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The rapid increase in sport sponsorship expenditure has been accompanied by a significant growth of research studies evaluating sponsorship efficiency in various sport contexts. Nevertheless, the majority of research studies have concentrated on the comprehension of the variables driving to behaviors. A more precise evaluation of sport sponsorship efficiency is of necessity, taking into attitudinal as well as behavioral constructs. This study focused on the exploration of the attitudinal and behavioral constructs in the context of sport sponsorship. More precisely, the aim of this research is to offer some elucidations of the effect of fans’ involvement with sport, the degree of their attachment with their favorite team, their beliefs about sponsorship and the anticipated sincerity of the sponsors on the awareness of and attitude toward real sponsoring firms, as well as its subsequent influence on future purchase intentions concerning sponsoring firms’ merchandise. Data from 2,752 fans were successfully gathered and analyzed utilizing structural equation modeling analysis. The results of a structural equation model provide an exceptional conceptual framework that underlines the significance of comprehending the role of important factors in sponsorship efficiency. The findings highlight the influential role of the examined factors in guiding sport clubs’ supporters to form favorable attitudes and purchase sponsors’ goods and services — an outcome of considerable significance for both the practitioners and academics in the field. Various implications for future research studies as well as strategies to boost the advantages for both the sport clubs and sponsoring firms can be drawn from the suggested model.

Two of the most unpredictable uncertainty indices could explain the business and stock price performance of TATA Consultancy Services (TCS) before and after the COVID‐19 pandemic. This pandemic affects business performance and predictability from uncertainty indices. With the second spread of the pandemic, IT industries have been prepared for the high networking bandwidth. Moreover, the bivariate VAR(1)‐GARCH(1,1) model is weaker during the COVID‐19 period. IT outsourcing after the worldwide outbreak of the disease is one of the most thriving enterprises globally. The coronavirus crisis is expected to have an impact on the IT outsourcing industry. Most of the uncertainty indices of these days are built up from news outlets explored in the case study of TCS. Quantitative examination strategies have been utilized to explore the impact of doubt indices in TCS and the residuals if the organization's emergency persists.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of pre-competitive anxiety experienced by N=348 Greek basketball referees. In order to classify the stress factors Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) used. The aim was to examine Cognitive state anxiety, Somatic state anxiety, and Self-confidence, which require them to exercise self-control for optimal performance before and after the games. Results indicated that cognitive and somatic anxiety after the event was higher. On the other hand, self-confident decreased. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that referees' competitive anxiety might affect their fear of mistakes before a stressful game.

The aim of this research is to examine sport sponsorship’s effectiveness over the internet. A conceptual framework for sponsorship evaluation over the internet was proposed, incorporating crucial factors such as supporters’ beliefs about sponsorship, their satisfaction form the sport event as well as their degree of sport involvement, the usage of website and social media, awareness of and attitude toward real sponsoring firms and their actual and future purchase intentions concerning sponsors’ goods and services. A quantitative method was used for the purpose of the current research and a total of 3434 questionnaires were successfully completed and analyzed. The empirical results indicated that sponsorship awareness impacts positively and significantly in both actual and intended purchase behavior of the respondents, suggesting that sponsorship awareness is the initial stage of a continuum of fans’ responses that can lead to their purchase intentions and actual purchase. Evidence on this study contributes to the ongoing debate about sponsorship effectiveness and its implication on customer behavior and provides significant implications for managers wishing to improve their future revenues by investing in sponsorship deals, since sponsorship awareness is an important feature that managers must control in order to affect their customers purchasing decisions.

The scope of this study is to examine the impact of board gender diversity on corporate cash-holding decisions within the European sport and leisure sector. A sample of 125 unique firms was selected for the period from 2008 to 2019, and analysis was performed using panel fixed-effects regressions. Empirical evidence documented that the higher the number of women serving on the board of directors, the higher the level of cash the firm holds. This result is attributed to the critical mass theory of governance, suggesting that boards having at least two women directors are associated with higher cash holdings compared to firms with one or no women directors. Additionally, gender diversity leads to increased cash holdings for firms with lower governance quality, suggesting that women on boards perform a monitoring role within those firms with the most severe agency problems. The results remain robust after several sensitivity tests controlling for potential endogeneity among the variables and the model’s functional form.

