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Background & Method: The aim of the study is to compare the use of Indirect (Airtraq) laryngoscope versus the direct (Macintosh) laryngoscope blade for routine airway management. Direct laryngoscopy is carried out (usually) with the patient lying on his or her back; the laryngoscope is inserted into the mouth on the right side and flipped to the left to trap and move the tongue out of the line of sight, and, depending on the type of blade used, inserted either anterior or posterior to the epiglottis and then lifted with an upwards and forward motion. This move makes a view of the glottis possible. Result: Independent T-test was applied. P value shows no statistically significant difference among two Groups (P value 0.418). In Group A, Mean Thyromental distance was 7.07±0.44, while In Group M Mean Thyromental distance was 6.99±0.42. The two Groups were comparable in relation to Mean Thyromental distance as were evident from the above table showing no significant difference giving a P value 0.418. Conclusion: The group A patients showed insignificant increase in heart rate as compared to significant increase in group M patients in response to respective mode of laryngoscopy. No significant increase in mean blood pressure was found in both the groups A and M. Both the groups showed no statistically significant difference in postoperative complications. Therefore considering above mentioned findings, it can be concluded that indirect laryngoscope (Airtraq) is a superior device than the conventional direct laryngoscope (Macintosh). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rational laboratory use is defined as effective and correct laboratory use by providing the most appropriate test selection with the right clinical approach in line with the evidence-based data and considering the cost and patient safety. The present study was thus conducted for the prevalence and features associated with rational use of investigations in a tertiary hospital. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study were to estimate prevalence of rational use of investigations and its associated confounding factors; to explain the educational approach underlying the study; and to explain how to teach rational approach of investigations so that we reduce the use of unnecessary and inappropriate tests which are not likely to have any ill effects on the patient. Materials and Methods: A crosssectional study including 100 patients was selected by random sampling from medicine and orthopedic wards and OPD. Results: In our study,we observed 29 different types of clinical and laboratory investigations out of 2155 investigations ordered by physicians before any intervention. These investigations done in 100 patients, among those 39.16% were contributed to the management of patients and 60.83% were not considered to have contributed toward management of patients. Conclusion: Several external and internal factors can promote irrational use of investigation at different stages. Hence, understanding these factors and implementing appropriate measures are key steps to change behavior of prescriber and nursing staff. We must have logic-based flow chart or algorithm in all investigations for diagnosis as a part of good laboratory or good clinical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable dual-wavelength emission from a laser is desirable for microwave signal generation using the optical heterodyning method. As both optical wavelengths are generated from the same cavity, the phase noise of the generated microwave signal is minimized. In this work, we exploit the inherent birefringence in the buried heterostructure semiconductor laser to generate dual polarized modes. We carefully analyze the mode competition between various modes in the cavity and propose the desirable gain modification conditions for stable dual mode oscillations when the laser is operating near the threshold. We show that the required asymmetry in the gain for two stable modes can be obtained from the mode confinement factors and facet losses. We also show the applicability of our results to a homogeneously broadened multimode laser.