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In this paper we adapt previous work on rewriting string diagrams using hypergraphs to the case where the underlying category has a traced comonoid structure, in which wires can be forked and the outputs of a morphism can be connected to its input. Such a structure is particularly interesting because any traced Cartesian (dataflow) category has an underlying traced comonoid structure. We show that certain subclasses of hypergraphs are fully complete for traced comonoid categories: that is to say, every term in such a category has a unique corresponding hypergraph up to isomorphism, and from every hypergraph with the desired properties, a unique term in the category can be retrieved up to the axioms of traced comonoid categories. We also show how the framework of double pushout rewriting (DPO) can be adapted for traced comonoid categories by characterising the valid pushout complements for rewriting in our setting. We conclude by presenting a case study in the form of recent work on an equational theory for sequential circuits: circuits built from primitive logic gates with delay and feedback. The graph rewriting framework allows for the definition of an operational semantics for sequential circuits., Comment: Extended version, 32 pages

Digital circuits, despite having been studied for nearly a century and used at scale for about half that time, have until recently evaded a fully compositional theoretical understanding, in which arbitrary circuits may be freely composed together without consulting their internals. Recent work remedied this theoretical shortcoming by showing how digital circuits can be presented compositionally as morphisms in a freely generated symmetric traced category. However, this was done informally; in this paper we refine and expand the previous work in several ways, culminating in the presentation of three sound and complete semantics for digital circuits: denotational, operational and algebraic. For the denotational semantics, we establish a correspondence between stream functions with certain properties and circuits constructed syntactically. For the operational semantics, we present the reductions required to model how a circuit processes a value, including the addition of a new reduction for eliminating non-delay-guarded feedback; this leads to an adequate notion of observational equivalence for digital circuits. Finally, we define a new family of equations for translating circuits into bisimilar circuits of a 'normal form', leading to a complete algebraic semantics for sequential circuits, Comment: Improved content and presentation, 31 pages

We examine a variant of hypergraphs that we call interfaced linear hypergraphs, with the aim of creating a sound and complete graphical language for symmetric traced monoidal categories (STMCs) suitable for graph rewriting. In particular, we are interested in rewriting for categorical settings with a Cartesian structure, such as digital circuits. These are incompatible with previous languages where the trace is constructed using a compact closed or Frobenius structure, as combining these with Cartesian product can lead to degenerate diagrams. Instead we must consider an approach where the trace is constructed as an atomic operation. Interfaced linear hypergraphs are defined as regular hypergraphs in which each vertex is the source and target of exactly one edge each, equipped with an additional interface edge. The morphisms of a freely generated STMC are interpreted as interfaced linear hypergraphs, up to isomorphism (soundness). Moreover, any linear hypergraph is the representation of a unique STMC morphism, up to the equational theory of the category (completeness). This establishes interfaced linear hypergraphs as a suitable combinatorial language for STMCs. We then show how we can apply the theory of adhesive categories to our graphical language, meaning that a broad range of equational properties of STMCs can be specified as a graph rewriting system. The graphical language of digital circuits is presented as a case study., Comment: improved definitions, reworked graph rewriting section, updated diagrams, 52 pages