chimpanzees, orangutans and capuchin monkeys. We show that environmental opportunity, rather than necessity, is the main driver. We argue that a better understanding of primate technology requires explicit investigation of the role of ecological conditions. We propose a model in which three sets of factors, namely environment, sociality and cognition, influence invention, transmission and retention of material culture., K.K. thanks Lucie Burgers Foundation (The Netherlands), Homerton College (Cambridge) and Tetsuro Matsuzawa. C.P.v.S. thanks the A.H. Schultz Foundation and SNF (grant no. 31003A-138368/1).
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Christophe Boesch (1951-2024), primatologist and chimpanzee champion.
- Author
-
Koops K and Wrangham R
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Animal behavior: Monkeys use tools for diet quality, not quantity.
- Author
-
Koops K
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Haplorhini, Cebus, Behavior, Animal, Diet, Tool Use Behavior
- Abstract
An enduring question in the study of human evolution is why tool use evolved. A new study has found that stone tools improve diet quality in wild capuchin monkeys. Tools may have similarly increased the nutritional security in ancestral hominins., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The author declares no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The ecology and epidemiology of malaria parasitism in wild chimpanzee reservoirs.
- Author
-
Scully EJ, Liu W, Li Y, Ndjango JN, Peeters M, Kamenya S, Pusey AE, Lonsdorf EV, Sanz CM, Morgan DB, Piel AK, Stewart FA, Gonder MK, Simmons N, Asiimwe C, Zuberbühler K, Koops K, Chapman CA, Chancellor R, Rundus A, Huffman MA, Wolfe ND, Duraisingh MT, Hahn BH, and Wrangham RW
- Subjects
- Animals, Cross-Sectional Studies, DNA, Mitochondrial genetics, Humans, Pan troglodytes genetics, Phylogeny, Hominidae, Malaria epidemiology, Malaria parasitology, Malaria veterinary, Malaria, Falciparum epidemiology, Malaria, Falciparum parasitology, Plasmodium genetics
- Abstract
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) harbor rich assemblages of malaria parasites, including three species closely related to P. falciparum (sub-genus Laverania), the most malignant human malaria parasite. Here, we characterize the ecology and epidemiology of malaria infection in wild chimpanzee reservoirs. We used molecular assays to screen chimpanzee fecal samples, collected longitudinally and cross-sectionally from wild populations, for malaria parasite mitochondrial DNA. We found that chimpanzee malaria parasitism has an early age of onset and varies seasonally in prevalence. A subset of samples revealed Hepatocystis mitochondrial DNA, with phylogenetic analyses suggesting that Hepatocystis appears to cross species barriers more easily than Laverania. Longitudinal and cross-sectional sampling independently support the hypothesis that mean ambient temperature drives spatiotemporal variation in chimpanzee Laverania infection. Infection probability peaked at ~24.5 °C, consistent with the empirical transmission optimum of P. falciparum in humans. Forest cover was also positively correlated with spatial variation in Laverania prevalence, consistent with the observation that forest-dwelling Anophelines are the primary vectors. Extrapolating these relationships across equatorial Africa, we map spatiotemporal variation in the suitability of chimpanzee habitat for Laverania transmission, offering a hypothetical baseline indicator of human exposure risk., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The evolutionary drivers of primate scleral coloration.
- Author
-
Mearing AS, Burkart JM, Dunn J, Street SE, and Koops K
- Subjects
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Pan troglodytes, Phylogeny, Pigmentation, Primates, Sclera
- Abstract
The drivers of divergent scleral morphologies in primates are currently unclear, though white sclerae are often assumed to underlie human hyper-cooperative behaviours. Humans are unusual in possessing depigmented sclerae whereas many other extant primates, including the closely-related chimpanzee, possess dark scleral pigment. Here, we use phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) analyses with previously generated species-level scores of proactive prosociality, social tolerance (both n = 15 primate species), and conspecific lethal aggression (n = 108 primate species) to provide the first quantitative, comparative test of three existing hypotheses. The 'self-domestication' and 'cooperative eye' explanations predict white sclerae to be associated with cooperative, rather than competitive, environments. The 'gaze camouflage' hypothesis predicts that dark scleral pigment functions as gaze direction camouflage in competitive social environments. Notably, the experimental evidence that non-human primates draw social information from conspecific eye movements is unclear, with the latter two hypotheses having recently been challenged. Here, we show that white sclerae in primates are associated with increased cooperative behaviours whereas dark sclerae are associated with reduced cooperative behaviours and increased conspecific lethal violence. These results are consistent with all three hypotheses of scleral evolution, suggesting that primate scleral morphologies evolve in relation to variation in social environment., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Quantifying gaze conspicuousness: Are humans distinct from chimpanzees and bonobos?
