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6. Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph node transcriptomic response to infection with a Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Author

Miller Laura C, Fleming Damarius, Arbogast Andrew, Bayles Darrell O, Guo Baoqing, Lager Kelly M, Henningson Jamie N, Schlink Sarah N, Yang Han-Chun, Faaberg Kay S, and Kehrli Marcus E

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Abstract Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major pathogen of swine worldwide. Emergence in 2006 of a novel highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) isolate in China necessitated a comparative investigation into the host transcriptome response in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) 13 days post-infection with HP-PRRSV rJXwn06, PRRSV strain VR-2332 or sham inocula. RNA from each was prepared for next-generation sequencing. Amplified library constructs were directly sequenced and a list of sequence transcripts and counts was generated using an RNAseq analysis pipeline to determine differential gene expression. Transcripts were annotated and relative abundance was calculated based upon the number of times a given transcript was represented in the library. Results Major changes in transcript abundance occurred in response to infection with either PRRSV strain, each with over 630 differentially expressed transcripts. The largest increase in transcript level for either virus versus sham-inoculated controls were three serum amyloid A2 acute-phase isoforms. However, the degree of up or down-regulation of transcripts following infection with HP-PRRSV rJXwn06 was greater than transcript changes observed with US PRRSV VR-2332. Also, of 632 significantly altered transcripts within the HP-PRRSV rJXwn06 library 55 were up-regulated and 69 were down-regulated more than 3-fold, whilst in the US PRRSV VR-2332 library only 4 transcripts were up-regulated and 116 were down-regulated more than 3-fold. Conclusions The magnitude of differentially expressed gene profiles detected in HP-PRRSV rJXwn06 infected pigs as compared to VR-2332 infected pigs was consistent with the increased pathogenicity of the HP-PRRSV in vivo.

Published
2012
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9. Ablation of prion protein immunoreactivity by heating in saturated calcium hydroxide

Author

Holtzapple Mark T, Noyes Gary P, Hamir Amir N, Nicholson Eric M, Greenlee Justin J, and Kehrli Marcus E

Subjects
Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

Abstract Background Prions, the infectious agents that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are relatively resistant to destruction by physical, enzymatic, and chemical treatments. Hydrolysis in boiling saturated calcium hydroxide (limewater) utilizes inexpensive chemicals to digest protein components of offal. The purpose of this work was to determine if incubating brain material from scrapie-infected sheep in near-boiling saturated calcium hydroxide solution (Ca(OH)2) would abolish immunoreactivity of the infectious prion (PrPSc) as determined by western blot. Findings After incubating for as few as 10 minutes in saturated calcium hydroxide at 99°C, immunoreactivity of protease resistant bands by western blot analysis is completely lost. Conclusion Boiling in limewater may offer an alternative for disposal of carcasses and enable alternative uses for rendered products from potentially infected carcasses.

Published
2008
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12. The Bordetella Bps Polysaccharide Is Required for Biofilm Formation and Enhances Survival in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Swine

Author

Nicholson, Tracy L., primary, Brockmeier, Susan L., additional, Sukumar, Neelima, additional, Paharik, Alexandra E., additional, Lister, Jessica L., additional, Horswill, Alexander R., additional, Kehrli, Marcus E., additional, Loving, Crystal L., additional, Shore, Sarah M., additional, and Deora, Rajendar, additional

Published
2017
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17. High-impact animal health research conducted at the USDA’s National Animal Disease Center

Author

Bannantine, J. P., Olsen, Steven C., Kehrli, Marcus E., Jr., Stanton, Thad B., Casas, Eduardo, Whipple, Diana L., Zuelke, Kurt A., Bannantine, J. P., Olsen, Steven C., Kehrli, Marcus E., Jr., Stanton, Thad B., Casas, Eduardo, Whipple, Diana L., and Zuelke, Kurt A.

Abstract

Commissioned by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1958 and opened with a dedication ceremony in December 1961, the USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC) celebrated its 50-year anniversary in November 2011. Over these 50 years, the NADC established itself among the world’s premier animal health research centers. Its historic mission has been to conduct basic and applied research on selected endemic diseases of economic importance to the U.S. livestock and poultry industries. Research from NADC has impacted control or management efforts on nearly every major animal disease in the United States since 1961. For example, diagnostic tests and vaccines developed by NADC scientists to detect and prevent hog cholera were integral in the ultimate eradication of this costly swine disease from the U.S. Most major veterinary vaccines for critical diseases such as brucellosis and leptospirosis in cattle, porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS), porcine parvovirus and influenza in swine had their research origins or were developed and tested at the NADC. Additional discoveries made by NADC scientists have also resulted in the development of a nutritional approach and feed additives to prevent milk fever in transition dairy cattle. More recently, NADC’s archive of historic swine influenza viruses combined with an established critical mass of influenza research expertise enabled NADC researchers to lead an effective national research response to the pandemic associated with the novel 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. This review commemorates some of the key animal health contributions in NADC’s first 50 years, recaps the newly completed modernization of the center into new facilities, and offers highlights of the ongoing research that will define NADC’s mission going forward.