Online digital technologies have proved to be an important aspect of branding as well as international sport sponsorship since they have the capacity to interact with customers on a global scale through an abundance of digital platforms. The assimilation of online digital technologies has altered the way sports are created, promoted, delivered and consumed. The purpose of this study was to delve more deeply into the main factors of favorable buyer behavior connected to the sponsorship of sports in the online digital framework. In more detail, the effect of four antecedents variables (i.e. fans' degree of involvement with sport, their degree of attachment with their favorite club, their beliefs about sponsorship in general as well as the frequency of their visits to sport club's online social networks and website pages) on the two main intermediate variables (i.e. fans' awareness of and attitude towards sponsors) and their subsequent impact on fans' purchase intentions regarding sponsors' goods and services. A quantitative approach was used for the purposes of the current research and 3.434 questionnaires were collected by fans who attend sport online with the use of digital/portable devices, which were successfully analyzed by SPSS and AMOS. In accordance with the outcomes, determinants such as sports club attachment, sports involvement and beliefs about sponsorship were discovered to greatly affect supporters ‘awareness of as well as their attitude towards sponsoring companies. In addition, outcomes revealed that supporters’ buying aim was significantly influenced with regard to their attitude towards sponsoring companies as well as their awareness of sponsoring companies.

The aim of the present research is to suggest a theoretical framework of sport marketing research with a focal point on sport participation in semi-marathon events. There are clear benefits of an active lifestyle and people are increasingly engaged in recreational sports activity and participation in recreational sports events. In this study the motivation for such participation is explored drawing on empirical evidence from a semi-marathon running event. Elements were obtained from a semi-marathon and a quantitative questionnaire was utilised for the data collection. The total number of questionnaires successfully gathered was 268, which were then analysed using SPSS. Results indicate that intention for recurring participation is positively related to perceived benefits in mental and physical health, attachment with running, socialising opportunities, attractiveness of the respective running event and the destination's elements of the semi-marathon event. Significant differences in the motivation between male and female runners were also identified.

Purpose: The object of this research is to investigate work motivating factors in the public sector in Greece, as well as to study demographic attributes, placing emphasis on age and gender as determinants of employee motives. Design/methodology/approach: To answer our research questions, a questionnaire was distributed at the beginning of 2015 to a public - sector organization in central Greece. A total of 318 anonymous survey responses were collected and analysed with SPSS. Findings: In the public organization under survey, the leading employee motives are an increase in salaries, opportunities for hierarchical advancement in the organization, as well as the development of personal skills. Moreover, motivational differences are noted among Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y. Research limitations/implications: As the present study has been conducted on a single public organization, awareness should be raised as far as the generalizability of the results providing useful insights for further exploration. Originality/value: Limited research has been conducted in the Greek public sector comparing motives among generations.

The goal of this study was to examine the predictability and persistence of earnings of the European football clubs and whether the new Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Financial Fair Play (FFP) licensing regulation has forced clubs to produce a more predictable earnings stream. We utilized a sample of 109 European top-tier clubs over the period 2008–2016, summing up to 844 firm-year observations. Empirical evidence indicated that the cash flow component of earnings is more relevant in predicting one-year ahead earnings than accruals. This positive impact of cash flows for predicting earnings is more significant after the FFP regulation since earnings predictability has increased during that period. Moreover, the abovementioned finding is more significant for the smaller league clubs rather than the Big-5 league clubs. This finding is attributed to the fact that smaller league clubs are more in need of UEFA prize money relative to Big-5 league clubs, thus they are more incentivized to produce a more predictable earnings stream.