- Author
-
Mearing AS and Koops K
- Subjects
- Adult, Animals, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Social Behavior, Social Cognition, Fixation, Ocular, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Crab-fishing by chimpanzees in the Nimba Mountains, Guinea.
- Author
-
Koops K, Wrangham RW, Cumberlidge N, Fitzgerald MA, van Leeuwen KL, Rothman JM, and Matsuzawa T
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Guinea, Male, Micronutrients analysis, Brachyura, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Pan troglodytes physiology
- Abstract
The significance of aquatic food resources for hominins is poorly understood, despite evidence of consumption as early as 1.95 million years ago (Ma). Here we present the first evidence of a non-human ape habitually catching and consuming aquatic crabs. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the rainforest of the Nimba Mountains (Guinea) consumed freshwater crabs year-round, irrespective of rainfall or ripe fruit availability. Parties of females and offspring fished for crabs more than predicted and for longer durations than adult males. Across months, crab-fishing was negatively correlated with ant-dipping, suggesting a similar nutritional role. These findings contribute to our understanding of aquatic faunivory among hominins. First, aquatic faunivory can occur in closed forests in addition to open wetlands. Second, aquatic fauna could have been a staple part of some hominin diets, rather than merely a fallback food. Third, the habitual consumption of aquatic fauna could have been especially important for females and their immature offspring. In addition to providing small amounts of essential fatty acids, crabs might also be eaten for their micronutrients such as sodium and calcium, especially by females and young individuals who may have limited access to meat., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. CD4 receptor diversity in chimpanzees protects against SIV infection.
- Author
-
Bibollet-Ruche F, Russell RM, Liu W, Stewart-Jones GBE, Sherrill-Mix S, Li Y, Learn GH, Smith AG, Gondim MVP, Plenderleith LJ, Decker JM, Easlick JL, Wetzel KS, Collman RG, Ding S, Finzi A, Ayouba A, Peeters M, Leendertz FH, van Schijndel J, Goedmakers A, Ton E, Boesch C, Kuehl H, Arandjelovic M, Dieguez P, Murai M, Colin C, Koops K, Speede S, Gonder MK, Muller MN, Sanz CM, Morgan DB, Atencia R, Cox D, Piel AK, Stewart FA, Ndjango JN, Mjungu D, Lonsdorf EV, Pusey AE, Kwong PD, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, and Hahn BH
- Subjects
- Animals, CD4 Antigens immunology, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Variation immunology, HIV genetics, HIV pathogenicity, Humans, Pan troglodytes genetics, Pan troglodytes immunology, Polysaccharides genetics, Polysaccharides immunology, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome immunology, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome virology, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus pathogenicity, Viral Envelope Proteins immunology, CD4 Antigens genetics, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome genetics, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus genetics, Viral Envelope Proteins genetics
- Abstract
Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV/SIVs) use CD4 as the primary receptor to enter target cells. Here, we show that the chimpanzee CD4 is highly polymorphic, with nine coding variants present in wild populations, and that this diversity interferes with SIV envelope (Env)-CD4 interactions. Testing the replication fitness of SIVcpz strains in CD4
+ T cells from captive chimpanzees, we found that certain viruses were unable to infect cells from certain hosts. These differences were recapitulated in CD4 transfection assays, which revealed a strong association between CD4 genotypes and SIVcpz infection phenotypes. The most striking differences were observed for three substitutions (Q25R, Q40R, and P68T), with P68T generating a second N-linked glycosylation site (N66) in addition to an invariant N32 encoded by all chimpanzee CD4 alleles. In silico modeling and site-directed mutagenesis identified charged residues at the CD4-Env interface and clashes between CD4- and Env-encoded glycans as mechanisms of inhibition. CD4 polymorphisms also reduced Env-mediated cell entry of monkey SIVs, which was dependent on at least one D1 domain glycan. CD4 allele frequencies varied among wild chimpanzees, with high diversity in all but the western subspecies, which appeared to have undergone a selective sweep. One allele was associated with lower SIVcpz prevalence rates in the wild. These results indicate that substitutions in the D1 domain of the chimpanzee CD4 can prevent SIV cell entry. Although some SIVcpz strains have adapted to utilize these variants, CD4 diversity is maintained, protecting chimpanzees against infection with SIVcpz and other SIVs to which they are exposed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2019 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Response to: Chimpanzee culture extends beyond matrilineal family units.
