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We report a distinctive case of sequential lymphomas in a 72-year-old male, initially diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive rectal classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), followed by the development of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in the lung. This rare progression underscores the complexity of lymphomas associated with EBV infection and their unpredictable clinical courses. The patient's journey began with symptoms of intractable diarrhea, low appetite, and significant weight loss, leading to the diagnosis of stage 4B cHL, managed initially with brentuximab/doxorubicin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (AVD) chemotherapy. Despite a partial response, surveillance identified a transition to DLBCL, marked by new pulmonary lesions. This case highlights the clinical and diagnostic challenges in managing sequential lymphomas, emphasizing the role of EBV in lymphomagenesis and the potential for clonal evolution from a common precursor cell. The therapeutic approach evolved from targeted chemotherapy to consideration of advanced treatments such as autologous stem cell transplant and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, reflecting the aggressive nature and poor prognosis of the disease. This case contributes to our understanding of the EBV's impact on lymphoma progression and underscores the need for vigilant monitoring and adaptive treatment strategies in similar clinical scenarios., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. University of Kentucky's Institutional Review Board (IRB) issued approval 89748. This study was conducted according to the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee, along with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration, and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All procedures involving human participants were approved by the University of Kentucky's Institutional Review Board (IRB). Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Di et al.)

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) is often used to treat acute leukemia or defects of hematopoiesis. Its widespread use is hampered by graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), which has high morbidity and mortality in both acute and chronic subtypes. Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) occurs most frequently in skin and often is characterized by pathogenic fibrosis. Mast cells (MCs) are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of other fibrotic diseases. In a murine model of cGVHD after allo-HSCT, C57BL/6J recipients of allogeneic LP/J donor cells develop sclerodermatous dermal cGVHD which is significantly decreased in mast cell-deficient B6.Cg-Kit W-sh/ HNihrJaeBsmGlliJ recipients. The presence of MCs is associated with fibrosis, chemokine production, and recruitment of GVHD effector cells to the skin. Chemokine production by MCs is blocked by drugs used to treat cGVHD. The importance of MCs in skin cGVHD is mirrored by increased MCs in the skin of patients with dermal cGVHD. We show for the first time a role for MCs in skin cGVHD that may be targetable for preventive and therapeutic intervention in this disease., (Copyright © 2019 Strattan, Palaniyandi, Kumari, Du, Hakim, Huang, Kesler, Jennings, Sturgill and Hildebrandt.)

The extracellular signal-related kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway is a highly conserved signaling cascade with numerous essential functions in development. The scaffold protein Shoc2 amplifies the activity of the ERK1/2 pathway and is an essential modulator of a variety of signaling inputs. Germline mutations in Shoc2 are associated with the human developmental disease known as the Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. Clinical manifestations of this disease include congenital heart defects, developmental delays, distinctive facial abnormalities, reduced growth and cognitive deficits along with hair anomalies. The many molecular details of pathogenesis of the Noonan-like syndrome and related developmental disorders, cumulatively called RASopathies, remain poorly understood. Mouse knockouts for Shoc2 are embryonic lethal, emphasizing the need for additional animal models to study the role of Shoc2 in embryonic development. Here, we characterize a zebrafish shoc2 mutant, and show that Shoc2 is essential for development, and that its loss is detrimental for the development of the neural crest and for hematopoiesis. The zebrafish model of the Noonan-like syndrome described here provides a novel system for the study of structure-function analyses and for genetic screens in a tractable vertebrate system.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a rare and often fatal disease that may occur in solid organ transplant recipients. Here, we describe 2 patients who developed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after having a lung transplant and present a review of all cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis occurring in solid organ transplant recipients. Diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis relies on the association of clinical findings and the presence of hemophagocytosis. Clinical presentation is nonspecific and patients may present with unexplained sepsis or multiple organ failure. Management consists of treating the underlying process; but unfortunately, the prognosis is poor.