Published
2013

18. Efficacy in Pigs of Inactivated and Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccines against Infection and Transmission of an Emerging H3N2 Similar to the 2011-2012 H3N2v

Author

Loving, Crystal L., Lager, Kelly M., Vincent, Amy L., Brockmeier, Susan L., Gauger, Phillip C., Anderson, Tavis K., Kitikoon, Pravina, Perez, Daniel R., Kehrli, Marcus E., Jr., Loving, Crystal L., Lager, Kelly M., Vincent, Amy L., Brockmeier, Susan L., Gauger, Phillip C., Anderson, Tavis K., Kitikoon, Pravina, Perez, Daniel R., and Kehrli, Marcus E., Jr.

Abstract

Vaccines provide a primary means to limit disease but may not be effective at blocking infection and pathogen transmission. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of commercial inactivated swine influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines and experimental live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines against infection with H3N2 virus and subsequent indirect transmission to naive pigs. The H3N2 virus evaluated was similar to the H3N2v detected in humans during 2011-2012, which was associated with swine contact at agricultural fairs. One commercial vaccine provided partial protection measured by reduced nasal shedding; however, indirect contacts became infected, indicating that the reduction in nasal shedding did not prevent aerosol transmission. One LAIV vaccine provided complete protection, and none of the indirect-contact pigs became infected. Clinical disease was not observed in any group, including nonvaccinated animals, a consistent observation in pigs infected with contemporary reassortant H3N2 swine viruses. Serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers against the challenge virus were not predictive of efficacy; titers following vaccination with a LAIV that provided sterilizing immunity were below the level considered protective, yet titers in a commercial vaccine group that was not protected were above that level. While vaccination with currently approved commercial inactivated products did not fully prevent transmission, certain vaccines may provide a benefit by limitating shedding, transmission, and zoonotic spillover of antigenically similar H3N2 viruses at agriculture fairs when administered appropriately and used in conjunction with additional control measures.

Published
2013

22. Reactomes of Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Author

Jiang, Zhihua, primary, Zhou, Xiang, additional, Michal, Jennifer J., additional, Wu, Xiao-Lin, additional, Zhang, Lifan, additional, Zhang, Ming, additional, Ding, Bo, additional, Liu, Bang, additional, Manoranjan, Valipuram S., additional, Neill, John D., additional, Harhay, Gregory P., additional, Kehrli, Marcus E., additional, and Miller, Laura C., additional

Published
2013
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23. Intranasal Vaccination with Replication-Defective Adenovirus Type 5 Encoding Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Elicits Protective Immunity to Homologous Challenge and Partial Protection to Heterologous Challenge in Pigs

Author

Braucher, Douglas R., primary, Henningson, Jamie N., additional, Loving, Crystal L., additional, Vincent, Amy L., additional, Kim, Eun, additional, Steitz, Julia, additional, Gambotto, Andrea A., additional, and Kehrli, Marcus E., additional

Published
2012
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25. The Presence of Alpha Interferon at the Time of Infection Alters the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Author

Brockmeier, Susan L., primary, Loving, Crystal L., additional, Nelson, Eric A., additional, Miller, Laura C., additional, Nicholson, Tracy L., additional, Register, Karen B., additional, Grubman, Marvin J., additional, Brough, Douglas E., additional, and Kehrli, Marcus E., additional

Published
2012
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26. DNA Vaccination Elicits Protective Immune Responses against Pandemic and Classic Swine Influenza Viruses in Pigs

Author

Gorres, J. Patrick, primary, Lager, Kelly M., additional, Kong, Wing-Pui, additional, Royals, Michael, additional, Todd, John-Paul, additional, Vincent, Amy L., additional, Wei, Chih-Jen, additional, Loving, Crystal L., additional, Zanella, Eraldo L., additional, Janke, Bruce, additional, Kehrli, Marcus E., additional, Nabel, Gary J., additional, and Rao, Srinivas S., additional

Published
2011
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