- Author
-
Wrangham RW, Worthington S, Bernard AB, Koops K, Machanda ZP, and Muller MN
- Subjects
- Animals, Culture, Grooming, Pan troglodytes, Social Behavior
- Abstract
We thank van Leeuwen et al.[1] for their response to our finding that matrilineal relationships strongly influence the style of high-arm grooming in wild chimpanzees of the Kanyawara community. We agree with them that grooming styles could be transmitted by different mechanisms in different contexts, and we appreciate their effort to assess whether the transmission of grooming styles within two captive groups in Chimfunshi accords with our result., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Distribution of a Chimpanzee Social Custom Is Explained by Matrilineal Relationship Rather Than Conformity.
- Author
-
Wrangham RW, Koops K, Machanda ZP, Worthington S, Bernard AB, Brazeau NF, Donovan R, Rosen J, Wilke C, Otali E, and Muller MN
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Male, Uganda, Grooming, Pan troglodytes, Social Behavior, Social Learning
- Abstract
High-arm grooming is a form of chimpanzee grooming in which two individuals mutually groom while each raising one arm. Palm-to-palm clasping (PPC) is a distinct style of high-arm grooming in which the grooming partners clasp each other's raised palms. In wild communities, samples of at least 100 observed dyads grooming with raised hands showed PPC frequencies varying from <5% (M group, Mahale) to >30% dyads grooming (Kanyawara, Kibale), and in a large free-ranging sanctuary group, the frequency reached >80% dyads (group 1, Chimfunshi) [1, 2]. Because between-community differences in frequency of PPC apparently result from social learning, are stable across generations, and last for at least 9 years, they are thought to be cultural, but the mechanism of transmission is unknown [2]. Here, we examine factors responsible for individual variation in PPC frequency within a single wild community. We found that in the Kanyawara community (Kibale, Uganda), adults of both sexes varied widely in their PPC frequency (from <10% to >50%) and did not converge on a central group tendency. However, frequencies of PPC were highly consistent within matrilines, indicating that individuals maintained lifelong fidelity to the grooming style of their mothers. Matrilineal inheritance of socially learned behaviors has previously been reported for tool use in chimpanzees [3] and in the vocal and feeding behavior of cetaceans [4, 5]. Our evidence indicates that matrilineal inheritance can be sufficiently strong in nonhuman primates to account for long-term differences in community traditions., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The reluctant innovator: orangutans and the phylogeny of creativity.
- Author
-
van Schaik CP, Burkart J, Damerius L, Forss SI, Koops K, van Noordwijk MA, and Schuppli C
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Wild, Animals, Zoo, Behavior, Animal, Creativity, Phylogeny, Pongo physiology
- Abstract
Young orangutans are highly neophobic, avoid independent exploration and show a preference for social learning. Accordingly, they acquire virtually all their learned skills through exploration that is socially induced. Adult exploration rates are also low. Comparisons strongly suggest that major innovations, i.e. behaviours that have originally been brought into the population through individual invention, are made where ecological opportunities to do so are propitious. Most populations nonetheless have large innovation repertoires, because innovations, once made, are retained well through social transmission. Wild orangutans are therefore not innovative. In striking contrast, zoo-living orangutans actively seek novelty and are highly exploratory and innovative, probably because of positive reinforcement, active encouragement by human role models, increased sociality and an expectation of safety. The explanation for this contrast most relevant to hominin evolution is that captive apes generally have a highly reduced cognitive load, in particular owing to the absence of predation risk, which strongly reduces the costs of exploration. If the orangutan results generalize to other great apes, this suggests that our ancestors could have become more curious once they had achieved near-immunity to predation on the eve of the explosive increase in creativity characterizing the Upper Palaeolithic Revolution., (© 2016 The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Sex Differences in Object Manipulation in Wild Immature Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and Bonobos (Pan paniscus): Preparation for Tool Use?
- Author
-
Koops K, Furuichi T, Hashimoto C, and van Schaik CP
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Animals, Animals, Wild psychology, Female, Male, Sex Factors, Pan paniscus psychology, Pan troglodytes psychology, Tool Use Behavior
- Abstract
Sex differences in immatures predict behavioural differences in adulthood in many mammal species. Because most studies have focused on sex differences in social interactions, little is known about possible sex differences in 'preparation' for adult life with regards to tool use skills. We investigated sex and age differences in object manipulation in immature apes. Chimpanzees use a variety of tools across numerous contexts, whereas bonobos use few tools and none in foraging. In both species, a female bias in adult tool use has been reported. We studied object manipulation in immature chimpanzees at Kalinzu (Uganda) and bonobos at Wamba (Democratic Republic of Congo). We tested predictions of the 'preparation for tool use' hypothesis. We confirmed that chimpanzees showed higher rates and more diverse types of object manipulation than bonobos. Against expectation, male chimpanzees showed higher object manipulation rates than females, whereas in bonobos no sex difference was found. However, object manipulation by male chimpanzees was play-dominated, whereas manipulation types of female chimpanzees were more diverse (e.g., bite, break, carry). Manipulation by young immatures of both species was similarly dominated by play, but only in chimpanzees did it become more diverse with age. Moreover, in chimpanzees, object types became more tool-like (i.e., sticks) with age, further suggesting preparation for tool use in adulthood. The male bias in object manipulation in immature chimpanzees, along with the late onset of tool-like object manipulation, indicates that not all (early) object manipulation (i.e., object play) in immatures prepares for subsistence tool use. Instead, given the similarity with gender differences in human children, object play may also function in motor skill practice for male-specific behaviours (e.g., dominance displays). In conclusion, even though immature behaviours almost certainly reflect preparation for adult roles, more detailed future work is needed to disentangle possible functions of object manipulation during development.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Cultural differences in ant-dipping tool length between neighbouring chimpanzee communities at Kalinzu, Uganda.
- Author
-
Koops K, Schöning C, Isaji M, and Hashimoto C
- Subjects
- Animals, Ants, Ecology, Ecosystem, Forests, Geography, Uganda, Feeding Behavior physiology, Pan troglodytes physiology, Predatory Behavior physiology, Tool Use Behavior physiology
- Abstract
Cultural variation has been identified in a growing number of animal species ranging from primates to cetaceans. The principal method used to establish the presence of culture in wild populations is the method of exclusion. This method is problematic, since it cannot rule out the influence of genetics and ecology in geographically distant populations. A new approach to the study of culture compares neighbouring groups belonging to the same population. We applied this new approach by comparing ant-dipping tool length between two neighbouring communities of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda. Ant-dipping tool length varies across chimpanzee study sites in relation to army ant species (Dorylus spp.) and dipping location (nest vs. trail). We compared the availability of army ant species and dipping tool length between the two communities. M-group tools were significantly longer than S-group tools, despite identical army ant target species availabilities. Moreover, tool length in S-group was shorter than at all other sites where chimpanzees prey on epigaeic ants at nests. Considering the lack of ecological differences between the two communities, the tool length difference appears to be cultural. Our findings highlight how cultural knowledge can generate small-scale cultural diversification in neighbouring chimpanzee communities.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Chimpanzees and bonobos differ in intrinsic motivation for tool use.
- Author
-
Koops K, Furuichi T, and Hashimoto C
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Male, Behavior, Animal, Motivation, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes
- Abstract
Tool use in nonhuman apes can help identify the conditions that drove the extraordinary expansion of hominin technology. Chimpanzees and bonobos are our closest living relatives. Whereas chimpanzees are renowned for their tool use, bonobos use few tools and none in foraging. We investigated whether extrinsic (ecological and social opportunities) or intrinsic (predispositions) differences explain this contrast by comparing chimpanzees at Kalinzu (Uganda) and bonobos at Wamba (DRC). We assessed ecological opportunities based on availability of resources requiring tool use. We examined potential opportunities for social learning in immature apes. Lastly, we investigated predispositions by measuring object manipulation and object play. Extrinsic opportunities did not explain the tool use difference, whereas intrinsic predispositions did. Chimpanzees manipulated and played more with objects than bonobos, despite similar levels of solitary and social play. Selection for increased intrinsic motivation to manipulate objects likely also played an important role in the evolution of hominin tool use.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The ecology of primate material culture.
- Author
-
Koops K, Visalberghi E, and van Schaik CP
- Subjects
- Animals, Cognition, Cultural Evolution, Environment, Models, Biological, Social Behavior, Cebus psychology, Culture, Pan troglodytes psychology, Pongo psychology, Tool Use Behavior
- Abstract
Tool use in extant primates may inform our understanding of the conditions that favoured the expansion of hominin technology and material culture. The 'method of exclusion' has, arguably, confirmed the presence of culture in wild animal populations by excluding ecological and genetic explanations for geographical variation in behaviour. However, this method neglects ecological influences on culture, which, ironically, may be critical for understanding technology and thus material culture. We review all the current evidence for the role of ecology in shaping material culture in three habitual tool-using non-human primates: chimpanzees, orangutans and capuchin monkeys. We show that environmental opportunity, rather than necessity, is the main driver. We argue that a better understanding of primate technology requires explicit investigation of the role of ecological conditions. We propose a model in which three sets of factors, namely environment, sociality and cognition, influence invention, transmission and retention of material culture., (© 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts.
- Author
-
Wilson ML, Boesch C, Fruth B, Furuichi T, Gilby IC, Hashimoto C, Hobaiter CL, Hohmann G, Itoh N, Koops K, Lloyd JN, Matsuzawa T, Mitani JC, Mjungu DC, Morgan D, Muller MN, Mundry R, Nakamura M, Pruetz J, Pusey AE, Riedel J, Sanz C, Schel AM, Simmons N, Waller M, Watts DP, White F, Wittig RM, Zuberbühler K, and Wrangham RW
- Subjects
- Africa, Animals, Animals, Wild physiology, Animals, Wild psychology, Female, Food, Humans, Male, Population Density, Sexual Behavior, Animal physiology, Aggression physiology, Aggression psychology, Behavior, Animal physiology, Human Activities, Models, Biological, Pan paniscus physiology, Pan paniscus psychology, Pan troglodytes physiology, Pan troglodytes psychology
- Abstract
Observations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) provide valuable comparative data for understanding the significance of conspecific killing. Two kinds of hypothesis have been proposed. Lethal violence is sometimes concluded to be the result of adaptive strategies, such that killers ultimately gain fitness benefits by increasing their access to resources such as food or mates. Alternatively, it could be a non-adaptive result of human impacts, such as habitat change or food provisioning. To discriminate between these hypotheses we compiled information from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades. Our data include 152 killings (n = 58 observed, 41 inferred, and 53 suspected killings) by chimpanzees in 15 communities and one suspected killing by bonobos. We found that males were the most frequent attackers (92% of participants) and victims (73%); most killings (66%) involved intercommunity attacks; and attackers greatly outnumbered their victims (median 8:1 ratio). Variation in killing rates was unrelated to measures of human impacts. Our results are compatible with previously proposed adaptive explanations for killing by chimpanzees, whereas the human impact hypothesis is not supported.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Chimpanzee mothers at Bossou, Guinea carry the mummified remains of their dead infants.
- Author
-
Biro D, Humle T, Koops K, Sousa C, Hayashi M, and Matsuzawa T
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Suckling, Female, Guinea, Social Behavior, Behavior, Animal physiology, Death, Maternal Behavior physiology, Mothers, Pan troglodytes
- Abstract
The forests surrounding Bossou, Guinea, are home to a small, semi-isolated chimpanzee community studied for over three decades [1]. In 1992, Matsuzawa [2] reported the death of a 2.5-year-old chimpanzee (Jokro) at Bossou from a respiratory illness. The infant's mother (Jire) carried the corpse, mummified in the weeks following death, for at least 27 days. She exhibited extensive care of the body, grooming it regularly, sharing her day- and night-nests with it, and showing distress whenever they became separated. The carrying of infants' corpses has been reported from a number of primate species, both in captivity and the wild [3-7] - albeit usually lasting a few days only - suggesting a phylogenetic continuity for a behavior that is poignant testament to the close mother-infant bond which extends across different primate taxa. In this report we recount two further infant deaths at Bossou, observed over a decade after the original episode but with striking similarities., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Modularity, individuality, and evo-devo in butterfly wings.
- Author
-
Beldade P, Koops K, and Brakefield PM
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Male, Wings, Animal, Biological Evolution, Butterflies, Selection, Genetic
- Abstract
Modularity in animal development is thought to have facilitated morphological diversification, but independent change of those traits integrated within a module might be restricted. Correlations among traits describe potential developmental constraints on evolution. These have often been postulated to explain patterns of morphological variation and have been examined theoretically but seldom analyzed experimentally. Here, we use artificial selection to explore the modular organization of butterfly wing patterns and the extent to which their evolution is constrained by the genetic correlations among repeated pattern elements. We show that, in Bicyclus anynana butterflies, despite the evidence that all eyespots are developmentally coupled, the response to selection for increased size of one individual eyespot can proceed in a manner largely independent from selection imposed on another eyespot. We argue that among-eyespot correlations are unlikely to have constrained the evolutionary diversification of butterfly wing patterns but might be important when only limited time is available for adaptive evolution to occur. The ease with which we have been able to produce independent responses to artificial selection on different eyespots may be linked to a legacy of natural selection favoring individuality. Our results are discussed within the context of the evolution of modularity and individuality of serially repeated morphological traits.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Developmental constraints versus flexibility in morphological evolution.
- Author
-
Beldade P, Koops K, and Brakefield PM
- Subjects
- Animals, Butterflies genetics, Butterflies physiology, Developmental Biology, Female, Genetic Variation genetics, Male, Models, Biological, Phenotype, Wings, Animal physiology, Biological Evolution, Butterflies growth & development, Genetic Variation physiology, Pigmentation, Selection, Genetic, Wings, Animal growth & development
- Abstract
Evolutionary developmental biology has encouraged a change of research emphasis from the sorting of phenotypic variation by natural selection to the production of that variation through development. Some morphologies are more readily generated than others, and developmental mechanisms can limit or channel evolutionary change. Such biases determine how readily populations are able to respond to selection, and have been postulated to explain stasis in morphological evolution and unexplored morphologies. There has been much discussion about evolutionary constraints but empirical data testing them directly are sparse. The spectacular diversity in butterfly wing patterns is suggestive of how little constrained morphological evolution can be. However, for wing patterns involving serial repeats of the same element, developmental properties suggest that some directions of evolutionary change might be restricted. Here we show that despite the developmental coupling between different eyespots in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, there is great potential for independent changes. This flexibility is consistent with the diversity of wing patterns across species and argues for a dominant role of natural selection, rather than internal constraints, in shaping existing variation.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.